ECOLOGICAL MONITORING. Olga Mitusova Environmental Management, semester, Kiel, 2006.

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1 ECOLOGICAL MONITORING Olga Mitusova Environmental Management, 2-nd semester, Kiel, 2006.

2 CONTENTS Definitions Goals Subdivisions Methods Levels Public ecological monitoring Ecological standalrdization International Organizations References

3 DEFINITIONS OF MONITORING The observation of processes and indicators that show ecosystem dynamics and structures, leading to knowledge of how ecosystems work, indicators of ecological integrity, and how they may be managed based on modeling.

4 Ecological monitoring is the system of regular long observations in space and time, informing about environmental conditions with the purpose to estimate the past, the present and the future forecast of environmental parameters which are important for the human being. DEFINITIONS OF MONITORING

5 Ecological monitoring is the information system that deal with the observation, estimation and forecast of changes in environment, created with the purpose of allocating anthropogenous component of these changes on the background of natural processes. DEFINITIONS OF MONITORING

6 The goals of monitoring are: a) observations, estimation and the forecast of the environmental conditions; b) defining the degree of the factors influence resulting in ecosystem changes; c) estimation of anthropogenic influence resulting in deterioration (improvement) of the environment.

7 The system of ecological monitoring accumulates, systematizes and analyzes information about: a) environmental condition; b) the reasons of observable and probable changes of the condition (sources and factors of influence); c) permissibility of changes and loadings on environment; d) existing reserves of biosphere.

8 monitoring includes three basic directions of human activity: a) observation over the environment and the factors influencing it (natural and anthropogenic); b) an estimation of the actual condition of environment; c) the forecast of the environmental conditions.

9 Monitoring is subdivided into: Principles of the organization: - underground, ground, space, events,, etc; levels: macrolevel, microlevel; objects: natural systems, anthropogenic systems, natural-anthropogenic anthropogenic systems; kinds: bioecological, geoecological, climatic, industrial, transport, energetic, etc; time: short-term term, long-term term.

10 Methods Visual (count( the number of species, making the picture, collecting the documentations,, etc). Instrumental (remote( remote, physical, chemical, biological,, etc.)

11 levels of monitoring Global (climatic( change studies); regional (migration( and transformation of polluting substances; joint influence of various factors on the environment of regions); local (changes in numbers of species; the level of strong local pollution); impact (studying of strong influences on local scale); background (on the basis of biospheric reserves where any human activity is excluded).

12 Impact monitoring can be directed, for example,, on studying of dumps or emissions of a concrete factory. Background monitoring which is carried out within the limits of the international program " Man and Biosphere ", is aimed at fixing environmental background conditions that are necessary for further estimations of anthropogenic influence levels.

13 Public ecological monitoring (non-goverment organizations) Functions: Creation of the alternative information channel; Observation over the objects which are not included in programs of monitoring of state nature protection services, or are described insufficiently. Attraction of attention to the problems, which have not been designated earlier. Development of ecological education.

14 Ecological standardization Regulation of quality of the environment is based on definition of ecologically admissible influence on it when autopurification of the nature is still capable to work. Maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants (MAC) are established for various objects: water (drinking water), air (air of the working place), soil, food,, etc. Especially dangerous toxic substances,, such as soluble salts of hydrosulphuric acid, active chlorine, dioxines,, DDT and other pesticides should be totally absent in water.

15 International organizations

16 Global Environment Monitoring System in the frame of UNEP (United Nation Environmental Programm) was founded in Headquarters in Nairobi (Kenya( Kenya). The main aims were formulated at the first intergovernmental meeting on monitoring in Main task: organization of monitoring of environmental pollution and influencing factors.

17 Priority for pollution monitoring was defined at the first intergoverment meeting on monitoring,, 1974.

18 Criteria: The size of practical or potentially possible effect on human health, climate or ecosystem (overland and water). Ability of elements to degrade and accumulate in food chains in the environment. Chemical transformation that results in secondary substances that are more toxic and harmful. Mobility. Frequency and (or( or) size of influence. An opportunity of measurements at the given level in various environments.

19 Classification of the pollutants: sulfur dioxide (air), radionuclide (food); ozon (air), dioxines, chlororganics (human, biota), cadmium (food, air,, human); nitrite, nitrate (food, water), nitrogen dioxide (air, water,, human); mercury, lead (food, air), carbon dioxide (air); carbon monoxide (air), mineral oil (water); fluoride (fresh water); asbestos (air); microbiological pollution (food).

20 World Conservation Monitoring Center non-governmental organization, which is a joint unit of 3 organizations: : (WWF (World Wildlife Fund), IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of the Nature Resoures), UNEP). Was founded in Headquarters in Cambridge (UK).

21 UNESCO Programme Man and Biosphere - intergovermental program was founded in 1971, Paris, France. Within the frames of this international program background monitoring is carried out. Creation of biosphere reserves began from 1973 where plants and animal protection on one hand and long-term background monitoring on the other is carried out. There are more then 300 biosphere reserves all over the world.

22 Thank you very much for attention!