2) Biomass. Ecosystem. 6) Nutrients

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1 Part I Vocabulary #s 1-16 is a par5al review study all vocabulary words that are listed on PAGE 5!! 1) Carrying Capacity the largest number of individuals that an environment can support and maintain over 8me. 2) Biomass the total organic ma;er in an individual, popula8on, trophic level, or ecosystem. 3) Energy Pyramid (10%) A pyramid- shaped model used to describe the transfer of energy through a community (Approximately what percent of the energy that a consumer eats in its life8me is available to its predator?) 4) Community all the popula8ons of different species that live in the same place at the same 8me and interact with each other. 5) Ecosystem a community interac8ng with the nonliving (abio8c) parts of its environment. 6) Nutrients substances that provide the nourishment that is essen8al for growth and the maintenance of life. (3 macro, 2 micro, + 1 more; name them!)

2 7) Abio8c Factors nonliving physical features of the environment, including soil, water, temperature, light, wind, and minerals. 8) Limi8ng Factors any bio8c or abio8c factor that restricts the number of individuals in a popula8on. (For example, not enough water.) 9) calorie the quan8ty of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 C from a standard ini8al temperature. 10) Popula8on organisms of one species that live in the same place at the same 8me and that can produce offspring 11) Producer (autotroph) An organism that is able to produce its own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. 12) Consumer (Heterotroph) an organism that cannot make its own food and must eat other organisms to obtain energy (they make up all trophic levels except producers).

3 13) Food Web A model used to describe a series of overlapping food chains. 14) Detri8vore An organism that consumes parts (but not all) of decaying organic ma;er (e.g. earthworm). 15) Habitat the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism. 16) Trophic Level various stages within a food web. For instance, plants are on one level, herbivores on another, and so on.

4 17) SOIL, LIGHT, WATER, TEMPERATURE What four ABIOTIC FACTORS are shown in Figure 18-2 on page 2 of R1?

5 18) ECOLOGY What type of science is: the study of interac8ons that take place among organisms and between organisms and the physical (abio8c) features of the environment? (RA1)

6 19) List four TROPHIC LEVELS from greatest to least energy (in an ecosystem). RA5 1) Producers, 2) primary consumers, 3) 2 nd level consumers, 4) 3 rd level consumers (or ter8ary)

7 Bacteria and Fungi! 20) Name two examples of DECOMPOSERS organism that feed on, and break down, the remains of dead organism. (RA4)

8 21) _High salt concentra5on it is the most important abio8c factor in Mono Lake (when its concentra8on goes up primary consumers are stressed) (RA3 pg2)

9 Flies, coyote 22) _Brine they are the two missing organisms from this Mono Lake food chain: benthic algae!! California Gull! (RA3)

10 24) Heat, 10% When a consumer obtains the biomass of a prey, most of the energy trapped in the prey s biomass will eventually be lost to the environment as energy. (About % of the energy in one trophic level makes it into the biomass of the next trophic level.)

11 25) What do the following types Herbivores = Plants (producers) of consumers prefer to consume to obtain energy: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, detri8vores? Carnivores = animals Omnivores = animals or plants Detri5vores = Detritus (organic maxer)

12 26) Name 5 of the 8 characteris8cs of living things (4 needs, 3 things they do, + 1 more). NEEDS: energy, water, eliminate waste, exchange gasses; DO: respond to the environment, reproduce, grow, and last but not least: Made of cells

13 Poten5al The rate at which a species can 27) _Reproduc5ve increase its popula5on is its

14 28) Producers What usually establishes the carrying capacity of and ecosystem?

15 Sunlight + Water + Carbon Dioxide => Sugar + Oxygen 29) Write the equa8on that shows the photosynthesis process that plants and other producers use to make the carbohydrate sugar. (nutri8on notes)

16 31) 1 Calorie = 1000 calories What is the difference between a calorie and a Calorie? (Lab on energy content of a snack food)

17 32) List two bio8c and two abio8c limi8ng factors for milkweed bugs in nature. BIOTIC: Disease, Predators, Starva8on, Compe88on, Old age, Injury; ABIOTIC: Freezing, Drought, Heat, Flood, Storm, Poisons, Lack of space

18 33) Compe55on It may be defined as two or more organisms seeking the same resource at the same 8me.

19 10pts Food, space, water, 34) temperature, nutrients List three typical LIMITING FACTORS that may restrict a popula8on s size.

20 35) Sun In most ecosystems, the energy used by all organisms comes from the.

21 Observa5onal Study 36) This is the type of study in which the scien8sts go to the popula8on to study them in their natural environment. (Jane Goodall)

22 37) Water cycle, Carbon cycle, Nitrogen cycle Name two examples of ma;er that is con8nually recycled (used again and again) within biosphere.

23 38) List four ABIOTIC FACTORS and four BIOTIC FACTORS that would be present in the pond ecosystem pictured. ABIOTIC BIOTIC Water Light Wind Temperature Soil Fish Tree Grass Snake Rabbit Bird Dragon flies

24 The triangle at right shows an Energy Pyramid (also called an Ecological Pyramid) consis8ng of the following organisms: hawk, thrushes, grasshoppers, and grass 39) Iden8fy which organism represents the Grass a) producer grasshoppers b) primary consumer Thrushes c) secondary consumer Hawk d) ter8ary consumer

25 40) List two producers Tree, grass Grasshopper, Rabbit, deer, bark beetle, mouse List 3 (of 5) primary consumers bacteria, earthworms List 2 decomposers/detri8vores _Fungi, Snake, Hawk, Mountain Lion List 2 (of 3) predators of rabbits Snake, Hawk List 2 secondary consumers to the primary consumer mouse: What organism is the ter8ary consumer in this food chain grass! rabbit! hawk!? Mountain Lion