Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Transcription

1 Consultancy Services for EIA study for Proposed River Front Development in Patna Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Sen and Lall Consultants Pvt. Ltd. July 2013 VOYANTS SOLUTIONS PVT. LTD. 403, 4 th Floor, BPTP Park Centra, Sector - 30, NH-8, Gurgaon Phone , Telefax info@voyants.in,

2 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND OBJECTIVE PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS AIM OF INVESTMENTS River Front Management Investments, ESMF Patna River Front Development Proposed Developments Development of Ghats Community cum cultural centres Landscape work at Precinct Zones City level parks Improvement of approach roads to the precincts Environmental Issues of Patna River Front Development PROPOJECT PROPONENT TECHNICAL CONSULTANT AND ARCHITECT EIA CONSULTANT PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF EIA PROJECT DESCRIPTION EXISTING GHAT CONDITIONS NEED FOR PATNA RFD PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS Development of Ghats Promenades including kiosks (connecting some of the ghats together Community cum cultural centres Landscape work at Precinct Zones: City level parks: Improvement of approach roads to the precincts PROJECT LOCATION ADDITIONAL BENEFIT PROJECT COST ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (GOI) SAFEGUARD POLICIES OF WORLD BANK DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT P a g e i

3 4.1 PROJECT INFLUENCE AREA TEAM MOBILIZATION ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SCREENING: Project Surroundings Baseline Data Collection Meteorological environment Climate Ganga Basin Temperature in Patna Relative Humidity Rainfall and Precipitation Wind Speed Wind Direction Physical environment Topography Geology Land use Physiography and Soil Seismicity Hydrology and Drainage Soil Quality Ambient Air Quality Noise Levels Water Quality ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY Forest Resource Terrestrial Ecology Aquatic Ecology Aquatic Profile of the Project Area Dolphins Habitat in Project Affected Area: Traffic survey ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Technology Benefits ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES INTRODUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING EXERCISE: Environmental Factors: P a g e ii

4 6.2.2 Social Factors: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES-CONSTRUCTION STAGE Meteorology and Climate Quarries and Crushers Cultural and Heritage Resources: Loss of Structures Generation of Dust: Sanitation and Waste Generation: Drainage Channel: Loss of vegetation and tree cutting: Impacts on Dolphin: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES-OPERATION STAGE Environmental Impact: Mitigation Measure Proposed in Project: RISK ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY MEASURES: PUBLIC CONSULTATION & STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION Introduction Methods of Public Consultation Consultation with affected households ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN Specific activities by BUIDCo Specific activities by Contractor Implementation of EMP Environmental Monitoring Program Monitoring of Concessionaire / Contractor's Facilities, Plant and Equipment Environmental Budget CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION List of Tables Table 1-1 : Portfolio of Investments... 3 Table 1-2 : List of Ghats... 5 Table 2-1 : Proposed Ghats for development Table 2-2 : Proposed Project Cost Table 3-1 : Environmental Regulations and Legislations P a g e iii

5 Table 4-1 : Environment and Social Screening for River Front Development Table 4-2:Proposed Ghats for Developments along river Ganga in Ganga Ghats Table 4-3 :Rainfall and Temperature at Patna in Ganga Basin Table 4-4 :Land Use Pattern along Ganga river basin Table 4-5: Soil Quality Analysis of Proposed Project Site Table 4-6: Ambient Air Quality within study area Table 4-7: Ambient Noise Level within study area Table 4-8: Surface Water Quality Analysis Results Table 4-9:: List of National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary located in Bihar Table 4-10: List of trees reported in the project affected area Table 4-11: List of Avifauna reported in inner buffer zone Table 4-12: Species of fishes reported in the study area Table 4-13: Traffic Count Survey at Project Influence Area Table 5-1: With and Without Project Scenario Table 6-1: Outcome of Environment and Social Screening Table 6-2: Carrying Capacity Calculation for each of project ghats Table 7-1: Levels of Consultations Table 8-1: Environment Management Plan Table 8-2: Environmental Monitoring Plan Table 8-3: Environmental Budget List of Figures Figure 2.1: Artists view of Golaghar Patna Figure 2.2: Sanitation issues along the ghats Figure 2.3: Slums at edge of river Ganga Figure 2.4: Gandhi Ghat (the only developed ghat at moment) Figure 2.5: Adalat Ghat Edge Condition Analysis (Boulder pitching at the edges) Figure 2.6:Edge condition Analysis in Krishna Ghat Figure 2.8: Urban Precincts proposed Figure 2.9: Design of Urban Precinct (3D-View) Figure 2.10:View of ghats after the proposed development of urban precinct Figure 2.11:Proposed Community cum Eco-centre at Gai ghat Figure 2.12:Restoring the riparian edge and landscaping Figure 2.13:Proposed approach road development of Gai ghat P a g e iv

6 Figure 2.14:Project Location Figure 2.15:Landuse along project ghats Figure 4.1:Direct Project Influence Area (DPIA) Figure 4.2:Geological Map of Ganga Basin Figure 4.3:Landuse Aspects along the Ganga ghat section in Patna Figure 4.4: DEM Map along the project section in Ganag ghat section in Patna Figure 4.5: Land Use along the stretch of river bank to be developed under RFD project in Patna Figure 4.6: Physiographic map of Bihar along the river Ganga Figure 4.7: Seismic Hazard Map showing the Project Area (Ganga Ghats) Figure 4.8:Seismic Zonation Map of India Figure 4.9:River Map of Bihar Figure 4.10: Drainage Map of Project Area (Ganga Ghats City) Figure 4.11: Discharge of Raw Sewage in Ganga river from various points Figure 4.12: Forest cover map of Bihar Figure 4.13: Location of National Park & Sanctuary of Bihar Figure 4.14: Photograph of Flora reported in Riparian Habitat Figure 4.15: Photographs of Trees Reported at Ghat Area Figure 4.16:Photograph of Animal Reported in study area Figure 4.17: Map showing Ganga River and its Tributaries Figure 4.18: Dolphins Movement in Project Study Area Figure 4.19: Location were Dolphins are reported Figure 4.20: Location of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphins Sanctuary with respect to project site Figure 4.21: Photographs of Species of Fishes reported during primary survey Figure 6.1:Cultural Resources along river Ganga Figure 6.2: Dolphins Movement Figure 6.3:Disposal of Pious Refuse List of Annexures Annexure1.1: Annexure1.2: Guidelines for Existing Quarry Management Guidelines for Siting, Operation and Redevelopment of Borrow Areas Annexure 1.3: Guidelines for Siting and Layout of Construction Camp Annexure 1.4: Specific R&R Measures Annexure 1.5: Annexure 1.6: Drawings for Safety Measures Replies to the observations of NMCG and World Bank P a g e v

7 ACRONYMS B.C BUIDCo CPCB EP ESIA ESMF ESMP FGD GAP GoI MoEF NGRBA NGO NPRR NP OP PMG R&R SC SPMG ULB WB WLPA WLS Before Christ Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Central Pollution Control Board Environment Protection Environment and Social Impact Assessment Environment and Social Management Framework Environment and Social Management Plan Focus Group Discussion Ganga Action Plan Government of India Ministry of Environment and Forest National Ganga River Basin Authority Non- Government Organization National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation National Park Operational Policy Program Management Group Resettlement and Rehabilitation Framework Supervision Consultant Special Program Management Group Urban Local Body World Bank Wild Life Protection Act Wild Life Sanctuary P a g e vi

8 1. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND River Ganga has a significant economic, environmental and cultural value in India. Rising in the Himalayas and flowing into the bay of Bengal, the river traverses through a course of more than 2500km in the plains of north and eastern India. The Ganga basin (which also extends into parts of Nepal, China and Bangladesh) accounts for about 26 percent of India s landmass, 30 percent of its water resources and more than 40 percent of its population. Ganga is India s holiest river and has a cultural and spiritual significance that far transcends the boundaries of the basin. Figure 1. 1The Gangaand its spirituality Increasing population in the basin and haphazard urbanization and industrial growth has significantly impacted the water quality of river Ganga, particularly during the dry season. The primary sources of pollution are untreated sewage and industrial wastewater. Non-point pollution sources from agriculture and livestock, religious activities at various locations along the river, as well as poor solid waste management, also contribute to pollution. In addition, substantial abstraction of water, primarily for irrigation, has led to low flows and associated poor water quality in the critical middle stretch of the river. The previous attempt to clean the river, such as Ganga Action Plan (GAP) launched in 1985 have provided some gains in arresting rate of water quality degradation, but lot more needs to be done. P a g e 1

9 Lessons from earlier experience indicate that improving water quality in the Ganga cannot be achieved by plugging the infrastructure gap alone. Any effective initiative will have to adopt a threepronged approach by (i) establishing a basin-level multi-sectoral strategy for addressing pollution in the river (ii) making relevant institutions operational and effective and (iii) implementing a phased program for Ganga clean up. As a major first step in this direction, the Government of India (GoI) has established the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) for comprehensive management of the river. The NGRBA program will adopt a river basin approach and has been given multi-sectoral mandate to address both water quantity and quality aspects. The NGRBA has resolved that by year 2020 no untreated municipal sewage or industrial effluent will be discharged into river Ganga. 1.1 OBJECTIVE The NGRBA program will finance infrastructure investments to reduce pollution loads at priority on the river. The investments are intended to exemplify, among other attributes, the high standards of technical preparation and implementation, sustainability of operations and public participation. The majority of investments in the NGRBA program are expected to be in the wastewater sector, particularly in wastewater treatment plants and sewerage networks. Investments will also be supported in industrial pollution control and prevention (e.g. common effluent treatment plants), and river front management (e.g. improvement of the built environment along river stretches, improvements of small ghats 1 and electric crematoria and the conservation and preservation of ecologically sensitive sites). Many investments are likely to combine elements of more than one of these sectors.an investment framework has been finalized for the selection of program investments. The objectives of this investments framework are to: Provide a filter for all the NGRBA investments, for ensuring that the selected investments are well-prepared and amongst the most effective in reducing the pollution loads Make transparent the decision making process on investment selection; and, Ensure that the investments are implemented in a sustainable manner. 1.2 PORTFOLIO INVESTMENTS The portfolio of investments to be implemented is given in table 1.1. These investments in the first phase of program is spread across several cities and/or towns within Ganga main stem states of Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal and may be extended to entire Ganga river basin comprising of 11 states in the later phases. 1 As used in many parts of Northern South Asia and in Indian Subcontinent, the term ghat refers to a series of steps leading down to a body of water, particularly a holy river. In Bengali-speaking regions, this set of stairs can lead down to something as small as a pond or as large as a major river. P a g e 2

10 Table 1-1 : Portfolio of Investments S.No Portfolio of Investments 1 Sewerage and sanitation systems/sewage treatment plants (new/up gradation) 2 Solid Waste Management 3 Industrial Pollution Control Initiatives 4 River front Management initiatives Possible portfolio components Provision of an entirely new sewerage network including individual house connections Extensions to existing sewerage networks in some parts of cities/towns to include areas which are un sewered hitherto or to newly developed areas in the recent years Entirely new sewage treatment plants/facility Augmentation of capacities in existing sewage treatment plant/facility Remodeling/Renovation of existing sewage treatment facilities, resulting in better effluent quality and augmented treatment capacity Engineered landfills with leachate collection and treatment systems Waste segregation and composting facilities Waste Processing or Waste to Energy Facilities Common effluent treatment plant Common hazardous waste management facilities Pilot treatment facilities for various industrial sectors Waste minimization and Clean technology program River front management and beautification Construction of bathing ghats Development of crematoria, situated on river banks 1.3 AIM OF INVESTMENTS The portfolio of investments are aimed at preventing the discharge of untreated sewage into river Ganga and thus aiding abatement of river water pollution and improvement in water quality. Consequently, this also contributes to the improvement in the status of environment health and sanitation for the citizens of the concerned cities and towns. The investments to be implemented have its own beneficial as well as adverse impacts. The significance of these impacts depends on the individual project, its size and location. The likely beneficial impacts of the investments include the following: Improvement in sewage collection and treatment within the cities/towns; Prevention of storm drains carrying sanitary sullage or dry weather flow; Prevention of ground water and soil pollution due to infiltration of untreated liquid waste; Prevention of discharge of untreated sewage into river Ganga; P a g e 3

11 Improvement in water quality of river; Improvement in environmental sanitation health and reduction in associated health hazards within cities/towns; Improvement in quality of life, human dignity and increased productivity; Reduced nuisance of open defecation due to low cost sanitation and reduced malarial risks and other health hazards and vector borne diseases; and, Improved community participation and sense of ownership 1.4 River Front Management Investments River front management is one of the portfolios of investment to be taken up under NGRBA mandate. River front management under NGRBA mandate includes: River front development schemes; Beautification of river banks; Construction of bathing ghats along rivers; Improvement of lakes and water bodies Redevelopment of cremation ground These river front management works would be included under one investment. The requirement of land for these works is moderate and much lesser than that is required for other NGRBA investments like sewage treatment or solid waste treatment facility. Although, these facilities are frequently used by the citizens, the location of these investments will not generally involve displacement of people. The proposed Patna River Front Development (RFD) is part of the River front management investments under NGRBA. 1.5 Patna River Front Development Proposed Developments The proposed Patna river front development project would involve the following projects: Development of 20 ghats (from Anta ghat to Naujar ghat including change room); Promenades including kiosks (connecting some of the ghats together); Community cum cultural centres; Landscape work in the precinct zones; City level parks; and, Improvement of approach roads to the precincts Development of Crematoria in Gulvi Ghat to an electric crematoria Development of interceptor drain (total 8 nos.) Sulabh Toilet Complex P a g e 4

12 Details of the developments are given below: Development of Ghats The proposed 20 ghats considered to be developed under this project given in table 1.2 and shown in figure 1.2 respectively. Table 1-2 : List of Ghats Ghat Names Anta ghat Adalat ghat T.N. Banerjee ghat Baharwa ghat Ghagha ghat Choudharytola ghat Alamgaunj ghat Hanuman ghat Gai ghat Mahavir ghat B.N. College ghat Mishri ghat Krishna ghat Rani ghat Raushan ghat Pathri ghat Naurwa ghat Raja ghat Bhadra ghat Naujar ghat Figure 1.2 Potential of ghat as a public Space Promenades including kiosks (connecting some of the ghats together) The proposed development of promenades are given below and shown in figure 1.3 and 1.4: P a g e 5

13 Name of Connected Ghats Precinct Precinct-I Collectorate ghat Anta ghat B.N.College ghat Mahendru ghat till Adalat ghat Precinct-II Adalat ghat To Gandhi ghat Precinct-III Gandhi ghat to Rani ghat Precinct-IV Bhadra ghat Mahavir ghat Naujar ghat Figure 1. 3 Urban Precincts proposed P a g e 6

14 Figure 1. 4 Design of Urban Precinct (3D-View) After the development of the urban precincts the view of a ghat is shown in figure 1.5. Figure 1. 5: View of ghats after the proposed development of urban precinct P a g e 7

15 1.5.3 Community cum cultural centres Three number of community cum culture centres are proposed as given below and shown in figure 1.6. Community cum Eco Centre at Collectorate ghat: This centre is facilitated with community landscape court with sit out, eco-centre cum meeting hall, café sitting in the second floor. The total built up area would be 2014 sq.m. Community cum cultural Centre at Bhadra ghat: This centre will be facilitated with food court and community hall and children centre, multi purpose hall for dance and performance and a promenade view café. The total built up area would be 1273 sq.m. Dolphin Research Centre at Gai ghat:in the ground floor there will be research centre and in the 1 st floor there will be exhibition hall. The total built up area would be 950 sq.m Café at Patna College: This centre will be facilitated with café in the ground floor, Reading room and kids reading area in the 1 st floor and Amphitheatre and viewing deck in the 2 nd floor. The proposed built up area is 381 sq.m Audio-Visual theatre at Gandhi ghat: This centre is facilitated with café in the ground floor, audio-visual hall in the 1 st floor, amphitheater and viewing deck in the 2 nd floor. Toal built up area 381 sq.m. Figure 1. 6: Proposed Community cum Eco-centre at Gai ghat P a g e 8

16 1.5.4 Landscape work at Precinct Zones The proposal has also put forward a framework to integrate landscape in to the existing river edge design. The landscape design has listed criteria like edge restoration, bio-diversity for wildlife, methods for carbon reduction, providing Larger open space for people for rituals, activity and exercise, walks, workshops, seminars, shade areas for people, concepts of bio-degradable garbage, flood control through land scape engineering and environmental education. The development on the river edge has to be of a kind that does n t harm the river ecology.the design solution is a sustainable process. Steps have been taken to put in place on the promenade networkofwastedisposal.thetexturesanduseofmaterialbesuchthatitwouldbegreenandenvironmentfrien dly. Landscape work has been proposed in four (4) number of precinct zones as given below and shown in figure 1.7: Precinct Landscape Work Landscape Work Landscape Work Precinct-I Collectorate ghat to Anta ghat Anta ghat to B.N college ghat B.N College ghat to Mahendru ghat Precinct-II Mishri ghat to T.N Banerjee ghat T.N Banerjee ghat to Kali ghat Precinct-III Gandhi ghat to Bharva ghat Bharva ghat to Law Rani ghat to Gulvi ghat college ghat Precinct-IV Gai ghat to Naujar ghat The proposal under the landscape works at the precinct zones will include the following aspects: Riparian edge restoration, planting long edge for biodiversity of wild life, carbon reduction, nutrient exchange along edge Large open space to facilitate people for rituals, activity and exercise, walks, workshops, seminars, shade areas for people Nitrogen and Phosphrous reduction through bio-filtration phytorid (from NEERI-CSIR India) from sewage filled discharge Solid waste management through in-situ aerobic composting (for bio-degradable waste) Flood control through landscape engineering permanent and temporary Environmental education P a g e 9

17 Figure 1. 7: Restoring the riparian edge and landscaping City level parks 2 nos. of city level parks are proposed respectively at Patna College ghat and Gai ghat Improvement of approach roads to the precincts Following approach roads are proposed for improvement: Approach road to precinct-i Approach road to precinct-ii Approach road to precinct-iii Approach road to precinct-iv Approach road to Krishna ghat Approach road to Choudurytola ghat Approach to Pathri ghat Approach to Gai ghat Approach to Raja ghat A schematic view of proposed development of approach road is given in figure 1.8. P a g e 10

18 Figure 1. 8: Proposed approach road development of Gai ghat Development of Electric Cremetoria at Gulvi Ghat At present the present crematoria uses wood as burning material. This electric crematoria will help in reducing the wood consumption and next it would give more burning facilities. This electric crematoria would help in burning 30 dead bodies in a day Development of Sulabh Toilet Complex Sulabh toilet complex are proposed at 3 locations as part of the project namely at Collectorate Ghat, Anta Ghat and Bhadra Ghat. Nearly 600 people are expected to use each of these toilets in a day Development of Interceptor Drain The project also envisagesto improve interceptor drains to capture the sewage getting directly disposed to Ganga from the building along the ghat and then finally dispose them off at a city sewer manual to divert the same to a STP. A total 8 such interceptor drains are being proposed. P a g e 11

19 Environmental Awareness The proposed river front development has potential to become one of the recreational and cultural hub of the city and can emerge as lively urban face. This can transform the water front areas from marginal use and connect to main stream, public activity etc. Once such public place is being developed then the necessary environmental awareness and citizen s responsibility towards the cleanliness of river Ganga is expected to be developed along with increase of tourism. It is expected that the proposed river front development in Patna would enhance the environmental awareness specifically addressing (i) sanitation issues, (ii) prevent disposal of untreated sewage from the houses adjoining the ghats, (iii) prevent uncontrolled disposal of solid waste in the river, (iv) ecological awareness among people and among the fishermen specifically regarding Ganga Dolphin and (v) Open Defecation. The Project also expected to generate awareness among the pilgrims along with various line department health, safety and environmental issues during festivals like Chath and Ganga Arati. 1.6 Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) An ESMF has been developed for all the NGRBA portfolios of investments. According to ESMF, no such adverse or negative impacts are expected from river front management works until there are no major interferences in the river flow channel hydraulics which can trigger erosion and siltation issues either in situ or elsewhere along the course of the river. Impacts due to such investments could be minimized or mitigated by appropriate interventions and engineering designs. The ESMF of NGRBA for river front management work envisages following Environmental issues in general: Change in land use and drainage pattern Change in channel hydraulics, triggering erosion and siltation problems either at in situ or elsewhere along the course of river Impact due to inadequate solid and liquid waste disposal arrangements Impact due to inadequate sanitation, health and safety facilities Impact on river water quality due to proposed amenities Impact on environmental aesthetics and cultural values However in Patna RFD, the project has been envisaged to take care of the issues in the design stage itself. For example the ecological edge restoration work, development of land scape actually helps in improving the present situation of drainage pattern. The project also envisaged to provide management of solid and liquid waste expected to generate from the project and thereby improving the river water quality. The project also provides various benefits due to such river front development such as: P a g e 12

20 Ensuring more safe environment for bathing for children and older people with the implementation of life guard and guard rails; Opportunities for employment for people who will operate kiosks and other informal economic activities due to development of the ghats as an open public place to the people of Patna; More efficient management of solid waste and sewerage generated along project ghats;and, Improvement of safety measures with deployment of efficient exit routes during religious gatherings along the project ghats. 1.7 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF EIA The present Patna RFD project will be implemented by NGRBA and for that assistance has been sought from World Bank. According to screening study (given in details in chapter-4) and as per NGRBA s framework the project falls under high impact category and hence an EIA study is required along with specific EMP. Also as per World Bank s safeguard policy (OP: 4.01: Environment Assessment) an Environmental Assessment may be required if the proposed development work envisages to have some impact (adverse or positive) to surrounding environment. The scope of the EIA study has been finalized based upon the project screening and categorization and is given below: Project screening and scoping; Project categorization considering the OP: 4.01 (Environment Assessment); Detailed assessment of natural habitats in the river and its riparian areas; Assessment of water quality along the river stretch both through secondary and primary data generation; Preparation of study area maps for an immediate vicinity of 200m-1km from either side of the river through satellite imagery to understand the details of vegetation and potential of siltation. Aquatic Ecological assessment of the river at various taxonomy levels for the stretch of ghat development program; Assessment of existing sewage disposal and proposed improvement mechanism for restricting sewage and other trade effluent disposal (if any) in to the ghat development section; Assessment of proposed Solid Waste Management System as part of the proposed development; Assessment of possible impact on river bed due to the proposed engineering measures for ghat development and possible management measures (if any); Assessment of physical and cultural Resources along the project stretch and assessment of potential beneficial and adverse impact on such resources from the project; Assessment of possible Environmental Quality measures and monitoring mechanism; Assessment of possible Environment Management measures and cost; P a g e 13

21 1.8 PROPOJECT PROPONENT National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) is the project proponent for this project. 1.9 TECHNICAL CONSULTANT AND ARCHITECT M/s Sen and Lall Consultants Pvt. Ltd. is the technical consultant for this project and M/s NilaA Architecture and Urban Design is the architect consultant for this project for the proposed river front development in Patna including development of 20 ghats, promenade including kiosks, community cum cultural centre, landscape work in the precinct zones, city level parks and development of approach road to the ghats EIA CONSULTANT M/s Voyants Solutions Pvt. Ltd. is the EIA consultant for the project STRUCTURE OF EIA The present EIA report is has been arranged in following chapters. Chapter- 1 Chapter- 2 Introduction This chapter describes briefly describes the project, NGRBA Portfolios of Investments, the ESMF and need of EIA study. Project Description In the chapter the existing conditions of the ghats and proposed developments taken under the projects are described along with the cost summary of total investment under Patna RFD Chapter- 3 Chapter-4 Chapter-5 Chapter-6 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework This Chapter captures the policy and legal framework of government of India as well the policies of World Bank that are applicable to the project. Description of Environment Description of the baseline environmental condition including the baseline conditions of river water quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecology, air, noise and soil quality are briefly described in this chapter. Analysis of Alternative This chapter describes the alternatives considered in the project towards improving the project. Environmental Impacts and Assessment This chapter provides details of the potential impacts from the project on various environmental factors and mitigation measures proposed for the construction and operation stage P a g e 14

22 Chapter-7 Chapter-8 Chapter-9 Public Consultation This chapter briefly describes the consultation measures carried out with the various sections of common public in and around the project area and the suggestions provided under the consultation are documented. Environmental Management Plan This chapter envisages the requirement of Environmental Management Plan including the monitoring and supervision framework for the implementation of EMP along with the budget for implementing EMP. Conclusion and Recommendation This chapter provides the conclusion about the implementation of the project and provides necessary recommendations. P a g e 15

23 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION A detailed project report on riverfront revitalization is being prepared to enhance the potential of Patna s riveredge infrastructure and future decade. This is anunprecedented opportunity to create new public realm facing towards the river that is strongly connected to the city s urban fabric. The report outlines a set of urban strategies that form the larger civic vision to the water front in the city and illustrates the detail proposal in ghat precincts. Our attempt has been to provide proposal that workscollaborativelywitharchitectureandengineering,urbandesignandecologyandlandscapedesign.t hestudyspannedoveralengthof7kmofthewaterfrontstartingatcollectorateghatanddowntherivertillganga Setuandbeyond upto Naujar ghat. Figure 2.1: Artists view of Golaghar Patna The history of Patna spans three millennia and has the distinction of being associated with two most ancient religions of the world, namely, Buddhism and Jainism. The state has seen the rise and fall of mighty empires of the Mauryas and the Guptas. The Patna was originally known as Patliputra in the Mauryan empire. From this city the famed emperor Chandragupta ruled a vast empire from Bay of Bengal to Afghanistan. This state has also produced several eminent world class scholars namely: Aryabhatt-Famous mathematician and astronomers Chanakya-Master of State Craft and Guru of Chandragupta Maurya It is believed that Patliputra was among the largest cities of the world between 300 and 195B.C. P a g e 16

24 ThemightyriverGangesisanintrinsicpartof lifeofpatna. Thisbeinganhistoricalcitythesettlementsstartedrightafter river sbankedgeandconsequentlytheriver sedge remainedunattended.thegreatpotentialof riverfrontdevelopmenteludedthe peopleofpatna.nowwiththisdecisionofbihargovt.todevelopthegangariverfront,a greatopportunityfor Urbantransformationofcityhas emerged. The benefitsofthisriverfrontdevelopmentare immense.afewsalientbenefits arespecifiedbelow. The spread of Patna along river Ganga The spread of Patna city in and around Gandhi Maidan Celebration of religious festivals: The famous ChhathPuja of Eastern India is celebrated in Patna with great gaiety on river Ganga s banks. More than five lakhs devotees offer Puja to Sun God on the occasion of Chhath Puja in the month of October. On this occasion lakhs of people trek to Ganges and after holy dip in the Ganges worship Sun God. Recently Ganga Aarti has started at 2 nos. ghats, namely Gandhi ghat and Bhadra ghat. The Tourism Department is conducting these on weekly basis and already has emerged an attractive weekly event of city. Such programs can create enormous awareness for cleanliness of river Ganges. 2.1 EXISTING GHAT CONDITIONS During the visit of the project team of VSPL to assess the existing conditions of the ghats the following point emerges: Sanitation: At present the existing facilities at the ghats are quite poor. Practically there is no change room or toilet facility in the ghats. Disposal of raw sewage from buildings, slums are very common along with open defecation along the edge. Further there are dairy units along the ghat the waste is directly disposed to river Ganga (Refer Figure 2.2). P a g e 17

25 Disposal of sewage from building lines along ghat to river ganga Domesticated animal and dairy units along ghat, disposal of animal waste to river Ganga Open Defecation along edges of river Ganga Direct disposal of solid waste from the slum/colnies along the river bank into river Ganga Figure 2.2: Sanitation issues along the ghats Festivals and Safety: The ghats are neither big enough to accommodate thousands of Devotees during Chhat festival. There are high chances of accident if any mishap happens with the devotees. In fact the same thing happened on 19 th of November 2012 when during Chatt festival 17 people killed due to stampede at the Adalatgaunj Ghat in Patna. Encroachments: Illegal colonies, slums and encroachment are observed along the ghat especially to name Bhadra ghat where high density of slum observed. The colonies are developed so close to the bank that during monsoon chances of drowning and unsafe condition prevails. (Refer figure 2.3). P a g e 18

26 Figure 2.3: Slums at edge of river Ganga Safety issues during Night time: There are hardly any light in the ghats making it really unsafe to women and general public as well. Women are not seen in the ghats after 4 p.m. On the contrary at Gandhi Ghatwhich has been developed for recreational purpose notices presence of women even after 9 p.m. This shows that if there is proper ghat developed people will use it. Figure 2.4:Gandhi Ghat (the only developed ghat at moment) Edge Restoration:. Stone pitching has been observed along the river bank. This is a practice being done to restore the banks from erosion but it does not exist more than 2-3 years and every time such types of edge restoration work without any kind of landscaping or green area reduces the ecological activities in the river edges and thus impacts the food chain (Figure 2.4) Unsafe Ghats-No clear entry exit route: At present the ghats are very narrow and each step height are very steep (avg inch) especially as observed in Mishri Ghat. Almost all the ghats do have some temple and devotees go for puja. The steep steps may be ok for youth P a g e 19

27 and adult but for children, women and aged persons these kind of steps are not very safe option. Further the steps are slippery due to water and may cause accident. Further, there is no such demarked entry or exit route to the ghats from the banks which also create lot of unsafe condition during mass gathering like chatt festival etc. Present Initiative of Bihar Government: It would also be very pertinent to mention that at present the river front development/ management report has been worked upon from Collectorate ghat only. The reason is that till last year Ganges course had swerved away from Patna City and rejoined at Collectorate ghat only. Form here the river again runs along the city river banks. P a g e 20

28 Figure 2.5:Adalat Ghat Edge Condition Analysis (Boulder pitching at the edges) P a g e 21

29 Figure 2.6:Edge condition Analysis in Krishna Ghat P a g e 22

30 2.2 NEED FOR PATNA RFD Development of River front has emerged as lively Urban Core of cities - their socio-cultural, and recreation centres. Patna is also trying to improve the waterfront use from marginal and neglect into the mainstream of public life. Today everyone recognizes the value of waterfronts for recreation and ecological reasons. Projects for improvement of river water quality by preventing disposal of sewage directly into the river by collection of sewage and its treatment before disposal into water body are being prepared separately. After several discussions with the government agencies and NGRBA the need for the river front development in Patna along river Ganga was taken in to consideration mainly for the following reasons: Upgradation of Ghats acutely needed: At present the existing facilities at the ghats are quite poor. Practically there is no change room or toilet facility in the ghats. The ghats are also not big enough to accommodate thousands of Devotees during Chhat festival. There is hardly any ghat where Visitors to Patna can go for an enjoyable glimpse of river Ganges. Environmentalawareness: The proposed river front development has potential to become one of the recreational and cultural hub of the city and can emerge as lively urban face. This can transform the water front areas from marginal use and connect to main stream, public activity etc. Once such public place is being developed then the necessary environmental awareness and citizen s responsibility towards the cleanliness of river Ganga is expected to be developed along with increase of tourism. It is expected that the proposed river front development in Patna would enhance the environmental awareness specifically addressing (i) sanitation issues, (ii) prevent disposal of untreated sewage from the houses adjoin the ghats, (iii) prevent uncontrolled disposal of solid waste in the river, (iv) ecological awareness among people and among the fishermen specifically regarding Ganga Dolphin and (v) Open Defecation. The Project also expected to generate awareness among the pilgrims as well as with the line department regarding the health, safety and environmental issues during mass gathering of people during famous chatt festival and Ganga Arati along Ganga ghats. Ghats Landscaping : Atpresentonly stone pitching work has been observed along the banks which are generally need to be repeated for every 2-3 years of time. This generally reduces the ecological activities along the banks. The proposed project is proposed with ecological edge restoration work along the banks. 2.3 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS The proposed Patna river front development project would involve the following projects: Development of 20ghats (from Anta ghat to Naujar ghat including change room); P a g e 23

31 Promenades including kiosks (connecting some of the ghats together); Community cum cultural centres; Landscape work in the precinct zones; City level parks; and, Improvement of approach roads to the precincts Development of Crematoria in Gulvi Ghat to an electric crematoria Development of interceptor drain (total 8 nos.) Sulabh Toilet Complex Details of the developments are given below: Development of Ghats The proposed 20ghats considered to be developed under this project given in table 2.1 and shown in figure 2.2 respectively. Table 2-1 : Proposed Ghats for development Ghat Names Anta ghat Adalat ghat T.N. Banerjee ghat Baharwa ghat Ghagha ghat Choudharytola ghat Alamgaunj ghat Hanuman ghat Gai ghat Mahavir ghat B.N. College ghat Mishri ghat Krishna ghat Rani ghat Raushan ghat Pathri ghat Naurwa ghat Raja ghat Bhadra ghat Naujar ghat P a g e 24

32 Figure 2.7 Potential of ghat as a public Space Promenades including kiosks (connecting some of the ghats together) The proposed development of promenades are given below and shown in figure 2.7 and 2.8: Name of Precinct Connected Ghats Precinct-I Collectorate ghat Anta ghat B.N.College ghat Mahendru ghat till Adalat ghat Precinct-II Precinct-III Adalat ghat To Gandhi ghat Gandhi ghat to Rani ghat Precinct-IV Bhadra ghat Mahavir ghat Naujar ghat P a g e 25

33 Figure 2.8: Urban Precincts proposed Figure 2. 9: Design of Urban Precinct (3D-View) P a g e 26

34 After the development of the urban precincts the view of a ghat is shown in figure Figure 2.9:View of ghats after the proposed development of urban precinct Community cum cultural centres Three number of community cum culture centres are proposed as given below and shown in figure Community cum Eco Centre at Collectorate ghat: This centre is facilitated with community landscape court with sit out, eco-centre cum meeting hall, café sitting in the second floor. The total built up area would be 2014 sq.m. Community cum cultural Centre at Bhadra ghat: This centre will be facilitated with food court and community hall and children centre, multi purpose hall for dance and performance and a promenade view café. The total built up area would be 1273 sq.m. Dolphin Research Centre at Gai ghat:in the ground floor there will be research centre and in the 1 st floor there will be exhibition hall. The total built up area would be 950 sq.m Café at Patna College: This centre will be facilitated with café in the ground floor, Reading room and kids reading area in the 1 st floor and Amphitheatre and viewing deck in the 2 nd floor. The proposed built up area is 381 sq.m Audio-Visual theatre at Gandhi ghat: This centre is facilitated with café in the ground floor, audio-visual hall in the 1 st floor, amphitheater and viewing deck in the 2 nd floor. Total built up area 381 sq.m. P a g e 27

35 Figure 2.10:Proposed Community cum Eco-centre at Gai ghat Landscape work at Precinct Zones: The proposal has also put forward a framework to integrate landscape in to the existing river edge design. The landscape design has listed criteria like edge restoration, bio-diversity for wildlife, methods for carbon reduction, providing Larger open space for people for rituals, activity and exercise, walks, workshops, seminars, shade areas for people, concepts of bio-degradable garbage, flood control through land scape engineering and environmental education. The development on the river edge has to be of a kind that doesn t harm the river ecology. The design solution is a sustainable process. Steps have been taken to put in place on the promenade network of waste disposal. The textures and use of material be such that it would be green and environment friendly. Landscape work has been proposed in four (4) number of precinct zones as given below and shown in figure 2.12: Precinct Landscape Work Landscape Work Landscape Work Precinct-I Collectorateghat to Anta ghat Anta ghat to B.N college ghat B.N College ghat to Mahendru ghat Precinct-II Mishri ghat to T.N Banerjee ghat T.N Banerjee ghat to Kali ghat P a g e 28

36 Precinct-III Gandhi ghat to Bharva ghat Bharva ghat to Law Rani ghat to Gulvi ghat college ghat Precinct-IV Gai ghat to Naujar ghat The proposal under the landscape works at the precinct zones will include the following aspects: Riparian edge restoration, planting long edge for biodiversity of wild life, carbon reduction, nutrient exchange along edge Large open space to facilitate people for rituals, activity and exercise, walks, workshops, seminars, shade areas for people Nitrogen and Phosphrous reduction through bio-filtration phytorid (from NEERI-CSIR India) from sewage filled discharge Solid waste management through in-situ aerobic composting (for bio-degradable waste) Flood control through landscape engineering permanent and temporary Environmental education Figure 2.11:Restoring the riparian edge and landscaping City level parks: 2 nos. of city level parks are proposed respectively at Patna College ghat and Gai ghat Improvement of approach roads to the precincts Following approach roads are proposed for improvement: Approach road to precinct-i Approach road to precinct-ii Approach road to precinct-iii P a g e 29

37 Approach road to precinct-iv Approach road to Krishna ghat Approach road to Choudurytola ghat Approach to Pathri ghat Approach to Gai ghat Approach to Raja ghat A schematic view of proposed development of approach road is given in figure Figure 2.12:Proposed approach road development of Gai ghat Development of Electric Cremetoria at Gulvi Ghat At present the present crematoria uses wood as burning material. This electric crematoria will help in reducing the wood consumption and next it would give more burning facilities. This electric crematoria would help in burning 30 dead bodies in a day Development of Sulabh Toilet Complex Sulabh toilet complex are proposed at 3 locations as part of the project namely at Collectorate Ghat, Anta Ghat and Bhadra Ghat. Nearly 600 people are expected to use each of these toilets in a day Development of Interceptor Drain The project also envisages to improve interceptor drains to capture the sewage getting directly P a g e 30

38 disposed to Ganga from the building along the ghat and then finally dispose them off at a city sewer manual to divert the same to a STP. A total 8 such interceptor drains are being proposed Environmental Awareness The proposed river front development has potential to become one of the recreational and cultural hub of the city and can emerge as lively urban face. This can transform the water front areas from marginal use and connect to main stream, public activity etc. Once such public place is being developed then the necessary environmental awareness and citizen s responsibility towards the cleanliness of river Ganga is expected to be developed along with increase of tourism. It is expected that the proposed river front development in Patna would enhance the environmental awareness specifically addressing (i) sanitation issues, (ii) prevent disposal of untreated sewage from the houses adjoining the ghats, (iii) prevent uncontrolled disposal of solid waste in the river, (iv) ecological awareness among people and among the fishermen specifically regarding Ganga Dolphin and (v) Open Defecation. The Project also expected to generate awareness among the pilgrims along with various line department health, safety and environmental issues during festivals like Chath and Ganga Arati. 2.4 PROJECT LOCATION The proposed project site is located along the river Ganga starting from Collectorate ghat and spread beyond the Ganga setu. Few of the ghats are proposed to be connected through promenade and would also involve landscape work. The location map of the proposed project site is provided in Figure 2.14 and existing landuse along the ghats are shown in Figure P a g e 31

39 Figure 2.13:Project Location P a g e 32

40 Figure 2.14:Landuse along project ghats P a g e 33

41 2.5 ADDITIONAL BENEFIT Chaht Festival is the most important festival of Bihar. Millions of devotees congregate on bank of river Ganga for taking a dip and also undertake other religious rituals. The celebration of Chhat festival would become much more comfortable to these devotees by construction of walkway and the socio-cultural centres. This will also help in developing tourist attraction as Ganga Arati can be organized on regular basis at 2 3 ghats as is done in other religious cities like Varanasi, Haridwar etc. This will also help develop ecological awareness to prevent the pollution of the river. The Promenades will provide an alternative passage for people to travel from one ghat to the other directly without getting on to the main road. This will greatly reduce traffic on main road and reduce misery of people in traffic, particularly during festival times. The Promenades will reduce the distance to be travelled and time required for going from one ghat to the other substantially. The Promenades will also provide a panoramic view of the river banks and ghats to the visitors. 2.6 PROJECT COST The proposed cost for the project is given in table 2.2. Table 2-2 : Proposed Project Cost S.No Description of Item Cost (INR Lakh) 1 Development of 20ghats (from Anta ghat to Naujar ghat including change room) 2 Promenades including kiosks (connecting ghats together) Community cum cultural centres Landscape work in the precinct zones City level parks Improvement of approach roads to the precincts Development of Gulvi ghat Interceptor Drain Sulabh Toilet Complex Information Education and communication campaign ESMP Cost Add contingency (8%) Total P a g e 34

42 3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK The policies, regulations and administrative framework within which the project is to be implemented with respect to environmental management and protection are reviewed in this section. The review includes the sector-specific Environmental and Policies and Regulations of the Government of India, National policies regarding socio-economic issues and the Administrative framework of various agencies, such as the Ministry of Environment and Forest, the Pollution Control Boards and other bodies associated with the implementation of the proposed project. The following laws and regulations are application to the environment and social aspects of the proposed ghat development program: Policy and regulatory framework of Govt. of India Environmental Policy of the respective State Governments Legislations applicable to the construction activities The Project is seeking financing from World Bank and hence their environmental and social safeguards are also applicable to this Project. The categorization of the project as per World Bank guideline is detailed in Chapter POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (GOI) Constitutional Provisions The Constitution of India, in Article 48, of Directive Principles of the State, states that the state shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife of the country. Further Article 51-A (g), of fundamental duties, emphasizes that, It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures. These two provisions of the constitution are the guiding principles for the environmental legislation in India. The Government of India has laid down various policy guidelines, regulations, acts and legislations pertaining to sustainability and protection of the environment and its various components. The statutory requirements for the proposed project are discussed briefly in the following paragraphs. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 The Environment (Protection) Act, popularly known as EP Act, is an umbrella legislation that supplements existing environmental regulations. Empowered by the EP Act, the Ministry of Environment and Forests P a g e 35

43 (MoEF), the Government of India has issued the following notifications regulating the siting of industry and operations, procuring clearance to establish industries and development of projects with appropriate Environmental Impact studies, coastal zone regulations and many other aspects of environment through notifications. Environment Impact Assessment Notification 14 th September 2006: This kind of project on river front development does not fall under Environmental clearance requirements as per the EIA notification 2006 of MoEF. Even the total covered built up area for the project is 10,000 sq.m and hence according to the EIA notification, the project does not trigger the requirement of prior environmental clearance under category 8(a) 2 also. Hence the project does not require environmental clearance as per the rule of Govt. of India. The key environmental laws and related regulations are given in table 3.1. The key environmental regulations can also be accessed at Table 3-1 : Environmental Regulations and Legislations S.N Act/Rules Purpose Applicabilit Reasons for Authority o y Applicability (Yes/No) 1. Forest The Forest No As diversion of Forest (Conservation) (Conservation) reserved / protected Department, Act, 1980 with Act, 1980 has forest land is not State Govt. and Amendments been involved.all the trees MoEF, GoI Made in 1988 formulated in along the banks will order to provide be saved the conservation of forests and for matters connected therewith or 2 As per 8(a) if the project built up area is more than 20,000 sq.m then only it triggers the requirement of environmental clearance. P a g e 36

44 S.N Act/Rules Purpose Applicabilit Reasons for Authority o y Applicability (Yes/No) ancillary incidental thereto. or 2 Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 has been No/Yes This act is not applicable as no sanctuary / national Chief Conservator Wildlife, Wildlife formulated in park exists within 10 wing, state order to protect km radius of project forest the wild life in site. department, sanctuaries and National Park. The vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is more MoEF, GoI than 160km from project site 3 Land Acquisition Sets out rule No No private land Revenue Act, 1894 (As for acquisition acquisition is Department, amended) of land by govt. involved. State Government 4 The Air To control air Yes This act will be SPCB (Prevention and pollution by applicable during the Control of controlling construction stage Pollution) Act, emission of air 1981 pollutants as per the prescribed P a g e 37

45 S.N Act/Rules Purpose Applicabilit Reasons for Authority o y Applicability (Yes/No) standards. 5 Water Prevention To control Yes This act is mainly SPCB and Control of water pollution active during the (Pollution) act, by controlling construction stage 1974 discharge of pollutants as per the prescribed standards 6 The Noise The standards Yes This act will be SPCB Pollution for noise for applicable for all (Regulation and day and night construction Control) Rules, have been equipments 2000 promulgated by deployed at worksite the MoEF for various land uses. 7 Municipal Solid To manage No/Yes This rule is not MoEF, CPCB, Wastes collection, applicable to the SPCB (Management and transportation, project as such. Handling) Rules, 2000 segregation, treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste However, waste generated during construction and operation stage (by regular ghat users) P a g e 38

46 S.N Act/Rules Purpose Applicabilit Reasons for Authority o y Applicability (Yes/No) are to be addressed 8 The Ancient Conservation of No The proposed Archaeological Monuments and cultural and development is not Dept., GoI, Archaeological Sites historical in close proximity to Indian Heritage and Remains Act, remains found any ancient Society and 1958 in India monument declared Indian National protected under this Trust for Art and act. Culture Heritage (INTACH) 10 Public Liability Act This act details No Largely no such SPCB and Insurance act out the hazardous waste is 1991 requirement of being expected from protection from ghat development hazardous project hence this materials and act is not applicable. accidents and Contractor need to sets the abide by this act if guideline how they store emulsions to store the etc. hazardous materials. P a g e 39

47 S.N Act/Rules Purpose Applicabilit Reasons for Authority o y Applicability (Yes/No) 11 Explosives Act, This act details No No such blasting is Chief Controller 1984 out the involved in the of Explosives requirement for project and storage safe of diesel, oil and transportation, lubricants will be not storage and that significant to use of trigger this act explosive materials. 12 Minor Mineral and For opening No Only licensed quarry District Concession Rule new quarry will be used and no Controller new quarry site will be used for minor minerals like stone, soil, river sand etc. 13 The Mining Act The mining act has been notified for safe and sound mining activity No As the aggregate materials will be sourced from vendors and no new mining site is to be used for the project. Dept. of Mining, State Govt. 14 National Forest To maintain No No such eco- Forest policy, 1988 ecological sensitive feature is Department, stability through present in the State Govt. and preservation project stretch as MoEF, GoI P a g e 40

48 S.N Act/Rules Purpose Applicabilit Reasons for Authority o y Applicability (Yes/No) and restoration such. of biological diversity Other applicable acts and rules mostly related to the construction activities are given below: Contract Labour (Regulation & Abolition) Act, 1970 Engagement of labour and basic facility to be provided and labour licence to be obtained. This act will be applicable for engagement of labour. Minimum Wages Act, 1948 The employer is supposed to pay not less than the minimum wages fixed by appropriate government as per provisions of the act. This act will be applicable for engagement of labour. The building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act 1996 ad the Cess Act of 1996 All the establishments who carry on any building or other construction work employ 10 or more workers are covered under this Act; the employer of the establishment is required to provide safety measures at the building or construction work and other welfare measures, such as canteens, first-aid facilities, ambulance, housing accommodation for workers near the workplace etc.) This act will be applicable for engagement of labour. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2000 Whereas it is expedient to prohibit engagement of child in factory, mining and similar other risky work and to make necessary provision for health. Child s safety and services and facilities while engaging them in other work. This act will be applicable to make sure not to engage any child labour. P a g e 41

49 3.2 SAFEGUARD POLICIES OF WORLD BANK The proposed ghat development project may trigger the following operational policies of World Bank: Safeguard Policies Triggered by the Project Yes No Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) [x] [ ] Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) [x ] [] Pest Management (OP 4.09) [ ] [x] Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) [x] [ ] Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) [x] [ ] Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) [ ] [x] Forests (OP/BP 4.36) [ ] [x] Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) [ ] [x] Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60) [ ] [x] Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) [ ] [x] World Bank classifies supported projects into three categories namely: Category-A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. EA for a Category A project examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts, compares them with those of feasible alternatives (including the "without project" situation), and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an EIA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectoral EA) that includes, as necessary, elements of the other instruments as given below: Depending on the project, a range of instruments can be used to satisfy the Bank's EA requirement: environmental impact assessment (EIA), regional or sectoral EA, strategic P a g e 42

50 environmental and social assessment (SESA), environmental audit, hazard or risk assessment, environmental management plan (EMP) and environmental and social management framework (ESMF). EA applies one or more of these instruments, or elements of them, as appropriate. When the project is likely to have sectoral or regional impacts, sectoral or regional EA is required. Category-B: Category-C: A proposed project is classified as Category B if its potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas--including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats--are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects. The scope of EA for a Category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of Category A EA. Like Category A EA, it examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. The findings and results of Category B EA are described in the project documentation (Project Appraisal Document and Project Information Document of World Bank). A proposed project is classified as Category C if it is likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project. The project categorization has been detailed in Chapter-4 after project screening. P a g e 43

51 4. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 4.1 PROJECT INFLUENCE AREA In Patna River Front Development (RFD) all the development work are associated with the right bank of river Ganga. Hence the influence area considered for the EIA study is mainly concentrated within the right bank and the ghat sections. In general 500m lateral distance from the right bank side has been considered as Direct Project Influence Area (DPIA) and 1 km lateral distance from the right bank side has been considered as Indirect Project Influence Area (IPIA). \ Figure 4.1:Direct Project Influence Area (DPIA) 4.2 TEAM MOBILIZATION The reconnaissance survey was carried out between 31 st august and 1 st of September 2012 for the purposed of proposed EIA study, site assessment, proposed ghat development works and fixation of monitoring locations. Further, environmental quality monitoring team carried out environmental monitoring and generated baseline data between 12 th of September till 22 nd of September 2012.Further Focus group P a g e 44

52 Discussion was also held in this period during the visit and deployment schedule of human resources considered for the project are also planned. FGDs were also undertaken with various stakeholders as detailed below: FGD-1 : Local vegetable seller and boatman at Anta ghat FGD2 FGD3 FGD4 FGD5 FGD6 FGD7 FGD8 : Local ghat Users in Mahendru ghat and Collectorate ghat : Slum population along river Ganga between Misri to Dr. T.N.Banerjee ghat : Common ghat users coming to ghat for passing time during evening period at Gandhi ghat and Kali ghat : Relatives who gather in the funeral at the crematorium at Baikuntha Dham ghat : General Public discussion may be at some tourist place of the city (like Golaghar or Gandhi Maidan to know their perception about ghat development work) : Local fishermen for understanding their livelihood and possibility of any impact on them. : Discussion with local fishermen for discussion as part of river Dolphin, its observation frequency, poaching provisions and use of its oil for fishing etc. 4.3 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL SCREENING: The details of environment and social screening details is shown in table 4.1 as given below: Table 4-1 : Environment and Social Screening for River Front Development Environment and social information format for screening Project Title: River front development in Patna Implementing Agency: National Ganga River Basin Authority Project Cost:150 Crores Project Components: Ghat development, Project Location(Area/District) S.No Screening Criteria Assessment of Category(High/Low) 1 Is the project in an Low as the stretch does not eco-sensitive area or fall under any eco-sensitive adjoining an ecosensitivearea?(yes/no zone declared by Govt. of India. The project area does Explanatory note for categorization The project area does not fall under any protected or conserved area under forest act or wildlife protection act (both terrestrial and P a g e 45

53 Environment and social information format for screening Project Title: River front development in Patna Implementing Agency: National Ganga River Basin Authority Project Cost:150 Crores Project Components: Ghat development, Project Location(Area/District) S.No Screening Criteria Assessment of Category(High/Low) ).If yes, which is the not fall under any kind of area? Elaborate environmental sensitive zone impact accordingly. (such as wildlife sanctuary, national park). The area though is a habitat for Gaga dolphin but their concentrated mostly in the left bank and Patna RFD will be constructed in right bank. 2 Will the project create This project will create limited significant /limited/no social impact. social impacts? Land acquisition No agricultural land or resulting in loss of plantation used for livelihood income from present there. No private land agricultural land, acquisition is involved, only plantation or other existing land use. some squatter may need to be displaced. Land acquisition Except some slum population resulting in (who are encroacher) no such relocation of impact envisaged households. Not going to be affected. All Any reduction of the temples will be existing Explanatory note for categorization aquatic). The project does not have much of a social impact due to: As it is only a RFD work and does not involve any private land acquisition The work is limited only at the slope protection part where only few encroachment has been observed between misri ghat and T.N.Banerjee ghat Some dairy units are adjoined along with cow shelters along the bank who may need to shifted to some other place. P a g e 46

54 Environment and social information format for screening Project Title: River front development in Patna Implementing Agency: National Ganga River Basin Authority Project Cost:150 Crores Project Components: Ghat development, Project Location(Area/District) S.No Screening Criteria Assessment of Category(High/Low) access to tradition and associated livelihood of and river priests, ritual related livelihood dependent will continue communities (to river and areas Not envisaged where they earn for their primary or No as such substantial livelihood). Explanatory note for categorization This could be the only impact from the project. The project thus does not involve much of social impact and the category of impact may be considered as low. Any displacement or adverse impact on tribal settlements(s). Any specific gender issues. 3 Will the project creates significant/limited/no environmental impacts during the construction stage?(significant/limit ed/no impacts) There will be some limited environmental impacts during construction stage as given below: Not applicable Limited environmental impact is envisaged and with set control measures most of the impacts will be minimized at the contractor s level only. Clearance vegetation of /tree This will be taken care and proper storage of material P a g e 47

55 Environment and social information format for screening Project Title: River front development in Patna Implementing Agency: National Ganga River Basin Authority Project Cost:150 Crores Project Components: Ghat development, Project Location(Area/District) S.No Screening Criteria Assessment of Category(High/Low) cover will be made and discharge Direct discharge of of debris will be reduced construction run off, improper storage Chances of flooding is very and disposal of less. Design is being made excavation spoils, with high flood data waste and other construction Proper storage of materials materials adversely will be made along the bank affecting water quality and flow Required precaution to be regimes. taken to minimize the Flooding of impact adjacent area Improper storage Will be limited only to and handling of approach roads being substances leading considered for improvement to contamination of soil and water Very minimum and care Elevated noise and shall be taken to avoid the dust emission same Explanatory note for categorization Disruption to traffic movements Damage to existing infrastructure, Construction sites will be restored This will be checked in P a g e 48

56 Environment and social information format for screening Project Title: River front development in Patna Implementing Agency: National Ganga River Basin Authority Project Cost:150 Crores Project Components: Ghat development, Project Location(Area/District) S.No Screening Criteria Assessment of Category(High/Low) public utilities, detailed during FGD and amenities etc. ESIA. However during Failure to store screening, it is understood temporary that people welcome such construction sites project Possible conflicts with and /or Health and Safety norms disruption to local will be set in the ESIA with community monitoring mechanism to Health risks due to follow the same unhygienic conditions at works camps Explanatory note for categorization Safety hazards during construction. 4 Will the project create significant /limited /no environmental impacts during the operation stage?(significant/limi ted/no impacts) Flooding of adjacent area The project may create limited environmental impacts during the operation stage as: Chances of flooding to adjacent areas are less due to more bank protection/stabilization Effluent from the project Chances of these impacts are less with the appropriate implementation of the program. However some safety risks and health hazard risk is there during the peak time of festivals. During that time emergency preparedness on the part of Bihar Govt, NGOs and EMP P a g e 49

57 Environment and social information format for screening Project Title: River front development in Patna Implementing Agency: National Ganga River Basin Authority Project Cost:150 Crores Project Components: Ghat development, Project Location(Area/District) S.No Screening Criteria Assessment of Category(High/Low) Impacts to water will be taken care through quality due to sulabh toilet/mobile toilet effluent discharge and interceptor drains Gas emission Chances of gas emission Safety hazards is negligible from the project Proper protection in the river front where the promenade or road is given shall be made to avoid un avoidable circumstances/accidents etc. No such impact is envisaged on gangetic dolphin in the right bank side as they are more concentrated in the left bank side of river where depth is available for their movement. The project includes riparian edge restoration as compared to stone pitching as being carried out present days for bank stabilization. Explanatory note for categorization implementation team of NGRBA need to take necessary step P a g e 50

58 Environment and social information format for screening Project Title: River front development in Patna Implementing Agency: National Ganga River Basin Authority Project Cost:150 Crores Project Components: Ghat development, Project Location(Area/District) S.No Screening Criteria Assessment of Category(High/Low) Hence this will create more natural habitat than at present. Thus impact if on dolphin from the present project (if any) is positive during the operation stage. 5 Do projects of this Not applicable as per the EIA nature/type require notification 2006 prior environmental clearance either from the MoEF or from the relevant state Government department?(moef /relevant state Government department/no clearance at all) 6 Does the project No clearance is required from involve any prior MoEF and no tree cutting clearance from the would be involved and hence MoEF or state Forest no clearance from forest department for either department will be required. the convention of Forest land or for tree Cutting?(Yes/NO) Explanatory note for categorization The project area does not fall under any notified eco-sensitive zone and hence no prior environmental clearance is required. P a g e 51

59 Environment and social information format for screening Project Title: River front development in Patna Implementing Agency: National Ganga River Basin Authority Project Cost:150 Crores Project Components: Ghat development, Project Location(Area/District) S.No Screening Criteria Assessment of Category(High/Low) 7 Please attach Attached separately with the photographs and form location maps along with this complete Environmental format for screening. Overall Assessment Moderate Explanatory note for categorization After overall assessment of the project, this project can be considered as having moderate impact on Environment and Socio-economic environment. Hence as per the NGRBA framework (page 92, section of NGRBA framework) projects with high and moderate impacts are being kept in high impact project category. Accordingly this project falls under high impact category as per the NGRBA framework. 4.4 Project Surroundings The proposed project is river front development in Ganga Ghats including development of 20 ghats(total length of 6.50 km), promenade including kiosks, community cum cultural centre, landscape work in the precinct zones, city level parks and development of approach road to the ghats. The photographs of the ghats along River Ganga with name have been provided in the Table 4-2. Table 4-2:Proposed Ghats for Developments along river Ganga in Ganga Ghats Ghat Names Anta ghat Adalat ghat T.N. Banerjee ghat Baharwa ghat B.N. College ghat Mishri ghat Krishna ghat Rani ghat P a g e 52

60 Ghagha ghat Choudharytola ghat Alamgaunj ghat Hanuman ghat Gai ghat Mahavir ghat Source: Feasibility Study Raushan ghat Pathri ghat Naurwa ghat Raja ghat Bhadra ghat Naujar ghat 4.5 Baseline Data Collection The baseline environmental setting has been studied using secondary data as well as primary data to understand the present environmental scenario of the proposed location. Primary data hasbeen collected at site during post monsoon season in the month of September, 2012 by Mitra S. K. Pvt. Ltd, Recognized by NABL and MoEF Meteorological environment Climate The project ghats are within 1 km from Patna City. The climate in Patna is characterized by quite hot summers to moderately cold winters. The day temperature generally ranges from 21.1ºC (Avg.) in January to 38.7ºC (Avg.) in May and night temperature from 7.3ºC (Avg.) in December to 27.7ºC in May/June (Avg.). The summer begins in April and peaks in June/July with the temperature soaring up to 43 C (Max) till the moisture laden monsoon wind bring some much-needed relief to the parched fields. The rains last through August & September and continue into early October Ganga Basin Temperature in Patna In the Ganga basin the mean maximum and mean minimum temperature as recorded in Patna is respectively 31.9 Cand 20.8 C (Refer Table 4-3) Relative Humidity The relative humidity near the Ganga ghats is round 80 to 93 % Rainfall and Precipitation The weather in the Ganga Ghats in Patna is characterized by a distinct wet season during the period of south west monsoon (June to September). The air temperature starts falling with the onset of the P a g e 53

61 monsoon from June onwards, making the weather more humid and equable. The diurnal range between the daily mean minimum and the daily mean maximum temperature reduces progressively as the monsoon advances. Eventually, the lowest diurnal range of temperature occurs at the peak of the monsoon, which is usually in August, though sometimes in July. As soon as the monsoon is over, the diurnal range of temperature starts increasing rapidly to a maximum attained during the month of November. The rainfall and temperature details in Patna is given in Table 4-3. Table 4-3 :Rainfall and Temperature at Patna in Ganga Basin S.No Station and Year 1 Patna ( ) Mean Annual Water surplus in Rainfall (mm) wet months; Jul-Sep (mm) Rainfall as Mean Temp in 0 C expressed in Maximum Minimum percentage of annual rainfall from Jul-Sep ( Source: Indian Meteorological Department Wind Speed The maximum Wind speed is 177 km/h while the average wind speed during the year is 5 km/h Wind Direction By the Indian Metrological data (IMD) the wind direction near the river area varies from NE during the summer season and SW during the winter season Physical environment Topography.The topography near the Ganga Ghats in Patna City is like a saucer and city has drainage issues during monsoon season. This core area of Ganga Ghatsin Patna faces problems of over crowding (e.g. Collectorate ghat, Anta ghat, B.N College ghat, Gulvi ghat etc.) which has lead to enormous pressure on the physical infrastructure and traffic congestion. The newer development areas lying in the central and western part of Ganga Ghats comprises of both plotted developments and apartment houses. P a g e 54

62 A pre-independent image of Ganga ghats Image of collectorate ghat Geology Ganga ghatsare part of the Indo-Gangetic alluvium, one of the three main physiographic divisions of India, which separates Extra-Peninsular regions on the north from the peninsular region on the south. The level plain is known to be the outcome of a granular filling of a great depression with alluvial sediments since Middle Pleistocene times. This forming a part of the flood plains of the Ganga has a monotonously flat relief. The area under study is underlain by alluvial sediments of quaternary age. The quaternary sediments are deposited unconformable on the Achaean basement. The generalized stratigraphic sequence of the geological formations for the area is as follows. The geological map of Ganga basin is shown in figure 4-2. Figure 4.2:Geological Map of Ganga Basin P a g e 55

63 Land use The states falling under Ganga basin are extensively cultivated, constituting approximately about 40 per cent of the total area of the India. About 14 per cent of land is not available for cultivation and put to various non-agricultural uses. Although the net sown area constitutes 50 per cent of the Ganga basin states area, the total cropped area & cultivable land constitutes 73 per cent & 65 percent of the basin states area, respectively. The land use distribution of along Ganga river basin in Bihar is given in table 4-4. Table 4-4:Land Use Pattern along Ganga river basin Geogr aphiccal Reporting Area for Land Forest Land not Available for Total Fallo w Net Area Sown Total Cropp ed Agri.land/ Cultivable Land/ Cropping Intensity (%) Area Utilization Statistics Cultivation land Area cultural land/arable Land Source: Environment and Social Management Framework (NGRBA) During the baseline study the existing land use pattern of the project and its surrounding area was conducted and are presented in Figure 4-2, Figure 4-3 and Figure 4-4 respectively. Figure 4.3:Landuse along the Ganga ghat section in Patna P a g e 56

64 Figure 4.4: DEM Map along the project section in Ganag ghat section in Patna Figure 4.5:Land Use along the stretch of river bank to be developed under RFD project in Patna P a g e 57

65 Physiography and Soil Physiographically, India is divided into seven major divisions: (1) Northern Mountains, (2) Great Plains (3) Central Highlands (4) Peninsular Plateaus, (5) East Coast, (6) West Coast and (7) Islands. The Ganga basin falls entirely within the first three divisions. The peninsular plateau of the Gangetic trough (with an elevation of less than 300 meters) is filled with older (Pleistocene) and recent alluvial, forming nearly 4,000,000 Sq.Km in the states of Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal as shown in Fig: 4.6 Figure 4.6: Physiographic map of Bihar along the river Ganga Soil:The Ganga basin is characterized by a wide variety of soils. The soils of the high Himalayas in the north are subject to continued erosion and the Gangetic trough provides a huge receptacle into which thousands of meters of thick sediment layers are deposited to form a wide valley plain. Among the soil types within Ganga basin, the alluvial soil covers more than 52 per cent of the basin. The alluvial deposits of the basin not only cover the great Gangetic trough, but also extend over a sizable portion of the peninsular foreland in the form of a layer less than 3 metres thick. The entire alluvial formation is endowed with rich soil nutrients. P a g e 58

66 The Patna river basin area is characterized by Calcareous alluvial (Ustochrepts Haplaquepts) i.e. it is slightly alkaline. This shows that the alluvium deposit in this region is old alluvium deposit. In general the Calcareous Alluvium has higher potential of binding of molecules than the newer alluvium or acidic alluvium and hence the chance of erosion in Calcareous alluvium is comparatively lesser than acidic alluvium Seismicity According to GSHAP data, the state of Bihar lies in a region with moderate to low to high seismic hazard, though the project site (Ganga Ghats) lies in Low Hazard Zone (refer Figure 4-7). As per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) map, this state also falls in Zones III, IV & V. The project site (Ganga Ghats) is falling under Zone IV (as per IS 1893 (Part-I): 2002), refer Figure 4-8. Figure 4.7: Seismic Hazard Map showing the Project Area (Ganga Ghats) P a g e 59

67 Project Area Figure 4.8:Seismic Zonation Map of India Hydrology and Drainage The project area falls under the Ganga river basin. The River Map of Bihar is provided in Figure 4-9 and Figure 4.9:River Map of Bihar P a g e 60

68 Figure 4.10: Drainage Map of Project Area (Ganga Ghats City) Patna river front development is situated at the right bank of river Ganga just after the confluence of Ganga and Gandhak river. The project area is mostly falls under the river basin of Ganga and sub basins of Punpun, Gandhak and Burhi-Gandak-Bagmati river basins. As per the local observation, Ganga river near the project Ghats are now mostly left meandering and during the summer season, lean flow is observed between Collectorate Ghat to Adalat Ghat at the right bank of river Ganga Soil Quality Soil samples have been collected from 3 Ghat areas during the environmental monitoring in the month of September The location of soil samples were selected based upon following criteria: The spread of the project area and length; Uniqueness of the ghats; Waste disposal or any other related activities for soil contamination; Any other activities which may relate to soil contamination. Accordingly the soil samples were collected from following sites: Gulvi Ghat: It is well known for the cremation ground and hence is unique from the other ghats. Possibilities of soil contamination could be highest at this site, so this site was selected; P a g e 61

69 Collectorate Ghat: The start point and open defecation was seen common and hence soil quality monitoring was selected; T.N Banerjee Ghat: Dairy units are found here and animal waste get mixed with water and soil, so selected Characterizations of soil samples was performed by adopting methods prescribed under relevant parts of IS: 2720, Indian Standard Methods of Test for Soils. The soil analysis results are given in Table 4-5. Table 4-5: Soil Quality Analysis of Proposed Project Site Sr. Parameter Unit Gulvi ghat Collectorateghat T. N. Banerjee ghat No. 1 ph (1:5) 26⁰C 8.85(1:5) 26⁰C 7.8(1:5) 26⁰C 2 Texture - loamy sand Silt loam Loam 3 Sand % Silt % Clay % Bulk density g/cc WHC % OM % N mg/kg p mg/kg < K mg/kg Na mg/kg Ca mg/kg Mg mg/kg EC µm/cm 68.8(1:5) 25⁰C 199(1:5) 25⁰C 112(1:5) 25⁰C The soil quality as observed shows alkaline content which supports the presence of Calcareous alluvium (as referred from secondary literature as well) Ambient Air Quality The monitoring of the ambient air quality (AAQ) in the project site has been carried out for one time at 3 ghats for 24 hrs in each ghat location, by Mitra S. K. Pvt. Ltd., recognised by NABL and MoEF. Sampling at each location and analysis has been carried out as per guidelines of Central Pollution Control Board and as per the requirements of MoEF.The total no of stations have been distributed throughout the P a g e 62

70 project influence area so as to get representative baseline of the study area. The selection of the locations was made due to following reason: Gulvi Ghat: Cremation ground and hence chances of air pollution could be higher; so being selected for an air quality sample Collectorate ghat: The road between Collectorate ghat to Anta ghat is quite congested and thus requires an air quality sample; T. N. Banerjee ghat: Being selected as a control as being seen as one of the dust free ghat by the ESIA team members. The ambient air quality monitoring results along with locations are given in Table 4-6. Table 4-6: Ambient Air Quality within study area Location Date of PM 10 PM 2.5 SO 2 NO 2 CO Monitoring (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) Collector ghat 14/ Dr. T.N.Banerjeeghat 15/ Gulvi ghat 16/ Limit as per CPCB notification, New Delhi, 18 th Nov, for Ambient air quality USEPA IS: 5182 CFR-40, IS: 5182 IS: 5182 IS 5182 : Sampling and Analysis done (Part-23)- Part-50, (Part-2)- (Part- 6)- Part 10 according to 2006 Appendix L Results &Analysis : The PM 10 and PM 2.5 level near the Collectorate Ghat is found in the higher range may be due to the market activities and associated dust generation. However, all the parameters of ambient air quality are found well within prescribed limit Noise Levels Locations for noise monitoring along the corridor are identified based on the following criteria: P a g e 63

71 Gulvi Ghat: Crematorium ground and hence accumulation of people along with various rituals and thus possibilities of noise generation, so being selected for one of the noise monitoring site; Collectorate Ghat: Government offices and gathering of many people in this area, also market is there between Collectorate ghat to Anta ghat, hence selected as a noise monitoring location. T.N. Banerjee Ghat: Used as a control point since it has been seen as one of calm ghat Noise level monitoring photographs are given in Table 4-7. Table 4-7: Ambient Noise Level within study area Location Date of Sampling Leq day db(a) Leq Night db(a) L Max db(a) L Min db(a) Collectorateghat 14/ Gulvighat 15/ Dr. T.N.Banerjeeghat 16/ Permissible Limits/Standards as per CPCB Leq db(a) Day & Night (Residential) Results &Analysis: The noise quality is well within the permissible limit. However, during discussion with the locals it has been observed that localized impact is there due to water splashing, rainfall, washing of clothes and movement of water boats. Anyway all the time noise quality is within permissible limit Water Quality Water quality has been analysed for Surface water of Ganga River by Mitra S. K. Pvt. Ltd., recognised by NABL and MoEF. Six number of representative water samples were collected in September, 2012, based on their present usage and pollution load.the physical and chemical parameters of the collected samples were tested as per established standard methods and procedures of CPCB. The selection of the stations was based upon the fact that the almost all the ghats are being covered. Further water quality at the up stream and down stream of Ganga river at Anta ghat has been done to know the condition of change in water quality due to mixing of raw sewage into Ganga river at Anta Ghat.The results of water quality samples are given in Table 4-8. P a g e 64

72 Table 4-8: Surface Water Quality Analysis Results Sr. No. Paramet er Unit Kali ghat Krishn a ghat Collectora teghat Gandhi ghat Anta ghat Anta ghat Gulvi ghat (upstre am) (downstr eam) 1 ph 7.52 at 28⁰C 7.36 at 28⁰C 7.31at 28⁰C 7.65 at 28⁰C 7.49 at 28⁰C 7.6 at 28⁰C 7.45 at 28⁰C 2 TDS mg/l TSS mg/l TH mg/l Fe mg/l Cl mg/l F mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 8 Ca mg/l Mg mg/l SO 4 mg/l < NO 3 mg/l 3.2 < As mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 < Zn mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 < < DO mg/l BOD mg/l < COD mg/l Total mg/l Alkalinity 17 Total cfu/ Coliform 0ml 18 Faecal Coliform cfu/10 0ml Results & Analysis:During the site visit to Ganga many open sewer line were seen to discharge raw sewage into Ganga river (Refer figure 4-11). However, since the measurements were made during the monsoon/post monsoon having high discharge, the BOD load has been reduced to a great extent due to the concept dilution is the best solution to pollution. But, it also warrants that the serious measures are P a g e 65

73 required to take as part of the city sanitation plan to minimize the disposal of direct discharge of raw sewage in Ganga. Figure 4.11:Discharge of Raw Sewage in Ganga river from various points ECOLOGY AND BIODIVERSITY Forest Resource Bihar is situated in the eastern part of India bordering Nepal and has a geographical area of 94,163 km². It is part of gangetic plains and is drained by two major rivers, the Ganga and the Gandhak. Annual rainfall in the state varies from 1000mm to 2000 mm. The recorded forest area of the state is 6473 km² which is 6.87% of the geographical area. Reserve forest constitutes 10.70%, Protected Forest 89.28% and unclassed Forest, which is about 0.02% of the total forest area. The proposed project falls in 7 Gangetic plane as per the Biogeographic Classification of India and 7B Lower Gangetic Plane Province of India. Forest Description Patna district has deciduous type of forest. The district has 3202 km² of Geographical area comprising 13 km² of Moderately Dense forest, 3 km² open forest and absence of Very Dense forest. Thus the forest cover of the district is 0.50% of total Geographic Area. (Source: State Forest Report 2009). The Forest map of Bihar is given in Figure P a g e 66

74 Figure 4.12:Forest cover map of Bihar No Forest area of any type like Reserve Forest, Protected forest or un- classed Forest declared Protected under The Indian Forest Act, 1927 and Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988 is reported within the propose Ghats development area or in close vicinity (Source: Forest Department Patna). Therefore no forest Clearance is required for the proposed development. Wildlife Protected area and Wildlife Sanctuary Bihar State has got one Wildlife National Park (Valmiki National Park) and twelve Wildlife Sanctuary. The list of Wildlife National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary is given in Table 4.9. P a g e 67

75 Table 4-9: List of National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary located in Bihar Name of the Protected Area Year of Notification Total Area A National Parks 1 Valmiki NP B Wildlife Sanctuary 1 Barela Jheel Salim Ali Bird WLS Bhinbandh WLS Gautam Budha WLS Kanwarjheel WLS Kaimur WLS Kusheshwar Asthan Bird WLS Nagi Dam WLS Nakti Dam WLS Pant (Rajgir) WLS Udaipur WLS Valmiki WLS Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin WLS Total (Source: moef.nic.in) No National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary is reported within 10 km from project boundary. The Nearest wildlife sanctuary is Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin WLS which is more than 50 km in District Bhagalpur. Therefore clearance under The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 is not required for the proposed Ghat development project. During primary survey Schedule I mammals as per WPA 1972, like fresh water Dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica) was seen in the left bank of river Ganga. However, there presence was not site in the right bank where the Patna RFD is concentrated. Therefore some conservation action plan to be prepared by BuidCo with a known ecologist. However, no Clearance for presence of Schedule I animal in the project affected area is required from the Wildlife Board under The Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972.As part of the EMP a Dolphin Conservation Committee has been proposed including the study requirement for the preparation of conservation plan. P a g e 68

76 Figure 4.13: Location of National Park & Sanctuary of Bihar ( Wetland: No wetland notified under The Ramsar Convention 1971 or listed under the National wetland Conservation Programme 2009 is reported within 10 km from project boundary. The nearest Wetland notified under National Wetland Conservation Programme 2009 are: 1. Kabar Wetland District Begusarai 2. Barilla Wetland District Vaishali 3. Kusheshwar Asthan Wetland Darbhanga. P a g e 69

77 Terrestrial Ecology The core zone comprises of Riparian Habitat (transition zone between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem). A riparian zone or riparian area is the interface between land and a river or stream. Plant habitats and communities along the river margins and banks are called riparian vegetation, characterized by hydrophilic plants. Riparian zones may be natural or engineered for soil stabilization or restoration. These zones are important natural bio-filters, protecting aquatic environments from excessive sedimentation, polluted surface runoff and erosion. They supply shelter and food for many aquatic animals and shade that is an important part of stream temperature regulation. The proposed project (Ghat Development) is partly comprises of Riparian Habitat and partly terrestrial Habitat. During primary survey it has been noticed that the existing habitat along the banks of Ganga is manmade type. Daily thousands of people visit the Ghat to take bath in Ganga as religious rituals. The floristic survey of the proposed site witnesses scattered growth of grasses (mainly weeds), rooted hydrophytes, emerging hydrophytes, shrubs in undisturbed area where human movement is absent and trees leaning over river water. Among herbs species, weed are commonly reported on the river bank. Commonly reported weeds species are Congress grass (Parthenium hysterophorus), Lantana (Lantana Camara), Eipatorium trilpineve, Solanum xanthiocarpum and Datura (Dathura stromonium). This is mainly due to better survival rate, higher seed production and fast growing in comparison to other herbs. The species of grasses reported along the banks are Cyanodon dactylon,achyranthes aspera, Saccharum arundinaceum, Vetiveria zizanoides, Ludwigia parviflora, Rungia repens, etc. These are mainly reported above the water level, in an undisturbed area. Rooted hydrophytes are reported along the banks, where water level is less than a foot or water has recedes after flooding. The commonly reported hydrophytes are Ipomoea carnea, Argeratum conyzoides,azolla pinnata, Eichhornia crassipes,lemna perpusilla,spirodela polyrhiza, etc. Ipomoea aquatic,etc. Photograph of flora reported in riparian Habitat are given in Fig: 4.14 P a g e 70

78 Congress Grass Datura (Dathura stromonium) Cyanodon dactylon Riparian Habitat Reprived of grass cover Extensive growth of herbs Anthropogenic activity along banks Figure 4.14: Photograph of Flora reported in Riparian Habitat P a g e 71

79 of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna, Bihar The phytosociological study of the core zone (terrestrial habitat) beyond the riparian habitat comprises of manmade ecosystem. Trees plantation in form of landscaping was noticed due to nearby residential area, government offices, hospitals, university, parks and market places. The species of trees reported are mainly planted, except few species which are naturally growing. These trees are fruit, flower and seed bearing and attract avifauna, small mammals and reptiles. Nesting was commonly reported. Species of trees reported during primary survey are given in table (4.10) below Table 4-10: List of trees reported in the project affected area S.No Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Type Growth 1 Peepal Ficus religiosa River Bank Natural 2 Bargad Ficus benghalensis Mahindru Ghat Natural 3 Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo Anta Ghat Natural 4 Jamun Syzygium cumini River Bank Natural 5 Neem Azadirachta indica River Bank Planted 6 Sal Shorea robusta University Ghat Planted 7 Salai Boswellia serrate University Ghat Planted 8 Bahera Terminalia arjuna Near Krishna Ghat Natural 9 Mango Mangifera indica University Ghat Planted 10 Golden shower Crassia fistula Collectrate Ghat Planted 11 Bakain Melia azadirachta Kali Ghat Planted 12 Jackfruit Artocarpus University Ghat Planted heterophyllus 13 Kadamb Anthocephalus University Ghat Planted cadamba 14 Bail Aegle marmelos University Ghat Natural 15 Siris Albizia procera University Ghat Planted 16 Devil Tree Alstonia scholaris Krishna Ghat Planted 17 Royal Palm Roystonea regia Krishna Ghat Planted 18 Amla Phyllanthus emblica Krishna Ghat Planted 19 Neem Azadirachta indica Krishna Ghat Planted 20 Coconut Coco nucifera Krishna Ghat Planted 21 Umar Ficus racemosa Krishna Ghat Planted 22 Mango Mangifera Sp Ghandhi Ghat Planted P a g e 72

80 of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna, Bihar S.No Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Type Growth 23 Gular Ficus Glomerata Ghandi Ghat Planted 24 Palash Butea monosperma Near Ghandhi Planted Ghat 25 Gulmohar Delonix regia Near Ghandhi Planted Ghat 26 Kala siris Albizia lebbeck Near University Planted Ghat 27 Semal Bombax ceiba Near Kali Ghat Planted 28 Bair Zizyphus jujube Near Kali Ghat Planted P a g e 73

81 Mangifera indica Ficus religiosa Ficus benghalensis Azadirachta indica Alstonia scholaris Royal Palm Figure 4.15: Photographs of Trees Reported at Ghat Area P a g e 74

82 of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna, Bihar Terrestrial Fauna To study the diversity of fauna, various survey methods were adopted. The survey was mainly carried out at dawn and at dusk to study animal behavior and habitat. This study period is mainly selected as animals are most active. Secondary data was collected from the forest department and interaction with the local was also conducted to establish baseline study for distribution of wild animals in the study area. No wild mammals are reported in the study area, due to anthropogenic activity and urbanized habitat. Domestic mammals are reported in the study area. Avifauna: The fauna reported in the inner buffer zone are mainly avifauna (highest diversity) followed by mammals and reptiles. The commonly reported avifauna in the study area during primary survey, with higher diversity are Common crow, Myna, Eagle, Sparrow, Babbler, Pigeon, Cattle Egrets, Red Vented bulbul, Drongo, Sparrow, Indian Roller etc. During site visit higher frequency of birds recorded in the project affected. This is mainly due to availability of nesting habitat, discarded foods from rituals ceremony and fruits bearing trees. Table 4.11 gives the list of avifauna reported in the core zone and inner buffer zone. Table 4-11: List of Avifauna reported in inner buffer zone S.No Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Distribution WLPA 1. Red Wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus Bushes - Neating Common IV 2. Rock Pigeon Columba livia Old building Common IV 3. Cattle Egrets Bubulcus ibis Trees, grass land Sporadic IV 4. Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus Trees Common IV 5. Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Bushes & Trees Sporodic IV 6. Common Crow Corvus splendene Trees Sporadic IV 7. Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Trees Sporadic IV 8. Common Babbler Turdoides caudate Trees & Shrubs Common IV 9. Green Bee eater Merops orientalis Trees Rare IV 10. House sparrow Passer domesticus Trees & Common IV Settlements 11. Drongo Dicrurus bracteatus Trees Common IV 12. Egret Casmerodium albus Grass land Common IV P a g e 75

83 of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna, Bihar S.No Common Name Scientific Name Habitat Distribution WLPA &shrubs 13. Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Grass land & Common IV shrubs 14. Rose ringed parakeet Psittacula Krameri Trees Sporadic IV 15 Spotted dove Spilopelia chinensis Grass land & trees Common IV 16 Bank Myna` Acridotheres ginginianus Trees Sporodic IV Mammals: During primary survey no wild mammals are reported in the study area. Based on secondary information like interaction with the local, wild mammals like Indian mongoose and five stripped squirrel are reported. Domesticated mammals like goat, sheep, dog, cow, ox, donkey etc. are reported. These animals are domesticated for milk and other commercial purposed. Reptiles: Based on forest working Plan and interaction with people dwelling nearby ghat areas, it has been confirmed that the study area witness poor reptilian distributions. Reptiles like Rat Snakes (Ptyas mucosus), Common Kraits (Bungarus caerulens), Indian cobra (Naja Naja) etc. has been reported.house Geiko and Garden Lizard are directly sighted during primary visit. Sparrow Common Crow P a g e 76

84 of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna, Bihar Goat Buffalo Figure 4.16:Photograph of Animal Reported in study area Aquatic Ecology The proposed project is located on the bank of Ganga River, which is fresh water and Lotic in nature. The proposed project is located partly on the river bank (riparian Habitat) and partly on the river bed. During primary survey of the site, it has been noticed that no well-established riparian habitat exists. This is mainly due to urban development and other anthropogenic activity. Annually lakhs of people visit the Ghat area for ritual baths and prayers. This part of the banks also received storm and sewer water drains from Patna city. As a whole, the existing environment is not suitable for existence of any type of habitat. During lean period except monsoon, the depth of water available is less than one meter and maximum is 1.5 meter at few areas where ghat has been proposed. This depth is not suitable for the existence of breeding, nesting and feeding habit for large aquatic mammals and reptiles. The Aquatic faunal survey was carried out at early morning and in the evening. Fish net were used to study the distribution of aquatic fauna in the project affected area. During primary survey no aquatic fauna are captured in the net. Fixed net were also installed and left over night to study night time movement of fishes and aquatic mammals Aquatic Profile of the Project Area Aquatic Flora (Hydrophytes): Hydrophytes grow in habitats where water is in excessive supply. They may be free floating, submerge floating, submerged and rooted, emergent and rooted, etc. P a g e 77

85 of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna, Bihar In the proposed project area free floating hydrophytes reported during primary survey are Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia sp, The rooted emergent hydrophytes reported along the river banks are Ipomoea aquatic, Ipomoea fistulosa and Saccharum spontaneum, Rooted submerged hydrophytes reported in the project affected area during primary survey are Potamogeton crispes and Vallisnaria. Some plants like Phragmites Karkar, Arundo donax, Typha sp, etc. are on the river bed during survey. They grow around water bodies with the water currents touching them occasionally; they also can survive dry periods. Aquatic Fauna: The Ganga river, about 2,510 km (1,560 mi) long, rises in a snowfield called the Gangotri Glacier, situated among three Himalayan mountains all more than 6,706 m (22,000 ft) high and finally drains into Bay of Bengal. Along the whole course the Ganges support rich faunal habitat. Numerous species of fishes, reptiles and aquatic mammals has been reported. Figure 4.17: Map showing Ganga River and its Tributaries P a g e 78

86 of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna, Bihar The stretch from Haridwar to Gangasagar is primarily known for the presence of Ganga River Dolphins. The population of which had been tremendously decline due to pollution caused by effluents discharge from major city, mining of sand on river bed, construction of dam, over fishing, and poaching of dolphins for using in fishing net and for meat. Fauna of Study area: Extensive survey for the distribution of aquatic fauna in the study area was carried at don and at dusk. Primary survey along the river bed with fisher men were carried out to establish the presence of dolphin s habitat in the project affected area. Secondary information was collected from Zoological Survey of India and from forest department for faunal distribution. Different faunal group like mammals, reptiles, fishes and aquatic avifauna are recorded from the study area based on primary and secondary survey. Aquatic mammals: Aquatic mammals like Gangetic Dolphins (Platanista Gangetica gangetica) have been reported in the study area. The behavior and ecology is as follows: Gangetic Dolphins(Platanista Gangetica gangetica) Gangetica Dolphins is Scheduled I animals as per The Wildlife (Protection) Act This animal is declared endangered by the IUCN Red List Category and need conservation to safe guard the population. Range of Distribution: Ganges-Brahmaputra-Megna (GBM) and Karnaphuli-Sangu (KS) river systems, from the deltas upstream to where rocky barriers, shallow water, fast currents, dams, or barrages (low, gated, diversion dams) prevent upstream movement. Although there is no credible estimate of Dolphin abundance for the Ganges system, the largest subpopulation probably occurs between the Farakka Barrage, near the India/Bangladesh border, and barrages in the mainstream and kosi, Son, Gandhak, Ghaghara and Yamuna tributaries, as well as their large affluent, which include the Sanctuary in the Ganga mainstream. Population: Although the aggregate range-wide abundance of Ganges River Dolphins was estimated by Jones (1982) as 4,000 5,000 individuals and more recently by Mohan et al. (1997) as fewer than 2,000, these were P a g e 79

87 of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna, Bihar only guesses. Population assessments have been based on counts conducted within discrete portions of the vast network of riverine and deltaic habitat occupied by these dolphins. Highest "densities" of Ganges River dolphins (defined as animals per linear river kilometer) have been observed in the Ganges mainstream between Maniharighat and Buxar (1.5/km) (Sinha, unpublished) - and within this segment particularly in the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary (2.8/km) (Smith, unpublished) and just downstream between Kahalgaon and Manihari Ghat (near Katihar) (3.4/km) (Sinha, unpublished) - and the lower Sangu River, Bangladesh (1.4/km) (Smith et al. 2001). A few Ganges River dolphins were still present during the mid 1990s as far downstream in the Hoogly River at Kakdwip (Sinha 1997). Habitat and Ecology: Ganges River Dolphins are generally concentrated in counter-current pools below channel convergences and sharp meanders (Kasuya and Haque 1972, Smith 1993, Smith et al. 1998) and above and below mid-channel islands, bridge pilings, and other engineering structures that cause scouring (Smith, unpublished data). Their fidelity to counter-current pools is probably greatest in fast-flowing channels (Smithet al. 1998). Annual monsoon-driven floods cause great variability in the dolphins access to large parts of their range. Isolation in seasonal lakes sometimes occurs (especially in the Brahmaputra basin), as does "escapement" from the river channels into artificial water bodies such as canals and reservoirs. Deltaic (brackish) waters are a major component of the total range, but Ganges River Dolphins are not generally known to occur in salinities greater than 10ppt, although they have been recorded in waters as saline as 23ppt (Smith and Braulik, unpublished data). Major Threat: Construction of at least 50 dams and dams within the known or suspected historical range of the subspecies (Smith et al. 2000) has dramatically affected its habitat, abundance, and population structure. In addition to fragmenting dolphin populations, dams and barrages degrade downstream habitat and create reservoirs (known as head ponds (or pondage in India) in the case of barrages) with high sedimentation and altered assemblages of fish and invertebrate species. For example, luxuriant growth of macrophytes and excessive siltation have eliminated suitable habitat immediately above Farakka Barrage (Sinha 2000). P a g e 80

88 of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna, Bihar Embankments cause sediments to be deposited in the riverbed instead of on the floodplain, thereby eliminating or reducing the extent of the eddy-counter currents where dolphins are generally found. (Smith et al. 1998). They also restrict access to floodplain habitat critical to the reproduction and growth of riverine fish species (Boyce 1990). Other sources of habitat degradation in the GBM system include dredging (Smith et al. 1998) and the removal of stones (Shrestha 1989), sand (Mohanet al. 1998), and woody debris (Smith 1993). These activities compromise the ecological integrity of the riverine environments, especially small tributaries where suitable habitat is limited and disproportionately vulnerable to local disturbance. Deliberate killing of river dolphins is believed to have declined in most areas but still occurs at least occasionally in the middle Ganges near Patna, India (Smith and Reeves 2000, Sinha 2002), in the Kalni- Kushiyara River of Bangladesh (Smith et al. 1998), and in the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra River in Assam, India (Mohan et al. 1997). Dolphins are killed by tribal people in the upper Brahmaputra for their meat and by fishermen in the middle reaches of the Ganges for their oil, which is used as a fish attractant. Mortality in fishing gear, especially gillnets, is a severe problem for Ganges River dolphins throughout most of their range (Mohan 1995, Smith and Reeves 2000). They are particularly vulnerable because their preferred habitat is often in the same location as the fishing grounds Dolphins Habitat in Project Affected Area: To establish the existence of Dolphins habitat in the proposed ghat development area, extensive survey was carried out at dawn, afternoon and at dusk to have rough ideas whether their distribution is driven by circadian rhythm. Secondary information was collected based on the interaction with boat men, fishermen and people dwelling near the ghat. ZSI and forested department were also consulted regarding the presence of Wildlife sanctuary and dolphins breeding site. Based on the outcome of primary survey and secondary information it has been established that no dolphins habitat was reported in the project affected area. As dolphins are present in whole of Ganges river, their movement and surfacing behavior for breathing are reported in the study area towards left banks of Ganga and ghat development is on the right bank ganga. P a g e 81

89 of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna, Bihar Movement Ghat Development Sand Deposit Figure 4.18: Dolphins Movement in Project Study Area No feeding habitat is reported in the project affected area due to less depth, island formation due to sand deposition and frequent movement of motor driven boats, effluent discharge pollution the water towards right banks and other anthropogenic activity has deprive the right bank (ghat development area) from dolphins movement. Dolphin s movements in the study area are reported towards the left bank. This is mainly due to appropriate water depth, occasional movement of boats, less pollution, availability of fishes and absence of anthropogenic activity. Based on secondary information like discussion with ZSI and Forest department, higher frequency of dolphins movement is reported at three location in the study area (within 10 km from project boundary). They are 1. Ganga Gandhak confluence site 2. Danapur - Punpun Bridge 3. Fatwah Trivani Ghat. (Source: Zoological Survey of India, Patna, Bihar) P a g e 82

90 of 20 Ghats along river Ganga in Patna, Bihar Dolphins are reported at this site because fishes are maximum available at the confluence site and where counter current exists, which make them easier to catch prey. Dolphins prefer to stay where water depth is more, counter current in water exists and water beels exists and confluence point with streams and rivers. Wildlife Sanctuary Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary is located near Bhagalpur, between Sultangaunj and Kahalgaon (Source: Conservation and Biomonitoring in the Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary, Bihar, India) more than 160 km (aerial distance) downstream of project site of Patna RFD. The sanctuary is a 50 km stretch of the Ganges River from Sultangaunj to Kahalgaon. Designated in 1991, this sanctuary is earmarked for conservation of Dolphins. Figure 4.20 gives the location of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphins Sanctuary with respect to project site. P a g e 83

91 Ghat Development Area Locations Dolphins Figure 4.19: Location were Dolphins are reported P a g e 84

92 Vikramshila WildlifeSanctuary Ghat Development Figure 4.20: Location of Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphins Sanctuary with respect to project site P a g e 85

93 Other Aquatic Fauna: 1. Fishes Ganga River is adobe for variety of fishes. To have an idea about the fishes distribution netting were carried out along the proposed Ghat, sand deposited area within the river and on left banks. The number of fishes caught is less in the right bank (proposed project area) in comparison to the left bank. Highest catch of fishes were reported near the sand island on course of river. Secondary information about fishes distribution were collected from fishery department and from the fisher men. The species of fishes reported during primary visit are Rohu, Catla, Hilsa, Mystus sp, Cirrhinus Sp, etc. Species of fishes reported in the study area is given in table Table 4-12:Fish Species reported in the study area S.No Common Name Scientific Name Categories 1. Mrigal Cirrhina mrigala Indian Major carps 2. Catla Catla Catla 3. Rohu Labeo rohita 4. Calbasu Labeo calbasu 5. Bata Labeo Bata 6. Kalabans Labeo dero 7 Wallaga attu 8. Rita rita 9. Cyprinus carpio Other fishes 10. Channa punctate 11. Channa marulia 12. Tengara Mystus Tengara 13 Puntius sophore 14 Puntius ticto 15 Singhi Heyeropneustus fossilis 16 Palwa Mystus cavasius 17 Pothia Puntius sophore 18 Phasia Setipinna brevifilis (Source: Primary data & Fishery department,patna) P a g e 86

94 Catla Catla Labeo rohita Cirrhina mrigala Mystus Tengara Prawn Puntius sophore Conclusion: eel Fish Aristichthys nobilis Cyprinus carpio Figure 4.21: Photographs of Species of Fishes reported during primary survey After detailed study it has been established, that the proposed project area (right bank) is not adobe for fresh water dolphins and other aquatic animals. The anthropogenic pressure, nearby settlements, sewer discharge drains and continuous plying of motor driven boats has resulted in disturbed habitat. Even the water depth in this part is not suitable for dolphin movements. No rich flora habitat id reported in the riparian zone. Cutting of trees, shrubs clearance is not anticipated. The only clearance is the ground covered bushes, which are dominated by weed variety. The expected impact during the development of the proposed project will be discharge of construction debris in water, increase in suspended parties, pollution from D.G set engine oil and other oil pollution, noise generated during cutting and shaping stones, machinery work on river bed. Increase in siltation loads due to bank cutting and dredging, discard of plastic, paper, woods, metals and food materials in rivers. P a g e 87

95 If the major construction work is carried during the lean period, it is expected that the likely impact will be minimized. 4.6 Traffic survey Traffic survey has been conducted for 2 days at 2 places in the project influence area, the details are provided in Table Table 4-13: Traffic Count Survey at Project Influence Area Location Date Motorized Non-motorized Total Vehicles Vehicles Gandhi ghat (Main Road to Gandhi ghat) Mahendru ghat (Mahendru ghat to Main Road) P a g e 88

96 5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES Analysis of alternatives involves a thorough study of the possible future conditions in the project study area of the possible future conditions in the project area in response to a set of alternatives without the project or status quo condition. Development of proposed ghat development work is proposed with an noble intention to provide: The citizen of Patna a public place to talk about which is at present is not available; Enhance the awareness among local people about the requirement of keeping the river clean so as to have a nice public place in the heart of the city; Enhance the safety during local festivals and minimizing water related pollution 5.1 Alternatives Considered During Project Preparation During the project preparation stage comprising Ghat identification, ghat selection, screening and detail designs preparation, various alternatives were identified and analyzed to help in decision making. Some of these are stated below and further described in the subsequent paragraphs: Prioritization of various ghats and selection approach towards present ghat development measures, With and without project alternatives, Various design alternatives, and 5.2 Prioritization of Ghats The proposed Patna RFD was mandated to be included in the 6.6 km river edge. The selection method of preset ghat development initiated with the assessment of initial condition, assessment of traditional approach towards ensuring proper access to these ghats and comparing the traditional approach to the present proposal. Existing condition The River edge is a discontinuous 6.6 km stretch of 28 Ghats-isolated and unconnected at the river edge. Some of the Ghats are very well connected with city and are actively used and some of them are only used at a local P a g e 89

97 level due to their poor accessibility and connectivity to city but are well knitted and forms an important part of community structure as recreational space. EXISTING CONDITION- Isolated small Ghats with individual access Access Access Access Ghat Ghat City boundary Ghat Isolated Ghats- not connected, hence limited use and view Small Ghats, hence less space for recreation River TRADITIONAL APPROACH Access Access Access Ghat Ghat City boundary Ghat Wide Ghats with bigger space for gathering and recreation, but still limited use because of indiviual access River Proposal The ghats selected for development fall along the actively used river edge along the city, thus enhancing the use and contributing to the current need of a larger public space. The river edge was studied and categorized into zones according to: Predominant nature of land use Ease of access Edge condition on riverfront Availability of land on riverfront Physical limitations due to existing settlement ZONE A- Collectorate Ghat to Rani Ghat - This zone mainly comprises of government offices, institutional and public buildings. Vehicular access to most of the Ghats is fairly good and is within walking distance from P a g e 90

98 Ashok Rajpath. It is zone where most of the Ghats are of city level use and attract crowd throughout the day. Due to a mix of nature of use, there are various types of user groups in this zone ranging from school students, college students, office employees, residents and hawkers. Most of the land ownership in this zone is government except small parcels of residential and most of it is underutilized. Some of the most famous city level Ghats like Collectorate, Mahendru, Patna College and Gandhi Ghat are in this zone. This zone is made up of three precincts: Precinct 1- Collectorate Ghat to Adalat Ghat Precinct 2- Adalat Ghat to Gandhi Ghat Precinct 3- Gandhi Ghat to rani Ghat ZONE B- Gulvi Ghat to Gai Ghat- This zone start from the point where institutional area ends and dense residential area starts. Main characteristic feature of this zone is its narrow walkable lanes with residential and shops on sides. All the area is connected by these lanes and most of them connect to river also. Due to its poor connectivity and accessibility, Ghats in this area is mainly local and for community use. One of the main feature of this area is that all the residential community faces back to river but most of their important religious or community building are on riverfront which acts as anchors. All the Ghats in precinct are isolated as the land ownership on riverfront is mainly private and connection is not possible. Some of the Ghats in this precinct has very good access like Gai Ghat and Raja Ghat. Precinct 3a- Gulvi ghat to Gai ghat ZONE C- Bhadra Ghat to Naujar Ghat -This zone starts after Gandhi Setu which also acts as interchange point between old Patna and new Patna. The zone is characterized by mainly dense residential areas with the few exceptions of big parcels of government land like Press and Inland waterway terminal. The vehicular access to Ghats is good and because of this reason, this zone becomes an area level catchment rather than just a local level catchment. This is a zone of great importance for ecological perspective also, since Dolphins are also found in this zone. The ghats in this zone are also connected like in Zone A. Precinct 4- Bhadra Ghat to Naujar Ghat Access Existing access to ghats are widened and enhanced for easy movement of the people. During festival times, emergency evacuation routes have been proposed leading away from each ghat with provision for ambulance parking and movement being directions one way, forming a loop system. P a g e 91

99 5.3 With or Without Project Alternatives Keeping in view the site conditions and the scope of development of the area, the with and without project scenarios have been compared as shown in Table 5.1. By looking at the table it can be concluded that with project scenario with positive/beneficial impacts will vastly improve the environment and enhance social and economic development of the region compared to the without project scenario, which will further deteriorate the present environmental setup and quality of life. Hence the with project scenario with minor reversible impacts is an acceptable option than the without project scenario Impacts on vegetation are expected during construction. Little air and water pollution is expected from the proposed construction activities, however these are localized impacts and can be minimized with proper construction schedule and enclosing harmful construction within the ghat area. The possible storage of any kind of hazardous materials may need to be used carefully as the same has the potential to put risk on water quality.as part of the project, however no tree cutting is involved as revealed during the discussion with the project proponent. Table 5-1: With and Without Project Scenario Component With Project Scenario Without Project Scenario Selection of Ghats The ghats selected in the project are from Without the project, first of all for improvements Collectorate ghat till Naujar ghat. With the such scientific way of project only, study has been made to development of ghat would not understand the requirement of happen. development for the various ghats. It has been observed that prior to Collectorate ghat(where from the project is actually stated) i.e. from Digha ghat to Collectorate ghat the river Ganga has shifted to a large extent and lot of land mass came out. That is why the ghat development work has been taken up only from Collectorate ghat. A public Place for The proposed project would minimize the Without the project such Patna availability of public place in Patna and opportunity of creating a public would enhance the more tourism place would not have been attraction. achieved and other associated P a g e 92

100 Component With Project Scenario Without Project Scenario improvements like good approach road to ghats, various parks and gardens, promenades would not have been considered. With the present proposal of improving Without the project, such the ghats and developing promenades there will be easiness of gathering opportunities are reduced and unhygienic and risky condition number of people during the Chatt during the festivals would Easy access during festivals and would minimize chances of prevail. Festival festival accidents. Additionally, as part of the project apart from developing the ghats, various exit routes are being provided to manage the devotees during emergency etc., if any. Research Facilities The development of the project with Dolphin research centre will enhance the These chances are reduced without the project as then chances of minimizing the impact on river awareness generation on dolphin and its conservation through Dolphin will be reduced. creation of more awareness and research and development. Public Awareness Environment Friendly embankment Further the project also identifies various other research facilities like development of With the proposed development the chances of enhancing public awareness increases towards minimalizing the river pollution and unauthorized disposal of solid waste With the project there will environment friendly embankment development like riparian edge restoration, nitrogen and This opportunity is lost without the development and the unauthorized disposal of solid waste will continue. These opportunities would be lost and flash flood and erosion would continue. P a g e 93

101 Component With Project Scenario Without Project Scenario development phosphorous reduction through biofiltration, control of flood through landscape along the banks. Public Facilities With the project there will be facilities like These facilities and public toilets (Sulabh), solid waste opportunities would be lost management, policing to minimize without the development. uncivilized activities (like taking alcohol and other narcotics), life guard to minimize accidents, safety chain for providing facilities of safe bathing Development of The development of Crematoria at Gulvi Without the project the burning Crematoria at Gulvi ghat ghat will be made with electric challah. Further, the place will be enclosed to minimize the disposal of body ash, un burnt wood and other ritual materials in the river. with wood will continue and disposal of waste materials into Ganga will still continue. During site visit it has been observed that there are local residents. 5.4 Design Alternatives Existing condition At present the existing facilities at the Ghats are quite poor. There is no change room or toilet facility on the Ghats. The Ghats are neither big enough to accommodate thousands of Devotees during Chhat festival nor there is any facility like changing rooms. There is hardly any Ghat where Visitors to Patna can go for an P a g e 94

102 enjoyable glimpse of river Ganges. All the riverbank is hard surface, they are either Ghats or stone pitched and there is virtually very little landscaping or soft surface along the river edge. There are also no city level parks. Proposal Existing ghats at Collectorate ghat The proposed Ghats have been designed based on analysis of Ghats in traditional cities. The architecture of Ghats has been prototyped to act as collective space rather than being just mere access to the river. Study of the architecture of Ghat typologies reveal that Ghats are not uniform ascending and descending pattern of steps, but are a combination of smaller terraces and platforms. Through studies the zones of Ghats have been designed to accommodate zones of activities like Approach and view, Steps and Walkways, Informal Occupancy, Rest and shade and Ritual practices and Bathing activities. The Ghats as entities have been provided with facilities like Entry multifunctional kiosks, Changing Rooms, Toilets, Life Guard Station, Amphitheater and View Platform, Terraces, Ritual Terraces, Shade systems and Safe bathing Areas. Architecturally different prototypes of Ghats have been designed to provide variety of options for various precincts. At various precincts, architectural functions have been proposed, that would add up to the character of the edge and define the edge as a wholesome, interactive, vibrant public space used year along by variety of age groups. Public architecture would be used as means to convey sense of civic identity. The buildings on the river edge would be functional spaces and deliberate iconic attempts designed to respond to site P a g e 95

103 contexts..the functions proposed have been such that they cater to public use and capitalize on a local community s assets, and potential, and promote awareness healthy living and well being. Functions like café and reading centre, ecological centre and community centres have been proposed at the various precincts. Based on the need assessment and site analysis, the Ghat Design in the proposal accommodates the following facilities.the facilities would help to make the Ghats user friendly and engaging. 1. Entry multifunctional kiosks 2. Changing Rooms 3. Toilets 4. Life Guard Station 5. Amphitheater and View Platform 6. Terraces 7. Ritual Terraces 8. Shade systems 9. Safe bathing Areas P a g e 96

104 Promenade The fluid promenade with all user related facilities forms the layer one and. the alternating sequence of Ghats and landscaped areas constitute the second layer. The promenade would be a space accessible to city and therefore the design of it has been dealt with in depth in the proposal. The promenade has been placed comfortably over the high tide level which would make it possible for city to use water edge throughout the year. The access of Ghats becomes extremely important and has been dealt with in the proposal. The promenade space is essentially a multi-functional space and has been provided with a series of elements like multi-purpose kiosks, art terraces, seating, hawker zones that would help to provide a range of activities on the promenade. Promenade with P a g e 97

105 The promenade has been provided with way finding signage, dustbins, lighting and toilets to make the space user friendly and complete in terms of amenities. The safety aspect of the promenade also is critical and attempt has been made to make sufficient number of evacuation routes and refuge areas. The core design idea behind the proposal has been to organize the edge as a two layered entity between the river and the built fabric. Facilities 1. Kiosks and Shelter: Shelter is important component of promenade as it makes spaces usable all around the year. Kiosks are used to provide facilities and small services on the promenade and can be of many types-information, newspaper, food, snack etc and create mini active zones and pauses on the promenade. 2. Art Terraces: An art installation would also serve to be a public aesthetic element as it would enhance environment of the public space through its presence and could often come to represent the identity of the city. It can build pride and ownership among the people through ways of participation. 3. Seating/ Pause zones: The proposal has provided three options for seating on the promenade which are Seating at the edge of the promenade, Free standing seating at the middle of promenade, Seating on the back wall on the promenade and Seating as an extension of kiosks. 4. Hawking Zones: Designated hawking zones are proposed which help in clarification of movement paths however factors like provisions for electricity, toilet facilities, drinking water, storage facilities, and sheltering facilities. 5. Toilets: The proposal proposes toilets at every Ghats for the sake of convenience of the users.the concept of environment friendly Shulabh Shauchalays are good solutions for standalone toilet units. 6. Signage/ Way Finding: The proposal has proposed signages and way finding maps and information boards coupled with kiosks at all the Ghat approaches for the convenience of the users. 7. Dustbins/Waste Disposal: The proposal has proposed for establishing of waste disposal network under which multiple collection points and dustbins have been proposed on the promenade. Separation of waste at source with the help of use of different bins for different types of waste has been proposed. Legitimate graphic indications on the bins would help all groups of people to use them efficiently. Maintenance and regular cleaning of dustbins would help to make the whole system of waste disposal an effective system. P a g e 98

106 8. Lighting: Lighting is an essential component for making the precinct safe and easy to use at all times. The lighting at public precinct is an added advantage when the fixtures are environment friendly solutions which minimize energy consumption and avoid night sky pollution. Light on high posts at Terraces with natural landscape and Evacuation Toilets +Recycle View of promenade along with Evacuation streets. 4m of space is provided for easy movement along the promenade and facilities are provided such that the movement is not disturbed. Terraces are provided wherever possible, incorporating existing trees as natural landscape Access street leading to promenade and Ghats 5.5 Technology Benefits With the proposed development there will environment friendly embankment development which is intended towards the following: Riparian edge restoration, planting long edge for biodiversity for wildlife, carbon reduction, nutrient exchange along edge; Nitrogen and Phosphorus reduction through bio-filtration phytorid from sewage filled discharge; Solid waste management through in-situ aerobic composting (bio-degradable garbage only);and, Control of flood and overflowing through landscape along the banks and engineering P a g e 99

107 6. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES 6.1 INTRODUCTION This Chapter contains summary of impacts that are likely to result from the project as a result of the interaction between various project components and environmental elements. The method of impact identified and evaluated is also given in this chapter. The public consultation was carried out between till at various locations in and around the project area. 6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING EXERCISE: During the initial site visit to the project site between and some important project road sections were visited to identify the major Environmental and Social factors as per the guidelines of WB and ESMF of NGRBA. The factors which were looked into include: Environmental Factors: Change in Landuse and drainage pattern Change in channel hydraulics, triggering erosion and siltation problem either At in-situ or elsewhere along the course of the river Impact due to inadequate solid and liquid waste disposal arrangements Inadequate sanitation, health and safety facilities Impact on river water quality due to proposed amenities Impact on environmental aesthetics and cultural values Impact on natural habitat (if any) Social Factors: Land availability/requirement; Loss of structures Loss of livelihood Impacts on common property resources etc. The outcome of the Environment and Social Screening is given in Table 6.1. Table 6-1: Outcome of Environment and Social Screening Environmental Factors Sensitive areas, natural habitats, other state declared sensitive areas Change in landuse and drainage pattern Outcome In the project stretch there is no such sensitive area or declared protective area like Wildlife sanctuary, National Park, Biosphere reserve present and not present even within 10km on either side of the project area. The project involves connecting existing ghats through promenades. The plan has been made considering the P a g e 100

108 Environmental Factors Loss of Land Inadequate sanitation, safety and health issues Impact on river water quality Impact on Environmental aesthetics and cultural values Impact on natural habitat Land Availability/Requirement Loss of structures Outcome existing land use of the area. In fact the proposed land use also include increasing the green area along the ghats though public park etc. There is no such private land acquisition involved in the project. Only govt. lands which are going to be available will be taken for forming into parks and public places. As part of the project proper sanitation for local population like Sulabh toilets shall be provided with septic tank and connection with city sewer. This will help in inadequate sanitation issue. For health and safety, chain with RCC bollard will be provided which will help the visitors as well as people who visit the place for bathing. Further adequate evacuation route and refuge access routes are being provided for adequate access during the festive seasons. The project itself will not create any kind of sanitation-health and safety issues rather it will improve the present situation. The project does not involve any such continuous process which would have chance to impact river water quality. There will be proper toilets along the urban precincts to take care of sanitation issues so that collected sewage after the septic tank can be sent to city sewer. Further, inception drain will be provided to collect the sewage generated from the houses adjacent to the ghats who just their sewage into river ganga with put any treatment. The collected sewage from the inception drain shall be further connected to the city sewer line to treat it in the STP working as well as proposed under various schemes. As part of the project no such temples or cultural aspects are going to affected. As part of the project no such natural habitat will be impacted only the existing ghats will be connected. No such land is required for the proposed project except few parks which will done in the Govt. land. No private land acquisition is involved. As such no titleholder structure will be affected. Few slums which are set along the banks may need to be displaced as part of the project. The detailed entitlement framework is P a g e 101

109 Environmental Factors Loss of livelihood Outcome given in As such the project will not affect any livelihood. In fact it will open the chances of more livelihood for the local people. Positively, the project is envisaged to have a range of positive environmental and social impacts. Some of these are a function of the objectives of the project, while others are a function of the way in which the project is designed to meet its objectives. The project beneficiaries are the population of Patna and the devotees who visit river Ganga almost on daily basis. 6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES-CONSTRUCTION STAGE Meteorology and Climate The project construction work does not involve any kind of tree cutting as part of the project. Further the project involves only reconstruction of ghats and connection between them. Use of bitumen is not there in the project which reduces the chances of impact on macro climate. The storage of construction materials and debris from the demolition of structures may occupy some soft areas in the project influence area and thus may cause some changes in the micro climate. However, this is very nominal and is temporary impact only. Mitigation Measure: The storage of construction and debris generated from demolition activities shall be stored in a specified location with proper covering. It is preferred if the storage area can be created in a open space so that it does not hinder any kind of traffic movement and shall be at least m away from the river Quarries and Crushers The excavation of quarries and borrow pits used for obtaining rocks, soil and aggregate materials for the construction of bathing ghats and promenades and other construction items proposed under this project. Also sand cement steel rods and other materials would be required as part of the project. It has been estimated that as part of the project around 10,000-15,000m 3 of aggregates are required for the construction purpose. Mitigation Measure: The quarry materials shall be sourced from the local market and major portion of the quarry material will be brought from the local quarry area at Sasaram. As part of the DPR only approved quarry sources are being identified for bringing the stone and quarry materials. P a g e 102

110 For all existing quarries from where the concessionaire may source his supply of aggregates, Annexure 1.1: Guidelines for Existing Quarry Management of ESMP shall be followed. After the completion of quarry operation the contractor shall rehabilitate the quarry area and should follow the guideline laid down in Annexure 1.2: Guidelines for Rehabilitation of Quarry and Borrow Areas of ESMP Cultural and Heritage Resources: Along the ghats there are many cultural resources like temples, mosques. As part of the proposed ghat development it is anticipated that few of these cultural resources may get impacted. However as per the DPR details none of the cultural properties will be affected. However during construction stage some impacts are anticipated like: Temporary diversion of access towards cultural resources, temples; Safety issues to devotees during the construction stage various construction work like scaffolding, excavation etc. Chances of vibration impact to these cultural resources during the construction work; Mitigation Measure: Adequate diversion signs shall be displayed in the access route for the devotees towards these cultural heritage and temples. Warning signs shall be given if there is any large excavation work done or scaffoloing put thereof. Night time construction shall be avoided and proper lighting shall be given in the construction areas as well as in the access route of the devotees during the evening/night time to avoid any accidents. No major piling work would be involved. However if it is involved then the site of piling work shall be carefully selected to avoid any vibration related impact to these temples/religious structures etc. along the ghat. Vibration damper shall be used to minimize the impact of vibration to cultural resources as felt suitable. Few of the cultural resources are given in figure 6-1. Temple along the ghat Mosque along ghat Figure 6.1:Cultural Resources along river Ganga P a g e 103

111 6.3.4 Loss of Structures The project construction work may require clearance of various structures along the banks. As per the social survey nearly 142 such structures has been identified for replacement/relocation. The debris generated from the structures may get disposed into the river. Mitigation Measure: Prior to clearance of structures all the affected persons shall be properly compensated to get relocated at a suitable place (as per the plans given in the SIA report). The debris generated form the structures will be disposed at a suitable location or shall be reused in the sub-base of the road construction work proposed in the project Generation of Dust: There would not be any crushing activities involved in the project and hence chances of fugitive emission is negligible. Though the project does not involve huge construction activities as such, still the activities have the potential for generation of dust during the following activities: Excavation work for demolishing the old stairs in the project ghats as well as demolition of buildings and structures; Construction of new ghats, promenade and other structures as proposed; Movement of vehicles carrying construction materials; Mitigation Measure: Area of dust generation to be suppressed by spraying of water through sprinklers; The demolition work for building and structures to be carried out under proper covering (either by plastic sheets etc.) so that just generation is minimum; Workers involved in the demolition work are to be provided with face mask to minimize impact on their health Sanitation and Waste Generation: The construction camp for the workers may have issues related with safe drinking water, sanitation and solid waste generation. These if not properly managed may go to river Ganga. Mitigation Measure: Workers will be provided with adequate sanitation and waste management facilities in their construction camps. Makeshift toilets shall be prepared in the camps and waste from the toilets shall be connected to the existing man holes of the sewer line so that no waste is send to river Ganga. P a g e 104

112 Waste management activities shall also be undertaken and biodegerdable and non-biodegradable wastes shall be separately collected and taken to the nearby waste collection point placed by Patna Municipal Corporation. The guideline towards establishing the construction camp is given in Appendix Drainage Channel: As part of the project there is no such parallel drain running along the ghats and thus chances of disturbance to such channels are negligible during the construction work. There are some lateral drains which are getting discharged from other parts of the city into Ganges. These drains will be not be disturbed during the construction as they are not attached with the ghats. Small drains connected with the houses along the ghats will be connected to interceptor drains and will be taken to other connecting drains to nearby manhole and will ultimately send to existing STPs Loss of vegetation and tree cutting: Clearance of vegetation, bushes is involved in the project but no tree cutting is involved. Additionally new public parks and landscape areas shall be created in the project Impacts on Dolphin: Based on the outcome of primary survey and secondary information (kindly refer chapter 4 for details) it has been established that no dolphins habitat was reported in the DPIA. As dolphins are present in whole of Ganges river, their movement and surfacing behavior for breathing are reported towards left banks of Ganga whereas ghat development work is on the right bank of river Ganga. Movement Ghat Development Sand Deposit Figure 6.2: Dolphins Movement P a g e 105

113 No feeding habitat is reported in the project affected area due to less depth, island formation due to sand deposition and frequent movement of motor driven boats, effluent discharge pollution the water towards right banks and other anthropogenic activity has deprive the right bank (ghat development area) from dolphins movement. Dolphin s movements in the study area are reported towards the left bank. This is mainly due to appropriate water depth, occasional movement of boats, less pollution, availability of fishes and absence of anthropogenic activity. Based on secondary information like discussion with ZSI and Forest department, higher frequency of dolphins movement is reported at three location in the study area (within 10 km from project boundary). They are Ganga Gandhak confluence site Dhanapur - Punpun Bridge Fatwah Trivani Ghat. (Source: Zoological Survey of India, Patna, Bihar) Dolphins are reported at this site because fishes are maximum available at the confluence site and where counter current exists, which make them easier to catch prey. Dolphins prefer to stay where water depth is more, counter current in water exists and water beels exists and confluence point with streams and rivers. Since no Dolphin movement is there in the right bank therefore impact on dolphin during the construction stage is negligible. However adequate care shall be taken towards ensuring that the debris and other silt and construction materials are not disposed directly to the river. Further a Dolphin Conservation Plan is required to be prepared with a known ecologist along with the establishment of Dolphin Conservation Committee in order to implement the plan. 6.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES-OPERATION STAGE Environmental Impact: Meteorology and Climate: The project involves only connecting different Ghats and construction of promenades and construction of parks and restoration of riparian zone and bank. Therefore the chances of change in macro and micro climate is very less. No tree felling is involved in this project rather trees and green area will be created as part of the riparian restoration and parks proposed as part of the project. A total of 2 city level parks are proposed which would involve creating good green area which would change the microclimate (if any) in a positive way. P a g e 106

114 Physiography and Drainage: The proposed ghat development activities for the project involve development of existing ghats, preparation of walkway and promenade above the banks and restoration of riparian edge. As such there is no such change in drainage scheme. However a localized increase in river portion velocity is there when it comes in contact with the ghat section and this increase in speed may sometime create increased drag to the open bank immediately after the project construction section. Mitigation Measure: The chances of increase of river flow speed with the development of ghat and localized erosion will be bare minimum as immediately after the ghat there will be riparian edge restoration and embankment protection with gabion structure will persist. This will reduce the localized water speed and thereby would minimize the chances of in-situ erosion. River Water Quality: It is envisaged that with the development of the project there would be increase in all sorts of population along the ghats and promenades and hence chances of pollution to river water is expected (mainly solid waste and sanitation issues). Further during the various Hindu rituals various pious refuse are also disposed which when biodegrade pollute the river body. Mitigation Measure 3 : In general in each ghat the existing visitor at present is around 100. However, after the completion of the project the expected population coming to each ghat would be around in each ghat. Hence the total sewage generation considering 60% of visitor will use toilet at least once the quantum of sewage generation would be: 0.6*400*5(ltr) =1200 Liter i.e. around 1.2 KLD for each ghat. The proposed number of toilets provided in the project include: Figure 6.3:Disposal of Pious Refuse 2 toilets at each ghat one for ladies and one for gents. 3 This compliance mitigation measure is given on the basis of observation received from NMCG and World Bank on draft ESIA report. The compliance to all such observations are given in Annexure 1.6. P a g e 107

115 Adalat ghat to Gandhi ghat 3 toilets within a length of 1125 meters. In precinct 3 there will be one toilet. In precinct 4 there will be one toilet Total number of toilet being provided is = 45 Hence, the total sewage generation expected is 1.2*45= 54 KLD. This quantum of sewage would be connected with the city sewer line through sewer pipes from the toilets and will be treated in the sewage treatment plant. The STP construction is under the City Sanitation Scheme of Patna and accordingly this quantum of sewage will be considered in it. The waste water from the toilets will be connected to the sewer line going behind the building line adjacent to the Ghats and will be taken to the central sewerage treatment plant. During the special events like Chaat, Govt. PMC provides makeshift toilets like mobile toilets to take care of the situation. The waste water will be disposed by the PMC and will be treated in the STPs. Solid Waste Generation 4 : The projected population in each ghat after the completion of the project is expected to be around 400. The quantum of waste generation could be around 200gm/capita. Hence the total waste generation from 20 ghats would be around = 400*20*200/1000=1600 kg (400 is the maximum expected population) To take care of this quantum of waste 4 dustbins will be provided in each ghat and each dustbin will have capacity of 20 kg. Hence capacity of waste collection= 4*20*20=1600 kg In additional along the promenades for a total length of 5000m a total of 254 number of litter bins (i.e. 1 liter bin per 20 m length) shall be provided with capacity of 1 kg each. This when used in full capacity can take care of 254 kg of solid waste. In Anta ghat area, for the fresh vegetable market 2 big dustbins of 4.5m 3 capacity has been proposed so that the waste generated form the market can be taken care. The generated waste will be collected everyday by the maintenance staff and the collected waste will be disposed to the secondary collection points to the nearby areas provided by PMC. During festive season and when huge numbers of pilgrims gather at various ghats, additional waste collection bin facility is generally provided by urban local body. Additionally, as part of the project few such bins are proposed so that no direct waste disposal is being made to the river body. 4 This compliance mitigation measure is given on the basis of observation received from NMCG and World Bank on draft ESIA report. The compliance to all such observations are given in Annexure 1.6. P a g e 108

116 To minimize pious refuse to river Ganga small mesh barriers are proposed to screen these refuse. Once screened these refuse may be taken by the Safai karmacharis for disposal to bins. Apart from these identified projects, as part of the EMP a detailed environmental awareness program has been proposed with the involvement of local schools. The awareness program can be in the forms of waste cleaning, road play along the promenades. Aquatic Ecology/River Dolphin: As mentioned in section 6.2, impact on dolphin is not envisaged from the project as the movement of Dolphin is mostly concentrated in the left bank and the project is conceptualized in the right bank. The indirect potential impact that may be envisaged from the project on Dolphin are in the form of the following: Increase in tourism in the river section from right bank to left bank through and incorporation of more speed boats; Leisure boat movement Increase in fishing activities (if any) Mitigation Measure Proposed in Project: Mitigation Measure: The project area is not the usual route of Dolphins. Still, as part of the project measures are being taken to enhance the natural condition of the river bank, exchange of nutrients so that natural habitats are restores and enhanced during the operation stage. The project will have the following facilities: Riparian edge restoration, planting long edge for biodiversity for wildlife, carbon reduction, nutrient exchange along edge Nitrogen and Phosphorus reduction through bio-filtration phytorid from sewage filled discharge Solid waste management through in-situ aerobic composting (bio-degradable garbage only) Control of flood and overflowing through landscape along the banks and engineering P a g e 109

117 Further as part of the project some measures are being taken towards conservation of the river Dolphin as an integral of the project. The measures are: A Dolphin Research Centre has been proposed to work more on Dolphin research in the project stretch, its behavior and maintaining data base. Additionally as part of the EMP a dolphin Conservation Committee has been proposed with local university students and fishermen under the chairman ship of one of the scientist of the Dolphin research centre. This committee will observe the conservation measures and primarily will try to protect them from poaching. No Dolphin oil is however being used in Patna Ganga region as a fish bait any more (they now use other animal fat). Another major problem to Gangetic Dolphin is the use of fine fishing nets in the upstream of Patna city (around 5 km). Dolphins, being blind, get stuck into these nets (in their jaws) and ultimately die. During the discussion with the fishermen, it was revealed that they also work as informer to police for any kind of dolphin poaching activities etc. With the proposed Dolphin Conservation Committee such participation will further improved as then the committee will work formally. Fine nets nowadays banned and is a curse for dolphin movement-not used in patna ghat areas any more Nets that are used in patna ghat area (approved one) Ganga) Small drain (not ganga) Discussion with the fishermen along Pipe based makeshift bridge being used for P a g e 110

118 project ghat people to cross the small channel to the main part of Ganga (during lean season) As the habitat of dolphin is dependent upon many other factors, silt accumulation and river ecology therefore as an integral part of the project research activities on river water quality and ecology and Ganga Dolphin is felt more necessary. These research activities have been thought of towards an overall integration of Patna RFD with other NGRBA components like Sewerage Networks, STPs and Solid Waste Management on River Ecology and Ganga Dolphin. The PhD program will continue for 4 years minimum and hence this will also capture the impact on river ecology and Ganga Dolphin (if any) from the Patna RFD or from the other NGRBA programs and thus will generate significant database in the present project stretch and some more sections in the upstream and downstream (minimum 2 km upstream and 2 km downstream). The 2 PhD studentship will be mainly on: PhD-1: River Water Quality and Ecology with establishment of suitable model (An integrated silt -water quality- river ecology model like Delft-3D/Mike 21 PhD-2: Nature and Behaviour of Ganga Dolphin and present trend of their habitation Crowd During Festivals and associated risks: The proposed project enhances the facilities for gathering of large number of devotees during the Chatth festival and Ganga Arati. This may significantly increase the risk from over crowding and chances of accidents from stampedes etc. Mitigation Measure: Various safety measures are being proposed in the project like proper access and exit route of the ghat, crowd management and emergency facilities to minimize the anticipated impacts if any. The details of risk and safety measures proposed in the project are given in section RISK ASSESSMENT AND SAFETY MEASURES: As part of the project risk assessment and safety measures, carrying capacity approach has been taken to understand the withstand capacity of the ghats as well as promenade for the maximum number of population. Various tailor made safety measures are accordingly being proposed in the project: Carrying capacity of the safety aspects: P a g e 111

119 The aspect of carrying capacity is related to the carrying capacity of the Ghats as well as the promenades in which during the festive season generally large number of people gathers. One of the good aspects of the project that it will provide a large space to the devotees instead of conglomeration of large density of people in one ghat. Project ghats and associated promenade will facilitate to spread the devotees so that the concentration of large number of people at one place is reduced. Calculation of carrying capacity on Ghats and Promenade: The proposed Ghats are of the configuration of 60mx20-30m with a depth ranging between 24-30m. The total area of a ghat approximately varies between 60x20=1200 sq.m to 60x30=1800 sq.m. For example in anta ghat the area is 1800 sq. m where nearly 2-3 persons per Sq.m can be allowed and thus it becomes around 5000 persons in Anta ghat that can be allowed at a time. The load calculations are based upon IS code with a reference of 6 kilo Newton/sq.m. It is estimated that overall around 1,00,000 people can be allowed with the proposed design of the Ghats at a time within the 6.5 km of proposed project areas. The list of people allowable in each ghat is given in table 6.2. Table 6-2: Carrying Capacity Calculation for each of project ghats Sl. Name of Ghats Size of Total Area Person No. the Ghats of the Ghats accommodate at Ghats 1 Anta ghat (60x30) m 1800 sqm 5400 person 2 B.N.College ghat (60x24.50) m 1470 sqm 4400 person 3 Adalat ghat (70x25.80) m 1806 sqm 5400 person 4 Mishri ghat (60x35) m 2100 sqm 6300 person 5 T.N. Banerjee ghat (60x31.80) m 1908 sqm 5700 person 6 Krishna ghat (70x24.6) m 1722 sqm 5100 person 7 Brahva ghat (60x35) m 2100 sqm 6300 person 8 Rani ghat (60x28) m 1680 sqm 5000 person P a g e 112

120 Sl. Name of Ghats Size of Total Area Person No. the Ghats of the Ghats accommodate at Ghats 9 Gulvi ghat (40 x 10) m 400 sqm 100 person 10 Ghagha ghat (60x28) m 1680 sqm 5000 person 11 Raushan ghat (60x24.50) m 1470 sqm 4400 person 12 Choudhary Tola ghat (60x27.80) m 1668 sqm 5000 person 13 Pathri ghat (70x35) m 2450 sqm 7300 person 14 Alamganj ghat (70x35) m 2450 sqm 7300 person 15 Laurwa ghat (60x27) m 1620 sqm 4800 person 16 Hanuman ghat (60x27) m 1620 sqm 4800 person 17 Raja ghat (70x23.80) m 1666 sqm 5000 person 18 Gai ghat (40x46.45) m 1858 sqm 5500 person 19 Bhadra ghat (90x40) m 3600 sqm person 20 Mahavir ghat (60x40) m 2400 sqm 7000 person 21 Nauzar ghat (60x40) m 2400 sqm 7000 person Accordingly safe structural designs are being incorporated in the project. Health and Safety Measures: In addition to carrying capacity the project will also undertake following general health and safety measures are given below: Generic Health and safety measures; Belts all along the ghats; PPE use; Inaccessibility to children; (Construction Netting); Medical check up ; Local labour will be hired for the project to the extent possible and no camping along the project areas would be allowed; P a g e 113

121 4 ambulances (for 2 years of project construction period) shall be provided for any type of medical emergency; Contacts with nearby hospital, primary health centres etc. shall be established; Reporting format for accidents and near miss accidents shall be prepared and will be maintained and will be monitored on fortnightly basis by the SHE (Safety, Health and Environmental ) officer of the project; Chaat festival will be restricted to these ghats during construction period; Side Access for pedestrian movements at Mahendru ghat; Refuge access; All along promenades for better accessibility One way traffic to ghat where the accessibility is less than 6m; In other cases 2 way traffic can be provided; Safety measures towards the access to the promenade from Collectorate ghat to Rani ghat: Access to the promenade has been increased by proposed pedestrian streets connecting the existing street network to the promenade a. 6m wide access proposed between Collectorate complex and Bankipur club b. 2.5m proposed adjoining SBI Campus towards Proposed Anta ghat. c. 3m between B.N.College and Ganga mahal towards Proposed B.N.College ghat d. 6m between GM residence and Railway reservation Centre towards Mahendru ghat. e. 4.5m along Patna college campus towards proposed Adalat ghat f. 6m adjoining Patna medical college and hospital towards Proposed Mishri ghat. g. 6m towards proposed Banerjee ghat h. 6m adjoining Darbanga house towards Kali ghat i. 6m adjoining Patna college science and NIT towards Patna college ghat j. 6m towards proposed Krishna ghat k. 5m adjoining engineering college building towards Gandhi ghat l. 6m adjoining Law college towards proposed Bharawa ghat m. 4m through campus university quarter towards Rani ghat Streets below above 5m width are to be used for two way pedestrian traffic and streets under 5m are used as one way towards the promenade and alternate access roads made away from promenade Safe gathering areas (Refuge areas) are provided at Gandhi ghat, Adalat ghat, B.N. College ghat. Refuge areas are connected to evacuation routes. The details of refuge access routes are shown in Appendix-1. Evacuation routes are provided at an interval of (approx.) 300m leading away from promenade and Ghats. P a g e 114

122 Provision for Ambulance access and parking on each evacuation route 1 life guard station provided at every ghat. Crowd Management during festivals: The crowd management is an important aspect for minimizing the safety hazards and risks related to it. In Patna the crowd management during the festivals is the responsibility of District Magistrate and his team. Generally it is like they depute number of police personnel in each of the Ghats with separate access route for ongoing and outgoing visitors. In this regard recently a District level Disaster Management Plan has been prepared and the draft report is under the approval stage. The draft management plan includes the arrangement for following aspects: Adequate crowd management through limiting the time of stay of persons in the ghats; The suggested measures adopted in the project can also be shared with the DM so that accordingly crowd management can be made; Separate entry and exit route to minimize any panic related hazard; Close circuit television at strategic points as well as in the entry and exit point to monitor traffic inflow and outflow; Adopting the proposed access routes as suggested in the project for crowd management; Ensure that the maximum allowable load of persons in the Ghats as suggested in the project does not exceed at any point of time; Adequate signage shall be provided along with public address system through media, newspapers and Addressal by the polices; Policing to restrict the entry of any kind of vehicles towards the ghat approach roads during the festival season, only pedestrians are allowed along the approach roads; Life boat and life jackets shall be provided in each ghat to provide safety during any kind of emergency conditions; P a g e 115

123 7. PUBLIC CONSULTATION & STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION 7.1 Introduction Consultation is a process in the project cycle in which an attempt is made to involve the public as stakeholders in project preparation through consultation and focus group discussion meetings. Stakeholders participation and consultation have been viewed as a continual course of action, which promote public understanding and help eradicate hurdles in the way of the project. Consultation during project preparation as an integral part of the social assessment process not only minimizes the risks and unwanted propaganda against the project but also removes the gap between the community and the project formulators, which leads to timely completion of the project and making the project people friendly. 7.2 Methods of Public Consultation Keeping in mind the objective of minimizing adverse impact and the need of the stakeholders participation for the smooth implementation of the project, consultation with the members of different sections of society, the affected people, identified vulnerable groups including women headed households, slum dwellers regular Ghat visitors, venders, boatman, vegetable seller, tourist and students of the project area were carried out. The consultation with vulnerable people was made with the aim of building awareness among them so that likely potential adverse impacts of the project on the target vulnerable population may be minimized. In this regard several meetings were organized at various locations, as detailed in this chapter. Consultations were carried at different level (Table 7.1) to elicit required information (their view & opinions). Table 7-1: Levels of Consultations Key Stakeholders Local communities Types of Consultations Individual interview, field level observations, community consultations & meetings Individual affected households Tourists & Students Census & Socio economic Survey Focus Group Discussions Women s groups Focus Group Discussions Other vulnerable groups (SC, OBC etc.) Focus Group Discussions Fisher man and Boat mans Focus Group Discussions Vegetable seller Focus Group Discussions Slum dwellers Focus Group Discussions The main objectives of undertaking these consultations were: To make affected persons aware of the project impacts and broad provisions of the R&R policy P a g e 116

124 Dissemination of information to build awareness among APs and inform them about the objective of the project. Discuss about the training requirements to enhance their skills & restore the livelihood. 7.3 Consultation with affected households Public consultation is a continual process and is being carried out at all stages throughout the project period. In order to document the issues raised by the potential APs, public consultations were conducted in all Ghats. Some of the Affected Persons expressed their views about the proposed ghat Development project. A summary of different issues discussed with the potentially affected persons are given below. 1. Public Consultation on Environment and Social Management Framework (NGRBA) held with Vegetable sellers Community at Anta Ghat, Patna Minutes Date: 19 th Sep, 2012 Time: 10:00 to 11:30 Place: Anta Ghat Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYATS 1. Dr. Dushyant Mishra 2. Mr. Y P Mishra 3. Mr. Ashok kumar 4. Mr. Avadhesh Das Name of participants: 1. Nanank Rai 2. Shambhu 3. Harinder 4. Subhas 5. Shatrughan 6. Rohit 7. Shiv Poojan 8. Virendar 9. Rajkumar 10. Nandoo 11. Asharfi Rai 12. Om Prakash The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried P a g e 117

125 forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future government plans, possible assistance by World Bank, overall significance of ESMF, stake-holder participation during the project, etc. A brief summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following points: Construction of partially build religious structure proper sanitation facilities to the Vegetable growers coming from Diara for selling their vegetables to the whole sale dealers Construction of Pucca road up to the Ghat for better accessibility for commuters cleaning of the Ghat and stop direct dumping of vegetable wastes in the river Ganga Develop a sewerage treatment plant before this Ghat Ensure participation of Vegetable Venders for the maintenance of Ghat after rejuvenation/ maintenance The meeting was concluded by Mr. Y. P. Mishra followed by vote of thanks given by Mr. Ashok Kumar. Public Consultation with local people at anta Ghat 2. Public Consultation on Environment and Social Management Framework (NGRBA) held with Slum dwellers at Mahendu Ghat, Patna Minutes Date: 19 th Sep, 2012 Time: 12:00 to 1:30 Place: Mahendru Ghat Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYATS 1. Dr. Dushyant Mishra 2. Mr. Y P Mishra 3. Mr. Ashok 4. Mr. Avadhesh Das P a g e 118

126 Name of participants: 1. Makhiya Devi 2. Rajan 3. Ganesh Ram 4. Amar Kumar 5. Abhishek Kumar 6. Kailash Kumar 7. Arvind Malik 8. Umesh Ram 9. Pradeep Kumar 10. Shambhu Ram The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future government plans, possible assistance by World Bank, overall significance of ESMF, stake-holder participation during the project, etc. A brief summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following points: Develop approach road Problem of direct access of the Ghat for the community Develop an approach road for the access of Ghat by the slum dwellers/ghat users Improve the sanitation and basic facilities for the slum dwellers Water logging problem in the slum Employment Opportunity for Slum Dwellers during construction work The meeting was concluded by Mr. Y. P. Mishra followed by vote of thanks given by Mr. Ashok Kumar. Public Consultation with the slum dwellers at Mahendru Ghat P a g e 119

127 3. Public Consultation on Environment and Social Management Framework (NGRBA) held with Woman group at T N Banerjee Ghat, Patna Minutes Date: 20 th Sep, 2012 Time: 10:00 to 12:30 Place: T N Banerjee Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYATS 1. Dr. Dushyant Mishra 2. Mr. Y P Mishra 3. Mr. Ashok 4. Mr. Avadhesh Das Name of participants: 1. Jooli Kumari 2. Munni Devi 3. Asha Devi 4. Khushabu devi 5. Geeta Devi 6. Sadhana Devi 7. Chanda Devi 8. Mamata Devi 9. Keshari Devi 10. Seema kumara 11. Rajani Devi The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future government plans, possible assistance by World Bank, overall significance of ESMF, stake-holder participation during the project, etc. A brief summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following points: Problem of toilet and bathroom facility for woman Lack of basic facilities like water, electricity in the slum Employment issue also raised by woman and slum dwellers Slum is situated at highly risk prone area The meeting was concluded by Mr. Y. P. Mishra followed by vote of thanks given by Mr. Ashok Kumar. P a g e 120

128 Public Consultation at Dr. T.N.Banerjee Ghat 4. Public Consultation on Social Management Framework (NGRBA) held with Vulnerable Community at Mishri Ghat, Patna Minutes Date: 21 th Sep, 2012 Time: 9:30 to 11:00 Place: Mishri Ghat Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYATS 1. Dr. Dushyant Mishra 2. Mr. Y P Mishra 3. Mr. Ashok Kumar 4. Mr. Avadhesh Das Name of participants: 1. Uday Malik 2. Munna Ram 3. Sunil Malik 4. Sujeet Ram 5. Kanhae Ram 6. Suraj Malik 7. Gudiya devi 8. Rinki devi 9. Manju 10. Videshwar Mahato 11. Lalan Mahato The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future government plans, possible assistance by World Bank, overall significance of ESMF, stake-holder participation P a g e 121

129 during the project, etc. A brief summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following points: Construction for community toilets and sanitary latrines for slum dwellers Problem of water and electricity for slum dwellers Employment problem in vulnerable groups were found Increase employment opportunity in construction work. APs should be given priority for getting employment. Public Consultation with Mishri Ghat 5. Public Consultation on Environment and Social Management Framework (NGRBA) held with Fisher Man and Boatman Community at Baharwa Ghat, Patna Minutes Date: 21 th Sep, 2012 Time: 12:00 to 1:00 Place: Baharwa Ghat Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYATS 1. Dr. Dushyant Mishra 2. Mr. Y P Mishra 3. Mr. Ashok Kumar 4. Mr. Avadhesh Das Name of participants: 1. Lalan yadav 2. Bachcha ray 3. Vijay Rai 4. Gulab Prasad 5. Amir lal P a g e 122

130 6. Styanarayan 7. Bhikhan Rai 8. Ashok Chand 9. Gopal Rai 10. Sujan Rai 11. Amarjeet Rai 12. Sanjay Rai The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future government plans, possible assistance by World Bank, overall significance of ESMF, stake-holder participation during the project, etc. A brief summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following points: Provide proper sanitation facilities along with efficient operation and maintenance system to the Fisher man/ boatman community using Ghat and regular Ghat visitors for taking bath in the Holy River In the rejuvenation of Baharwa Ghat special emphasis should be given on the deepening of Ghats and sufficient space for boats man In order to ensure proper cleaning of the Ghats dumping of solid waste must be stopped near river Ganga by community Ensure participation of Fisher man/ boatman community for the maintenance of Ghat after rejuvenation The meeting was concluded by Mr. Y. P. Mishra followed by vote of thanks given by Mr. Ashok Kumar. Public Consultation With Local boatmen and fishermen P a g e 123

131 6. Public Consultation on Environment and Social Management Framework (NGRBA) held with Ghat users at Gulvi Ghat (Vaikunth dham), Patna Minutes Date: 21 th Sep, 2012 Time: 1:30 to 2:30 Place: Gulvi Ghat Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYATS 5. Dr. Dushyant Mishra 6. Mr. Y P Mishra 7. Mr. Ashok 8. Mr. Avadhesh Das Name of participants: 1. Naresh Thakur 2. Gulshan Thakur 3. Chotu Kumar 4. Shobhit Singh 5. Sakaldeep Singh 6. Pradip Singh 7. Ramavtar Rai 8. Maheshwar Rai 9. Janardan Pandit 10. Rampukar Rai 11. Rameshwar Singh The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future government plans, possible assistance by World Bank, overall significance of ESMF, stake-holder participation during the project, etc. A brief summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following points: Lack of space on the Ghat for people who comes for buried the dead bodies Approach road is congested because of vendors sitting along the road. Ghat should be wide and attractive. Provision for proper sanitation facilities for the Ghat users The meeting was concluded by Mr. Y. P. Mishra followed by vote of thanks given by Mr. Ashok Kumar. P a g e 124

132 Consultation with local people at Gulvi Ghat-Crematorium 7. Public Consultation on Environment and Social Management Framework (NGRBA) held with Students at Patna Collage Ghat, Patna Minutes Date: 21 th Sep, 2012 Time: 3:00 to 4:00 Place: Patna Collage Ghat Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYATS 1. Dr. Dushyant Mishra 2. Mr. Y P Mishra 3. Mr. Ashok Kumar 4. Mr. Avadhesh Das Name of participants: 1. Manish Tiwari 2. Ramayan Ram 3. Sunil Jaiswal 4. Shakti Singh 5. Sushil Kumar 6. Amit Singh 7. Aman Singh 8. Rajesh Yadav 9. Mulchand Agrawal 10. Rajveer Singh 11. Pawan Kumar The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried P a g e 125

133 forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future government plans, possible assistance by World Bank, overall significance of ESMF, stake-holder participation during the project, etc. A brief summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following points: Approach should be improved of all the Ghats so one can reach easily with their vehicle. Availability of Safe Drinking water facility should be ensured at each Ghat. Fixation of Dustbins at various places and provision of modern Sanitation facility should be provided at each Ghat Provision of good quality canteens at major Ghats should be ensured Disposal of sewerage system directly in to rivers must be stopped immediately.. Student should involve in Awareness campaign regarding Saving of Holy Ganga. The meeting was concluded by Mr. Y. P. Mishra followed by vote of thanks given by Mr. Ashok Kumar. Consultation with Students at Patna College 8. Public Consultation on Environment and Social Management Framework (NGRBA) held with Tourists and Regular Ghat visitors at Gandhi Ghat, Patna Minutes Date: 21 th Sep, 2012 Time: 4:30 to 6:00 Place: Gandhi Ghat Attended by: Consultancy team from VOYATS 1. Dr. Dushyant Mishra 2. Mr. Y P Mishra 3. Mr. Ashok Kumar 4. Mr. Avadhesh Das Name of participants: 1. Ankit Kumar 2. Rahul Raj P a g e 126

134 3. Prem Mishra 4. Susheel Kumar Singh 5. Uma Kumari 6. Madhavi Kumari 7. Birendra Singh 8. Nand Jee Singh 9. Radjeet Sharma 10. Vinod Sharma 11. Jitendra Shrivastav 12. Padmeshchand Shrivastav The public consultation meeting was flagged-off by Dr. Dushyant Mishra who welcomed the participants and briefed them about the agenda of the meeting. Further the meeting was carried forward by Mr. Y P Mishra, who presented the details about the NGRBA project, future government plans, possible assistance by World Bank, overall significance of ESMF, stake-holder participation during the project, etc. A brief summary of all the important points discussed during the meeting are mentioned in the following points: Development of proper approach roads from all weather roads. Drinking water facility should be ensured properly Daily cleaning of Ghat for attracting more spiritual tourists during Aarti. Park should be developed and clothes should not be dry on the railings of the park Proper place should be determined for the spiritual activities (Mundan etc.) Development/ increase of cafeteria and its modernization according to the social needs. Safety of tourists from bad elements in and around the Ghat area. Public Consultation with the local people at Gandhi ghat with local tourists P a g e 127

135 8. ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN The Environment Management Action Plan (EMP) is required to ensure sustainable development of the proposed river front development project in Patna both during the construction as well as during operational phases. The EMP is site and time specific. The implementation of EMP is important. For this an institutional framework has been developed and roles and responsibilities of the various line departments are made. Some capacity development program are also identified as part of the EMP as sub-project. The essence of the project is its proper maintenance and integrating it with the other projects being organized by NGRBA s investment program. In general, the urban development department, Bihar known as Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd. (BUIDCo) (with assistance from Contractor and Independent Engineer/Supervision Consultant) is the responsible entity for ensuring that the mitigation measures as suggested in the ESMP are carried out. Mitigation measures for Environment and Social impacts are listed in Table 8-1. The list provides reference implementing organisation and responsible entity. 8.1 Specific activities by BUIDCo The role of BUIDCo in the implementation of ESMP involves the following activities: EIA clearance from NGRBA and World Bank; Disclosure of ESIA document as well as in the info shop of World Bank and Permission from line department for laying of drainage line, construction of Sulabh toilets and connection to city sewer line Permission for tree felling (if any) Displacement of encroachers from project site 8.2 Specific activities by Contractor The activities to be performed by the contractor to implement the ESMP shall comprise the following: Obtain consent to establish from state pollution control board under air and water act; Felling of trees (if at all required) with the prior permission of Forest Department; Finalizing the selection of material sources (quarry and borrow material, etc.) and shall follow necessary guidelines as given in Annexure 1.1, and Annexure 1.2). Selection, design and layout of construction areas, labour camps etc. (Refer Annexure 1.6) P a g e 128

136 8.3 Implementation of EMP The Environmental Officer of the contractor should be available for the entire duration of the project and shall be primarily responsible for compliance of EMP. The Environmental Specialist from the Independent Engineer/ Supervision Consultant shall monitor the compliance of the EMP and all the design drawings of various civil structures shall be implemented after his approval. The proposed organogram for the implementation and monitoring of ESMP is presented in figure 8-1. State Pollution Control Board SPMG of NGRBA Managing Director BUIDCo CGM GM (Tech) GM (Works) GM (Admin.) Scheme Implementation Team (including EMP and R&R implementation) Team Leader (Supervision Consultant) Project Manager (Contractor) Environmental Expert (Supervision Consultant) Environmental Officer (Contractor) Figure 8-1: Organization Structure for Implementation of EMP P a g e 129

137 Table 8-1: Environment Management Plan Environmental Impact / Aspect Mitigation Measures 5 Location 6 Time Frame 7 Responsibility Implementation Supervision Cross reference DESIGN STAGE Issues from stakeholder Consultations PRE-CONSTRUCTION STAGE Tree cutting Mobilisation & Site Clearance Removal of Vegetation Various issues raised were examined & suitably incorporated based on merit & other road safety measures. No tree cutting is involved. If any of them are unavoidable for cutting then Compensatory afforestation shall be made in city park proposed as part of the project. Vegetation will be removed from the ghat section before the commencement of Construction. Along the ghats Along the ghats or it City Parks proposed in the project Along the ghats During Design Contractor BuidCo EIA and DPR Before construction starts Before construction Starts Contractor Buidco Forest Act Contractor BuidCo DPR Clearing of Slums Slum population will be cleared as per the social assessment and compensation shall be paid before construction starts Along the ghats Before construction Starts BuidCo BuidCo DPR Procurement of plants and machineries Specifications of plant and machinery to be procured need to comply to the relevant national standard norms and with the requirements of emission control and noise pollution abatement requirement as per the standards prescribed by CPCB Prior to mobilization at site Contractor BuidCo National Ambient Air and Noise Quality Standard of CPCB Setting up of The construction camps will be located at least 500m away construction During Contractor SC, BUIDCo Appendix 1.3 of 5 Some of the mitigation measures are preventive in nature while some others include additional measures in terms of environmental conservation and involve physical and construction work. 6 Unless otherwise stated, the Project Site covers area around the ghats. 7 Time frame refers to the duration or instant of time when the mitigation measures will be taken. P a g e 130

138 Environmental Impact / Aspect Mitigation Measures 5 Location 6 Time Frame 7 Responsibility Implementation Supervision Cross reference construction camps from habitations and there must be necessary (temporary) living accommodation and ancillary facilities as approved by the supervision consultant (SC). campsite Establishment, Operation and Dismantling of Such Camps. EIA report. CONSTRUCTION STAGE Land Soil Erosion and Sedimentation control Main reason of soil erosion is the construction along the bank. Contractor should plan the activities so that proper surface pitching is done to avoid loose soil. Following preventive measures to be taken such as: Embankment slopes to be covered, soon after completion. Vegetation growth along the banks to be maintained for soil stability; Proper drainage be maintained to minimize erosion. Top soil from borrow area, construction site to be protected / covered for soil erosion. Along the ghats Upon completion of construction activities at these sites. During construction Contractor BuidCo Standard engineering practices, Quarrying Material sources Quarry material shall be sourced from approved and licensed aggregate and sand quarries. Copy of licenses to be submitted to the SC. For operating new quarries, the Contractor shall obtain materials from quarries only after consent of concerned authorities and only after development of a comprehensive quarry redevelopment plan. Adequate safety precautions shall be ensured during transportation of quarry material from quarries to the construction site. Vehicles transporting the material shall be covered to prevent spillage. Operations to be undertaken by Along the ghats During construction Contractor SC, BuidCo Standard Engineering Practices and Appendix 1.1 and Appendix 1.2 of EIA report. P a g e 131

139 Environmental Impact / Aspect Mitigation Measures 5 Location 6 Time Frame 7 Responsibility Implementation Supervision Cross reference the Contractor as per the direction and satisfaction of the SC. Loss of top soil Contamination of soil Generation of Debris AIR Dust Generation The top soil will be covered is required to be taken during construction; Top soil to be stored in stockpiles and shall be covered. Stockpiles to be designed in such a way that slope do not exceed 1:2 (vertical to horizontal). Silt fencing to protect the edges of the pile and height of stockpiles to be restricted to 2m. Oil & fuel spills from construction equipment shall be controlled by good O&M practices; Contaminated soil shall be disposed of as per guidelines of CPCB and be sold to an approved vendor Vehicle maintenance and refuelling in construction camps should be confined to areas with traps oil / grease to prevent wastewater from entering into rivers and streams Debris generated due to the dismantling of the existing ghats and other concrete structures (Collectorate ghat) and buildings and slums shall be stored at a place sufficiently away from the main channel of Ganga. The generated debris shall be re-used efficiently if found suitable for using mainly as fill materials and stone pitching work. Vehicles covering construction materials shall be covered; Regular water sprinkling at areas of dust generation. Along the ghats At fuel storage areas usually at construction camps, temporarily acquired site. Throughout Project Corridor. Along the ghats, all access roads, temporarily acquired sites. During construction During Construction. Contractor Contractor SC, BuidCo SC, BuidCo, SPIU During Construction Contractor SC, BuidCo Beginning with & throughout construction until side slopes are covered. Contractor SC, BuidCo Standard practice, WB safeguard documents Guidelines of CPCB and World Bank Guidelines of CPCB and World Bank P a g e 132

140 Environmental Impact / Aspect Mitigation Measures 5 Location 6 Time Frame 7 Responsibility Implementation Supervision Cross reference Equipment Selection, Maintenance and Operation Water Regular pollution under check for construction vehicles shall be made; Further, idling of vehicles to be stopped during construction period; Automatic diesel logger may be installed in vehicles to minimise idling Along the ghats, all access roads, temporarily acquired sites During Construction. Contractor SC, BuidCo Alteration of drainage Ghats need to be constructed during dry season, with adequate drainage facility to take away the construction spillage to an area sufficiently away from the river Ganga and finally can be disposed to the city sewer line after approval of SC; Debris generated due to the excavation of foundation or due to the dismantling of existing structure will be removed from the water course. Temporary Silt trap fencing to be provided on the mouth of discharge into Ganga to avoid any kind of silt deposit during the construction work; Adequate sanitation and waste management facility to be provided in construction camp as per Appendix 1.3 of EIA report and it is to be ensured that no liquid or solid waste get disposed into river Ganga during the construction period. If emulsion or pints are being used then care shall be taken to see that they are not mixed with water of Ganga; Interceptor drains to be given to take the liquid waste from building lines and connect the same to city sewer line. During such construction care must be taken to ensure that no damage is made to any kind of drain so that waste is not get disposed to Ganga; Along the ghats, all access roads, temporarily acquired sites Whenever encountered during construction Contractor SC, BuidCo Silting / sedimentation Measures suggested under Soil Erosion and Sedimentation control will be enforced. Along the ghats, all access roads, Throughout construction Contractor SC, BudCo P a g e 133

141 Environmental Impact / Aspect Mitigation Measures 5 Location 6 Time Frame 7 Responsibility Implementation Supervision Cross reference Silt fencing is provided around water bodies. temporarily acquired sites period Cultural Resources and Temples Impact on structures during construction Noise Noise from Vehicles, Plants and Equipment As part of the project no cultural resources/temple/mosque shall be demolished; Care shall be taken during the construction work that vibration impact does not destabilize these cultural resources as they are old structures; hence if piling work is to be done near these structures then adequate vibration muffler shall be used with proper technical specification During construction these resources shall be significantly covered to avoid any impact from construction. The construction work near these cultural resources shall be avoided during the scheduled puja activities, worshipping time etc. Construction activities especially the use of impact pile drivers shall be restricted during evening and night time hours (7 p.m. to 6 a.m.) All jackhammers and pavement breakers used on the construction site shall be fitted with manufacturer s approved exhaust muffler. Use of pneumatic impact equipment shall be restricted 100m from noise sensitive locations, cultural resources during night time. Instead of pneumatic hammers electric, hydraulic hammers could be used. Use hydraulic or vibro impact hammers in place of diesel hammers for piling work; The local power grid shall be used to limit generator noise Provision of ear-plugs to contractors exposed to high In and around ghat locations and near to the temple and cultural resource areas All the ghat section and surrounding area Throughout construction, special care for no construction during puja activities, worshipping time etc. Throughout construction Contractor Contractor SC, BuidCo SC, BuidCo For technical specification Various plant and machinery manufacturing guidelines and OSHA guidelines P a g e 134

142 Environmental Impact / Aspect Mitigation Measures 5 Location 6 Time Frame 7 Responsibility Implementation Supervision Cross reference noise levels. Flora and Fauna Loss of trees and Avenue Planting Fauna No loss is envisaged as all the trees to be maintained; Careful monitoring shall be made if any single tree cutting is involved in the project; Fuel provision shall be made in construction camp and canteen like LPG so that no tree cutting get involved for fuel wood. Construction workers must protect natural resources and wild animals especially Dolphin Hunting will be strictly prohibited. All the ghat section and surrounding camp area All the ghat section and surrounding area After completion of construction activities During construction Contractor Contractor SC, BuidCo SC, BuidCo Gangetic Dolphin The Dolphins are restricted in the left bank only as found during discussion with local fishermen, ZSI etc. and other research personnel and the project to be construction in the right bank, Strict monitoring shall be made with the help of local fishermen and police personnel of Patna so that no hunting of Dolphin is being made during construction stage; No release of toxic contaminant (like emulsion, paint etc.) shall be released to river Ganga as part of the project and any kind of waste water generated from the project be restricted to have any kind of impact on Dolphin; Any kind of fishing activity by construction workers shall be restricted Socio-Economic Environment The Concessionaire / Contractor will provide, erect and Accidents maintain barricades, including signs marking flats, lights and All the ghat section and surrounding area Ghat sections and approach During construction During Construction Contractor Contractor SC, BuidCo SC, BuidCo P a g e 135

143 Environmental Impact / Aspect Mitigation Measures 5 Location 6 Time Frame 7 Responsibility Implementation Supervision Cross reference Resettlement Action of People flagmen as required by the SC along the ghat sections, approach roads etc. Nearly 142 households are getting as part of the project. Affected population will be compensated as per NPRR and WB policy and entitlement framework as detailed in the SIA study separately. roads During Construction Contractor, BuidCo BuidCo Appendix 1.4 and SIA report Resettlement of CoW shelters Risk and Safety Risk and Safety from construction activities The specific R&R measures to be followed is given in Appendix 1.4 Nearly 5 families do run scuh dairy and cow shelters in T.N Banerjee ghat. They will be provided with one time financial Rs 25,000 and they will be provided training for dairy management. They will be shifted to other place as CoW shelters and Dairy units can t get operated along the ghats Adequate precautions will be taken to prevent danger from electrical equipment. Precautions shall be made to provide proper access route to the devotees to access the cultural resources/temples during the construction stage along with adequate signage to avoid any accidents; The safety workers shall be taken care as per the prevailing norms and life boat and jackets shall be kept in adequate numbers so that if there any accident happens then rescue operation can start within no time; No material or any of the sites will be so stacked or placed as to cause danger or inconvenience to any person or the public. All necessary fencing and lights will be provided to protect the public. T.N. Banerjee Ghat Entire Project site. During Construction During Construction Contractor, BuidCo Contractor BuidCo SC, BuidCo Appendix 1.4 and SIA report EHS guidelines of WB P a g e 136

144 Environmental Impact / Aspect Mitigation Measures 5 Location 6 Time Frame 7 Responsibility Implementation Supervision Cross reference Risk caused by Force Majure Safety Measures During Construction Hygiene OPERATION STAGE Water quality degradation All reasonable precaution will be taken to prevent danger of the workers and the public from fire, flood, drowning, etc. All necessary steps will be taken for prompt first aid treatment of all injuries likely to be sustained during the course of work. To ensure safety of the temporary accesses during construction, safety devices shall be installed. Workers undertaking various operations during construction shall be protected by providing helmets, masks, safety goggles, hand gloves and rubber boots etc. First aid kits shall be provided at construction site for workers to meet minor accidents during construction At every workplace, good and sufficient water supply shall be maintained to avoid waterborne / water-related / water-based diseases to ensure the health and hygiene of workers. Adequate drainage, mobile toilets shall be provided at workplace. Preventive Medical care shall be provided to workers. An action plan shall be prepared and implemented Sulabh toilets and waste management program shall be undertaken along the ghat sections so as to minimize water pollution. For taking care of pious refuse mesh barricades shall be provided at selected locations where rituals are taken. The pious refuse would then be collected and disposed to the municipal waste bins. Entire Project site All construction sites All Worker s Camps Along the ghat section. PhD for the ganga river stretch in Bihar During Construction During construction During construction During Operational Stage Contractor SC, BuidCo Contractor SC, BuidCo Contractor SC, BuidCo Appendix 1.3 BuidCo BuidCo P a g e 137

145 Environmental Impact / Aspect Mitigation Measures 5 Location 6 Time Frame 7 Responsibility Implementation Supervision Cross reference Soil Erosion One PhD study shall be initiated along with project to create a large database of water quality in Ganga along the project stretch for a period of 3 years (post construction) and setting up of a water quality model integrating silt, water quality and aquatic ecology with some 3Dimensional model. As part of the project necessary green areas along the banks will be protected as well as new green areas in terms of city parks shall be created. This will provide necessary bank stability. Further, riparian edge restoration program will be undertaken to maintain natural habitat. To minimize the waste disposal in river Ganga, the following measures shall be undertaken: Entire Project corridor bank length During Operational Stage BuidCo BuidCo Solid Waste Management Dolphin Conservation Environmental Awareness Program along among the citizen who will come and use the project ghats and promenades as public space for proper use of toilet and putting waste in disposal bins; awareness through newspaper, television, radio and local cinema halls could be effective. Further IEC material may be spread through various sections of project stretch to ensure awareness; Provide adequate facilities for bins and transfer collected waste to nearest secondary bins As part of the project a Dolphin Research centre is proposed to be developed under the chairmanship of renowned scientists/ecologist Further to conserve the Dolphins a Dolphin Conservation Committee is proposed as part of the project who will keep a strong vigil and report any kind of mishappening to the Dolphin Research Centre and local police station. Along the ghats and Ganga river stretch for the conservation During Operational Stage BuidCo BuidCo Appendix 1.6 P a g e 138

146 Environmental Impact / Aspect Mitigation Measures 5 Location 6 Time Frame 7 Responsibility Implementation Supervision Cross reference The Dolphin conservation committee shall comprise of local fishermen, students, volunteers etc. One PhD study will be sponsored as part of the fresh water ecology for the impact on Dolphin from various threats mainly from the Patna RFD and then further integrating the same from P a g e 139

147 8.4 Environmental Monitoring Program The Environmental Monitoring Programme has been detailed out in Table 8-2. Successful implementation of the Environmental Monitoring Program is contingent on the following: The Supervision Consultant (SC) is to request the Contractor to commence all the initial tests for monitoring (i.e. for Air, Water Quality and Noise Levels) early in the Contract to establish 'base' readings (i.e. to assess the existing conditions prior to effects from the Construction activities being felt); The SC to request the Concessionaire / Contractor to submit for approval a proposed schedule of subsequent periodic tests to be carried out; Monitoring by the SC s Environmental Officer of all the environmental monitoring tests, and subsequent analysis of results; Where indicated by testing results, and any other relevant on-site conditions, SC to instruct the Concessionaire / Contractor to: o o o o o Modify the testing schedule (dates, frequency); Modify (add to or delete) testing locations; Verify testing results with additional testing as/if required; Require recalibration of equipment, etc., as necessary; and, Request the Concessionaire to stop, modify or defer specific construction equipment, processes, etc., as necessary, that are deemed to have contributed significantly to monitoring readings in excess of permissible environmental "safe" levels Monitoring of Concessionaire / Contractor's Facilities, Plant and Equipment All issues related to negative environmental impacts of the Contractor's Facilities, Plant and equipment are to be controlled through: The Contractor's self-imposed quality assurance plan Regular / periodic inspection of the Concessionaire / Contractor s plant and equipment Monthly appraisal of the Contractor. Other environmental impacts are to be regularly identified and noted on the monthly appraisal inspection made to review all aspects of the Contractor's operation. The officer is to review all monthly appraisal reports, and through the team leader is to instruct the Contractor to rectify all significant negative environmental impacts. 8.5 Integration of Other NGRBA Programs with Patna RFD Patna RFD is only one of the portfolios of investments under NGRBA towards cleaning the Ganga. In Patna alone Patna RFD can t reduce the pollution load that is coming into river Ganga in the form of raw sewage or semi-treated sewage. The city urgently needs construction of STPs and establishing sewerage networks to minimize the waste load to river Ganga. These investments are required to be taken up in priority under NGRBA as then only the proposed Patna RFD will sustain aesthetically. P a g e 140

148 8.6 Environmental Budget The environmental budget for the various environmental management measures proposed in the ESMP is detailed in Table 8-3. There are several other environmental issues that have been addressed as part of good engineering practices, the costs for which have been accounted for in the Engineering Cost. The rates adopted for the budget has been worked out on the basis of market rates and the Schedule of rates. Various environmental aspects covered/will be covered under engineering costs are listed below: Turfing and Pitching of slopes with landscaoing work Riparian Edge Restoration Sulabh toilets with septic tanks and connection to city sewer Drainage along the ghats to collect the discharge from the residents and connecting to city sewer City Parks and beautification work etc. Safety Measures and Exist routes P a g e 141

149 Noise Levels Constructi on Operation Surface Water Quality Construction Oper ation > Const ructio n Project : Environmental Impact Assessment Study for proposed river front development Env. Compone nt Stage Table 8-2: Environmental Monitoring Plan Institutional Responsibilities Parameter Standards Locations Frequency Implementation Supervision PM 10 μg /m 3, PM 2.5 μg/m 3, SO 2, NO X, CO PM 10 μg /m 3, PM 2.5 μg/m 3, SO 2, NO X, CO ph, temperature, DO, BOD, COD, Oil & Grease, Total Suspended Solid, turbidity, Total Hardness, Chlorine, Iron, Total Coliform. ph, temperature, Oil & Grease, Total Suspended Solid, turbidity, Chlorine, Iron, sulphate, nitrate Leq db (A) (Day and Night) Average and Peak values CPCB Surface Water Quality Standard IS:3025 Ambient Noise Standard CPCB Plant site, and at locations of baseline monitoring At locations of baseline monitoring At locations of construction of ghats At locations of baseline monitoring At ghat construction sites and promenade 1 seasons annually except monsoon Once in a year except monsoon for first 5 years. Grab sampling, once during construction for pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon at all ghats Grab sampling, once in a years for first 5 years at 4 urban precincts in up stream and downstream and one control. Once during construction at ghat construction sites Contractor through approved monitoring agency/lab Contractor through approved monitoring agency/lab Contractor through approved monitoring agency/lab Contractor through approved monitoring agency/lab Contractor through approved monitoring agency/lab SC SC SC SC SC P a g e 142

150 Operation Soil Construction Operation Project : Environmental Impact Assessment Study for proposed river front development Env. Compone nt Stage Institutional Responsibilities Parameter Standards Locations Frequency Implementation Supervision Leq db (A) (Day and Night) Average and Peak values At locations of baseline monitoring Once in year for 1 st 5 years Contractor through approved monitoring agency/lab SC Physical Parameter: Texture, Grain Size, Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay; Chemical Parameter: ph, Conductivity, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Nitrogen, Absorption Ratio Near Construction sites along the ghat at locations of baseline monitoring and areas of storage of materials, equipments, construction camp etc. Once in a season except monsoon for construction period Contractor through approved monitoring agency/lab SC Physical : Texture, Grain Size, Gravel, Sand, Silt, Clay; Chemical Parameter: ph, Conductivity, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Nitrogen, Absorption Ratio Once in a year for first 5 years, Contractor through approved monitoring agency/lab SC P a g e 143

151 Item No. Table 8-3:Environmental Budget Component Description Unit Quantity 1 MITIGATION / ENHANCEMENT COST 1.1 Environmental Awareness 1.2 Soil Health and Hygiene Solid Waste Management Environmental Awareness program towards minimizing the pollution problem for solid waste management, water pollution prevention and minimizing impact on Dolphin etc. through preparaing of IEC materials, media advertisement, clippings in cinema hall etc. Soil Erosion restoration work like retaining wall, edge restoration work, turfing and vegetative cover, Establishing of Construction Camp including facilities for drinking water, waste water treatment and solid waste disposal facilities Unit cost (INR) Total cost (INR) Detailed Cost Cost (Lakh) No. Lumpsum 11,00,000 11,00, Covered in Engineering Cost Covered in Engineering Cost Facilities towards solid waste management for the project Nos. Lumpsum 9,00,000 9,00, Water Quality Silt Fencing along ghat sections to protect the release of debris in Ganga M ,00, Water Quality 1.7 Water Quality 1.8 Water Quality Construction of interceptor drains to collect the raw sewage from the building lines along the ghats and sending them to a suitable manhole connected to a sewer line and ultimate treatment in a STP Funding of one PhD study on fresh water ecology and establishing water quality model integrating silt, water quality and ecological model for 1 student Buying of Water Quality modelling Softwares towards completing the PhD on fresh water ecology and establishing water quality model integrating silt, water quality and ecology modules Covered in Engineering Cost Months ,80, No. 1 8,00,000 8,00, Water Quality Collection of Sediment core sampling as part towards generation sediment sample data which will help in establishing the Water Quality modelling with integration between, silt, water quality and ecology modules No Water Quality Generation of bathymetric information along the stretch of river Ganga along Patna RFD and 2 km up stream and 2 km downstream from the project site towards facilitating the establishment of water quality model as part of the PhD study Lumpsum 3,00, P a g e 144

152 Item No. Component Description Unit Quantity Unit cost (INR) Total cost (INR) Detailed Cost Cost (Lakh) 1.9 Flora and Fauna Provision of Dolphin Conservation Committee initially for 2 years extendable up to 5 years 6 fishermen (@ 1 km of river stretch) and 2 students =6*2000+2*2500=17000 p.m= 17000*12*2=4,08,000 4,08, Fresh water Ecology and River Dolphin 1.11 Flora and Fauna One PhD Study on Fresh water Ecology mainly Ganga river Dolphin, its trend of survival, breeding etc. Preparation of Dolphin Conservation Plan integrating the other portfolio of investment in NGRBA in Patna including Patna RFD 2 MONITORING COST 2.1 Construction Stage Air Surface Water Quality Noise Soil Months , Lumpsum 600, TOTAL MITIGATION / ENHANCEMENT COST 69,68, Sampling of Ambient Air Quality and gaseous pollutants as per CPCB Standard Procedures at 20locations once in a season except monsoon for 1.5 years as per the Monitoring Plan Analysis charges of Ambient air from samples collected for NO x, SO 2, PM 2.5, PM 10, and CO as per MoEF charges Grab sampling, for all the season at 20 locations along the project areas for premonsoon, monsoon and post monsoon for once during construction as per monitoring Plan Analysis of water quality at locations in the monitoring plan for ph, Turbidity, total solids, COD, BOD, DO, Chlorides, Hardness, Oil & Grease, TSS, TDS, Total Coliform, Iron, Fluorides, Nitrates, E. coli, Total coliform and faecal coliform etc. as specified in "Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater" published by WEF, AWWA and APHA as per direction of Environmental Specialist / Environmental Engineer of the Engineer and as per MoEF rate list. Monitoring of noise level for 3 seasons (pre monsoon, monsoon, and post monsoon) - once in a season except monsoon at 6 locations as per the Monitoring Plan Sampling and analysis of soil quality - once in a season except monsoon at 10 locations as per Monitoring Plan at pre and post monsoon season No. of Samples No. of Samples No. of Samples No. of Samples 16 1, , , , , , Nos. 18 3, , Nos Monitoring Cost during Construction Stage 7,34, P a g e 145

153 Item No. Component Description Unit Quantity 2.2 Operation Stage Air Water Quality Noise Soil Sampling of Ambient Air Quality and gaseous pollutants once in a season except monsoon at 4 locations for 5 year for one season as per the Monitoring Plan Analysis charges of Ambient air from samples collected for NO 2, SO 2, PM 2.5, PM 10, O 3 and CO as per MoEF charges Grab sampling, once in a season except monsoon at 10 locations for 5 year for one season as per monitoring plan. Analysis of water quality at locations in the monitoring plan for ph, Turbidity, total solids, COD, BOD, DO, Chlorides, Hardness, Oil & Grease, TSS, TDS, Total Coliform, Iron, Fluorides, Nitrates, E. coli, Total coliform and faecal coliform etc. as specified in Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater published by WEF, AWWA and APHA as per direction of Environmental Specialist / Environmental Engineer of the Engineer and as per MoEF rate list. Monitoring of noise level - once in a season except monsoon at 5 locations (baseline monitoring locations) for 5 years as per the Monitoring Plan Sampling and analysis of soil quality - once in a season except monsoon at 6 locations for 5 years as per the Monitoring Plan No. of Samples No. of Samples No. of Samples No. of Samples Unit cost (INR) Total cost (INR) Detailed Cost Cost (Lakh) 20 1, , , , , Nos , Nos , Monitoring Cost during Operation Stage for 5 years 6,65, Other miscellaneous cost 33, TOTAL MONITORING COST 14,32, TOTAL COST 84,00, P a g e 146

154 9. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Overall as part of the Environmental and Social screening study the project is placed in category B having minor reversible impacts and no such irreversible impacts. The project DPR has already taken many environmental measures which were being suggested during the visit during the screening study like (i) Providing sulabh toilet with connection to city sewer; (ii) escape route for the pilgrim during rush hour; (iii) parking for the boats at the anta ghat; (iv) riparian edge restoration. The project as such does not involve any such hazardous activity and hence have moderate-low impact. The major conclusions of review study are given below: Conclusion: The ghat development work does not require environmental clearance as the covered built up area is only 10,000 sq.m, rest fall under activity area. Reserve Forest (RF) diversion, wild life clearance, protected forest clearance are not applicable; None of Project area is not falling within 10km on either side of a National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, etc. CRZ clearance zones are not triggered as the project area is not within a coastal zone For Ganga river Dolphin is endangered species reported along the project stretch and poaching of such species due to their oil and flesh is reported 8 number of public consultation was carried out during the Environment and Social Survey; Plan for riparian edge restoration has been proposed Plan for Sulabh toilets are proposed Plan for City Parks are proposed Plan for community cum cultural centres are proposed Plan for Dolphin Research center are proposed Overall the project proposes very minor impact which can be taken proposed care with proposed implementation of ESMP Recommendation: The project as such not going have any severe impact on river Ganga as the project itself is taking necessary environmental care. However, still raw sewage disposal has been noticed at various section of the river Ganga which requires serious attention from NGRBA otherwise the major objective of cleaning the Ganga under this scheme will not be able to be completed with the ghat development program alone. P a g e 147

155 ANNEXURES P a g e 148

156 Annexure 1.1: Guidelines for Existing Quarry Management The Contractor will finalise the locations from the list given by Consultant's for procuring materials. The Contractor shall establish a new quarry only with the prior consent of the Supervision Consultant (SC) only in cases when: (i) Lead from existing quarries is uneconomical and (ii) Alternative material sources are not available. The Contractor shall prepare a Redevelopment Plan for the quarry site and get it approved by the SC. The construction schedule and operations plans to be submitted to the SC prior to commencement of work shall contain a detailed work plan for procuring materials that includes procurement, transportation and storage of quarry materials. CONSTRUCTION STAGE Development of site: To minimise the adverse impact during excavation of material following measures are need to be undertaken: i) Adequate drainage system shall be provided to prevent the flooding of the excavated area ii) iii) At the stockpiling locations, the Contractor shall construct sediment barriers to prevent the erosion of excavated material due to runoff Construction of offices, laboratory, workshop and rest places shall be done in the up-wind of the plant to minimize the adverse impact due to dust and noise. i) The access road to the plant shall be constructed taking into consideration location of units and also slope of the ground to regulate the vehicle movement within the plant. iv) In case of storage of blasting material, all precautions shall be taken as per The Explosive Rules, QUARRY OPERATIONS INCLUDING SAFETY SI. No. Item Unit Details 1. Name / identity of the location 2. Nearest project road Chainage. 3. Name of the owner 4. Area involved Arrangement with the owner (agreement with the third party / 5. contractor should be attached as an Annexure and should Cum necessarily require the adaptation of good quarry management Remarks by IE, if any P a g e 149

157 SI. No. 6. Item Unit Details practices - a description of the requirements should be included) Quantity of material to be withdrawn vis-à-vis the material available Remarks by IE, if any 8. Machinery & equipment to be used Cum 9. Drainage plans 10. Top soil management 11. Description of the operating practices 12. Health facilities Safety provisions made including fire protection systems and the availability of different personal protective equipment Conditions laid down in the clearances / licenses and plans to ensure compliance 15. Monitoring plans for air quality 16. Information on whether or not the quarry will be closed under this project. If yes, the proposed closure & restoration plan. 17. Photograph of the quarry prior to commencing operations. 19. Sketch of the layout of the quarry i) During excavation, slopes shall be flatter than 20 degrees to prevent their sliding. In cases where quarry strata are good and where chances of sliding are less this restriction can be ignored. ii) In case of blasting, procedure and safety measures shall be taken as per The Explosive Rules, 1983 iii) The contractor shall ensure that all workers related safety measures shall be dune as per guidelines for Workers and Safety. Topsoil will be excavated and preserved during transportation of the material measures shall be taken to minimize the generation of dust and prevent accidents. The SC shall review the quarry site for the management measures during quarry operation, including the compliance to pollution norms. POST CONSTRUCTION STAGE The Contractor shall restore all haul roads constructed for transporting the material from the quarries to construction site to their original state. The IE shall be entrusted the responsibility of reviewing the quarry site for the progress of implementation of Redevelopment Plan. P a g e 150

158 The redevelopment of exhaust quarry shall be the responsibility of the agency providing the permit to ensure the implementation of Redevelopment Plan. For existing quarry managed directly by a third party / contractor from whom the contractor is sourcing the materials, the plan should contain the following: Attach Photograph of Proposed Site, Location Map, consents, licenses and Agreement with land owner. REMARKS Submitted Checked Approved Signature Signature Signature Name Name Name Designation Designation Designation Contractor Contractor Independent Engineer P a g e 151

159 Annexure 1.2: Guidelines for Siting, Operation & Redevelopment of Borrow Areas (A) Siting Specific locations of borrow areas to be used will be identified by contractor based on the recommendations of the ESIA report. In case the contractor or the contractor wants to open any new borrow areas other than mentioned in this report, and then the selection and recommendations for borrow areas will be based on environmental as well as civil engineering considerations. Certain precautions have to be taken to restrict unauthorised borrowing by the contractor and the contractor. No borrow area shall be opened without permission of the Engineer. Table 1: Probable Borrow Area along the Project Corridor Sampl e no. Name of Villag e Materi al type Site identification Offset Nearest from Left / Chainag nearest Right e (Km.) Chainag Approximate Quantity (Cum) Lengt Breadt Depth Total h (m) h (m) (m) (Cum) Availabl e Land / Terrain Surroundin g Land / Terrain Remark s e (m) (B) Criteria for Evaluation of Borrow Areas i. Existing land use (Agricultural / Barren / Scrub / grazing / any other type) ii. Vegetation / trees to be removed iii. Erosion/degradation potential iv. Distance and name of the nearest settlement v. Distance from the nearest surface water body vi. Drainage pattern of the area vii. Distance of the nearest Reserve Forest (if any) viii. Distance of the nearest Sacred Tree (if any) ix. Distance from the nearest school / hospital / primary health centre x. Daily / Occasional use of borrow area by the community xi. Any schemes or avenues for generation of income for adjoining community (C) Documentation of Borrow Pit The contractor must ensure that following data based must be documented for each identified borrow areas that provide the basis of the redevelopment plan. P a g e 152

160 Chainage along with offset distance Area (in Sq m) (D) Type of Access/width from carriageway Soil Type Slope / Drainage Characteristics Water Table of the area or identify from nearest well etc/ask people Existing Land-use such as barren/agricultural/grazing land Location/Name/Population of Nearest Settlement/Community & distance from Borrow Area/Type and characteristics of settlement Daily / occasional use of the Borrow Area by the community, if any Identification of any other community facility in the vicinity of the borrow pit Guidelines for Stripping, Stocking, Preservation of Top Soil During the excavation of the borrowing material contractor must ensure that the topsoil from all areas of cutting and all areas to be permanently covered shall be stripped to a specified depth of 150mm and stored in stockpiles. At least 10% of the temporarily acquired area shall be earmarked for storing topsoil. The stockpile shall be designed such that the slope does not exceed 1:2 (vertical to horizontal), and the height of the pile is restricted to 2m. (E) Guidelines for Enhancement As far as possible borrow area selected for enhancement shall be on government / community land in the vicinity of settlement. The contractor must ensure that any enhancement design proposed should be workable, maintenance free and preferably worked out in consultation with the community and proposed enhancement materials should be locally available. The borrow area can be developed either of the following: Vegetative Cover: Vegetative cover must be established on all affected land. Topsoil must be placed, seeded, and mulched within 30 days of final grading if it is within a current growing season or within 30 days of the start of the next growing season. Vegetative material used in reclamation must consist of grasses, legumes, herbaceous, or woody plants or a mixture thereof. Plant material must be planted during the first growing season following the reclamation phase. Selection and use of vegetative cover must take into account soil and site characteristics such as drainage, ph, nutrient availability, and climate to ensure permanent growth. The vegetative cover is acceptable if within one growing season of seeding: P a g e 153

161 The planting of trees and shrubs results in a permanent stand, or regeneration and succession rate, sufficient to assure a 75% survival rate; The planting results in 90% ground coverage. The site shall be inspected when the planting is completed and again at one year to ensure compliance with the reclamation plan. Certificate of Completion of Reclamation (F) (G) Contractors have to obtained certificate of satisfaction from the landowner and submit it to the Engineer before final payment is to done. Drawings to be Prepared The contractor have to prepared the drawings showing both cross-section as well as plan of the identified borrow areas incorporating following inputs: Contours if any, depth if any Location of trees, height, foliage spread and afternoon shaded area on ground Any other existing details at the road / property interface such as signage/railing/etc. Details of immediate surrounding for at least 5m on either sides Photographs to be Include The contractor must ensure that photographs are to be taken before and after the excavation of borrow materials and also after the implementation of redevelopment plan, incorporating the following: (H) Overall View from access side Any other community resource in the vicinity All spots to be detailed such as access to borrow pit /cluster of existing trees etc. OUTPUTS The contractor must ensure based on the above-mentioned guidelines following outcomes must be evolved: Working plan Cross Section Longitudinal Section/Elevation of Site Details of all proposed Enhancements including signage etc. BoQ P a g e 154

162 Annexure 1.3: Guidelines for Siting & Layout of Construction Camp (A) SITING The contractor based on the following guidelines shall identify the location of the construction site. The construction site shall be located: The construction camps will be located at least 500 m away from habitations at identified sites. The living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour shall be erected and maintained to standards and scales approved by the resident engineer. On non-agricultural lands, as far as possible Not within 1000m of either side of locations of Forest areas. All sites used for camps must be adequately drained. They must not be subject to periodic flooding, nor located within 300 feet of pools, sink holes or other surface collections of water unless such water surface can be subjected to mosquito control measures. The camps must be located such that the drainage from and through the camps will not endanger any domestic or public water supply. All sites must be graded, ditched and rendered free from depressions such that water may get stagnant and become a nuisance. (B) LAYOUT A conceptual layout of a typical construction site has been presented in Figure A. The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, erect and maintain necessary (temporary) living accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour to standards and scales approved by the engineer. All temporary accommodation must be constructed and maintained in such a fashion that uncontaminated water is available for drinking, cooking and washing. Safe drinking water should be provided to the dwellers of the construction camps. Adequate washing and bathing places shall be provided, and kept in clean and drained condition. Construction camps are to be sited away from vulnerable people and adequate health care is to be provided for the work force. Sanitation Facilities: Construction camps shall be provided sanitary latrines and urinals. Sewerage drains should be provided for the flow of used water outside the camp. Drains and ditches should be treated with bleaching powder on a regular basis. The sewage system for the camp must be properly designed, built and operated so that no health hazard occurs and no pollution to the air, ground or adjacent watercourses takes place. Compliance with the relevant legislation must be strictly adhered to. Garbage bins must be provided in the camp and regularly emptied and the garbage disposed off in a hygienic manner Shelter at Workplace: At every workplace, there shall be provided free of cost, four suitable shelters, two for meals and two others for rest, separately for use of men and women labourers. The height of P a g e 155

163 shelter shall not be less than 3m from floor level to lowest part of the roof. Sheds shall be kept clean and the space provided shall be on the basis of at least 0.5m 2 per head. Canteen Facilities: A cooked food canteen on a moderate scale shall be provided for the benefit of workers wherever it is considered necessary. The contractor shall conform generally to sanitary requirements of local medical, health and municipal authorities and at all times adopt such precautions as may be necessary to prevent soil pollution of the site. First aid facilities: At every workplace, a readily available first-aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances will be provided as per the Factory Rules. Workplaces remote and far away from regular hospitals will have indoor health units with one bed for every 250 workers. Suitable transport will be provided to facilitate taking injured and ill persons to the nearest hospital. At every workplace an ambulance room containing the prescribed equipment and nursing staff will be provided. Health Care Facilities: Health problems of the workers should be taken care of by providing basic health care facilities through health centres temporarily set up for the construction camp. The health centre should have at least a doctor, nurses, duty staff, medicines and minimum medical facilities to tackle first-aid requirements or minor accidental cases, linkage with nearest higher order hospital to refer patients of major illnesses or critical cases. The health centre should have MCW (Mother and Child Welfare) units for treating mothers and children in the camp. Apart from this, the health centre should provide with regular vaccinations required for children. P a g e 156

164 Annexure 1.4 (Specific R&R Measures) P a g e 157

165 Provisions in Entitlement Framework This entitlement matrix has been developed in accordance with the basic principles adopted in the RPF and analysis of initial identification of project impacts. In case where a State Government through any Act or Gazette Notification or as approved by any authority of State Government (duly authorized for the purpose) as per their approved procedure has fixed a rate for compensation of land and is higher than the provisions under the project, the same may be adopted by the Competent Authority in determining the compensation for land. Similarly, in case where a State Government through any Act or Gazette Notification or as approved by any authority of State Government (duly authorized for the purpose) as per their approved procedure has fixed a rate for resettlement and rehabilitation assistance and is higher than the provisions under the project, the same may be adopted by the Executing Authority. The following is the entitlement matrix, as per the NPR&R 2007: Table1: Entitlement Matrix for Aps Residing Along the Ganga River Front at Patna Type of Unit of Entitlements as per Policy Amount to be Impact/Loss Entitlement Paid 1 Agricultural Land NA 2 House i) Acquisition of House of NA non BPL category ii) Acquisition of House of BPL category Affected Family (142) May be allotted free of cost house site to the extent of actual loss of area of the acquired house or one hundred and fifty square metre of land as the case may be for each nuclear family. A house of up to one hundred square metre carpet area may be provided in lieu thereof (NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.2) Right to salvage material from the demolished structures Three months notice to vacate structures Affected In case house site or house is not Family (142) given, affected family shall get a It can be provided in Rajiv Awas Yojana /Slum free city plan under JNNURM Scheme of Government of = Rs.71,00,000 P a g e 158

166 Type of Unit of Entitlements as per Policy Amount to be Impact/Loss Entitlement Paid House cost suitable one-time financial (Optional) assistance for house and the amount shall not be less /- per family than what is given under any for house programme of house construction construction by the Govt. of India, for example Integrated Housing Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)/ Basic Services for Urban Poor (BSUP) in urban areas 34Famiies Each affected family that = cattle shed displaced and has cattle, shall get Rs. financial assistance of such amount as the appropriate Government may decide but not less than fifteen thousand rupees, for construction of cattle shed. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.10) Financial One-time financial assistance = assistance such amount as the appropriate Rs. 340,000 to Government may decide but not 34Families less than ten thousand rupees, shifting of the family, building materials, belongings and cattle. (NPR&R, 2007; Ref 7.11) iii)bpl without NA homestead land and residing in the area for not less than three years 3 Livelihood losses i) Small trader Each Will get a one-time 25,000 or self-employed affected assistance of such amount as the = Rs.425,000 Person displaced Family(17) appropriate Government may It can decide but not less than (Rs. associated with 25,000 25,000/-) twenty-five thousand Urban Self rupees, for construction of working Employment P a g e 159

167 Type of Unit of Entitlements as per Policy Amount to be Impact/Loss Entitlement Paid shed or shop.( NPR&R, 2007;Ref Programme 7.12) (USEP) ii) Employment providing The acquiring body shall give Some Assistance employment preference to the affected families Employment at least one at least one person per nuclear Assistance may person per family - in providing employment in be provided nuclear the project, subject to the through Swarna family availability of vacancies and Jayanti Shahari suitability of the affected person for Rozgar Yojana the employment; (SJSRY) Training to Wherever necessary, the acquiring Training on dairy 13 persons body shall arrange for training of development can for Dairy the affected persons, so as to be provided with enable such persons to take on the help of USEP suitable jobs; Scholarship The acquiring body shall offer scholarships and other skill development opportunities to the eligible persons from the affected families as per the criteria as may be fixed by the appropriate Government; The acquiring body shall give Shops around the preference to the affected persons Ghats may be or their groups or cooperatives in allotted to the the allotment of outsourced groups of APs in contracts, shops or other economic the form of SHGs opportunities coming up in or around the project site; and Economic The acquiring body shall give landless Opportunitie preference to willing landless labourers and s in and labourers and unemployed unemployed around the affected persons while engaging affected persons project labour in the project during the may benifitted construction phase.( NPR&R, through SJRY 2007;Ref ) Programme P a g e 160

168 Type of Unit of Entitlements as per Policy Amount to be Impact/Loss Entitlement Paid 4 Other Benefits i) Additional Assistance to Affected The project authorities shall, 500/- vulnerable persons Families their cost, arrange for annuity =Rs.98,300 per (Disabled, destitute, (196) policies that will pay a pension for months orphans, 500/- life to the vulnerable affected (It can be unmarried girls, per month persons of such amount as may be associated with abandoned women, per prescribed by the appropriate the Social persons above fifty Vulnerable Government subject to a minimum Assistance years of age; who are not (widows (22) of five hundred rupees per month. Programmes provided or can not unmarried (NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.17) e.g.- Old Age and immediately be provided girls (151) Widow Pensions with alternative livelihood, persons > Programmes as and who are not 50 years of well as Marriage otherwise covered as part Age(23)) Assistance of a family (Ref 6.4 V) Programmes of Ministry of Social- Women Welfare, Govt. of India) ii) Additional assistance Affected NA for Tribal families Family iii)who have not been Affected Shall be entitled to a rehabilitation NA provided agricultural land; family grant equivalent to seven hundred or fifty days minimum agricultural employment wages (750 MAW) or such other higher amount as may be prescribed by the appropriate Government (NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.14 ) 5 Exemptions from In case of a project involving land NA stamp duty etc. acquisition on behalf of an acquiring body, the stamp duty and other fees payable for registration of the land or house allotted to the affected families shall be borne by the acquiring body. (NPR&R, P a g e 161

169 Type of Unit of Entitlements as per Policy Amount to be Impact/Loss Entitlement Paid 6 Trees and standing crops 2007; Ref 7.6) NA Income Restoration Measures: Income Restoration Measures as per the R&R Policy: As per the R&R Policy of the project capacity-building efforts will be made for PAFs, which aim at skill up gradation through various income generation training programmes and schemes. The R&R policy has the provision of mitigating loss of income through cash compensation and capacity building for self-employment. Training Need Assessment: One of the strategies for economic sustenance of the PAPs is to help them improve their production level or to impart new skills/upgrade skills through training. The project will have to conduct training need assessment (TNA) of PAFs. For PAPs who intend to diversify their economic activity, suitable income restoration schemes will be identified on individual basis and training need would be assessed. Besides training in scheme specific skills, general entrepreneurship development will also form part of the training programme, mainly to improve the management capabilities of EP. The Training will be organized in the plan period itself. The NGO contracted for the implementation of RAP will be assigned this task. Besides, training programs organized by other government agencies will also be availed. The past experiences have shown that roughly three-fourth of the PAPs require training. It will be the responsibility of the project to ensure that PAPs receives, training in desired trade. The NGO contracted will act as a facilitator and training will be imparted either by the government agencies or a professional and competent outside agency. Inter-Agency Linkages for Income Restoration and other R&R Support For Income restoration it is important that available skills with the PAPs is identified and further upgraded. During verification survey, NGO should specifically ask about the skill possessed other than the one related to their current occupation. NGO contracted for implementation should also conduct a survey among the PAPs with options of various skills related to the resource base of the area and available market (with proper forward and backward linkages) and accordingly selected trades for training. Based on the training, NGO will identify income-generating activities for sustainable economic opportunities. NGOs in consultation with the PAPs, project staff, district administration and other stakeholders in institutional financing and marketing federations will prepare micro-plans for IR activities. P a g e 162

170 In case of creation of alternative livelihood schemes, felt needs of the target group population will be prioritized through people s participation. Further, these options will be tested for their viability against availability of skills, resource base of the area and available appropriate technology. Suitable alternative livelihood schemes will be chosen finally, where training on skill upgradation, capital assistance, and assistance in the form of backward-forward linkages can be provided for making these pursuits sustainable for the beneficiaries or the target groups. A comprehensive support system to the PAPs will ensure income security. The project will work as a facilitator to the people in the enterprise (but will not act as providers for each and every livelihood opportunity). The PAPs are required to participate in developing feasible long- term income generating schemes. The long- term options are expected to be developed during the implementation of the RAP and also supported by the government assistance. Short Term IR activities Short term IR activities mean restoring PAPs income during periods immediately before and after relocation. Such activities will focus on the following: Ensuring that adequate compensation is paid before relocation Providing short term, welfare based grants and allowances such as: Free or subsidized items Transitional allowances or grants until adequate income is generated, special allowances for vulnerable groups With consideration of PAPs skills and needs, promoting PAP access to project related employment opportunities such as: Work on relocation teams (e.g., driver, food provision, etc.) Long term IR schemes The long term IR schemes are listed below: Petty Traders Under this scheme, the available options are grocery shop, vegetable & fruit shop, stationary, cloth, tea & snacks, ready-made garments, beetle shop etc. PAPs those who are already in the trade and business are suitable for these activities. Implementing NGO will have to decide on type of shops to be established as per demand. Skill related Schemes The options available under this scheme are tailoring, carpentry, masonry, mobile repair, computer operator, beautician, motor winding, cycle/motor cycle/auto repair, driving (auto/matador/etc.), Television/Tape records/watch repairing, Pottery, Leather works, etc. PAPs those who are in such trades can undergo training for skill upgradation to supplement their annual income. Industrial P a g e 163

171 Training Institutes imparts training in such trades. Training can also be imparted through professional and competent outside agency especially hired for the purpose.the implementation of abovementioned activities requires organisation of credit camps. Extending financial credit support is an important component of IR schemes. It requires organisation of credit camps for EPs. Local government officials, NGOs and PAP representatives apart from project officials, will attend these camps. The purpose of the camps would be to allow local financial institutions to inform participants of credit options and how to avoid procedural delays. All formalities related to processing of applications for credit assistance will be completed at these camps. For these kinds of camps project staff along with NGO, will have to coordinate closely with the Lead Bank managers and other commercial banks operating in the district. Monitoring of IR Schemes The monitoring of IR schemes will be carried out along with the monitoring of other components of RAP by an outside agency contracted for the purpose. The contract will specifically provide for regular (every six months) monitoring of income restoration of PAPs. The monitoring will be carried out based on economic indicators. Vulnerable PAPs who lose their livelihood due to the project will be assisted in alternative economic rehabilitation schemes and vocational training for skill upgradation as per the requirement of suggested economic scheme. Provisions for Vulnerable Groups Distribution of project affected households is mentioned in Table2. There are 122 vulnerable households as per the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) out of 142 that may be impacted due to this project. Vulnerability of project affected households has been identified based on social and economic criteria. As per vulnerability criteria 122 HHs are socially vulnerable. Socially vulnerable households are woman headed households, Schedule Castes. Table : Vulnerability Status of PAFs S. No. Vulnerability Number Percentage 1 WHH SC BPL Total Source: Primary survey, 2012 P a g e 164

172 Impact Mitigation Strategy/Plan Income restoration Measures for income restoration are one of the most crucial and vital components of resettlement planning and implementation. They are integrated with the development project involving involuntary resettlements. The World Bank policy states that the loss of the livelihoods in the projects with involuntary resettlement can severely affect people especially those from the vulnerable groups and other disadvantaged section of the society leading to impoverishment. Women Involvement in Development Process Participation of women has been envisaged specifically in the following areas: In the pre-planning and planning stages, participation from women in the consultation process is a must. The NGOs will make sure that at least 33%* of project affected women are adequately consulted in all stages of the project cycle. Field team of the NGO shall include at least-one women investigator/facilitator. Compensation for land and assets lost being same for all the affected or displaced families, women headed households shall be provided adequate attention and counseling by the NGO during RAP implementation. *This proposal is as for recommendations of the women reservation bill. It is imperative that the NGRBA ensures that the women are consulted and invited to participate in group-based activities, to gain access and control over the resource as a part of the RAP The NGOs should make sure that women are actually taking part in LA&R&R processes such as issuance of identity cards, opening accounts in the bank, receiving compensation amounts through cheque in their name or not, etc. This will further widen the perspective of participation by the women in the project implementation. Under the entitlement framework there are a number of provisions kept for compensation and assistances towards the losses incurred upon the impacted women headed households by the project. The assistances to be provided to women as a vulnerable group should create alternative livelihood for them to ensure their sustainable socio-economic upliftment. The implementing agencies should provide trainings for upgrading the skill in the alternative livelihoods and assist throughout till the beneficiaries start up with production and business. P a g e 165

173 Women's participation should be initiated through Self-Help Group formation in each of the wards affected by the project. These groups should then be linked to special development schemes of the Government, like SGSY. Women's participation should be ensured for monitoring and evaluation activities. Monitoring of project inputs concerning benefit to women should invite their participation that will make the process more transparent to them. Women should be encouraged to evaluate the project outputs from their point of view and their useful suggestions should be noted for taking necessary actions for further modifications in the project creating better and congenial situation for increasing participation from women. Involvement of Women in Construction Activities The labour force required for the construction activities will be mostly of high-skill nature since a lot of machine work will be involved in the construction of the project. But there will be requirement of unskilled labour where women may likely to involve in such work. Women as family members of the skilled and semi-skilled labourers will also stay in the construction camps and will be indirectly involved during the construction phase. The families of labourer will include their children also. The construction contractors are expected to bring along their labour force. Thus, in most cases the labourers, both male and female, will be migratory labourers. But, the involvement of local labour force, especially for unskilled activities cannot be fully ruled out. There will be involvement of local women also in the local labour force. Foreseeing the involvement of women both directly and indirectly in the construction activities, certain measures are required to be token towards welfare and well-being of women and children in-particular during the construction phase. Measures for Income Restoration and up-liftment of Vulnerable People The entitlement matrix has evolved a number of measures towards resettlement and rehabilitation of vulnerable families including women headed households, SC/ST below poverty line and the poor getting affected by its projects. The considerations therein have been compiled as follows: All the affected families falling under the vulnerable category including the poor will be assisted to uplift their economic status irrespective of their ownership status. Whether they possess or do not possess legal title to the lands/assets, whether they are tenants or encroachers or squatters, they will be assisted in restoring their livelihoods as per the entitlement matrix. The Environment and Social Management Unit proposed as part of the project are required to maintain the social support network for women headed households as far as possible so that they P a g e 166

174 remain closer to their locations and /or provide special services at the new sites. Special assistance would consist of the following: Allowing the PAPs for site selection Relocating them near the present site wherever possible Providing assistance with dismantling salvageable materials from their original home Providing them priority for access to all other mitigation and development assistance Monitoring their nutritional and health status The entitlement matrix for the vulnerable people are given below: Additional Assistance to Affected The project authorities shall, 500/- vulnerable persons Families their cost, arrange for annuity =Rs.98,300 per (Disabled, destitute, (196) policies that will pay a pension for months orphans, 500/- life to the vulnerable affected (It can be unmarried girls, per month persons of such amount as may be associated with abandoned women, per prescribed by the appropriate the Social persons above fifty Vulnerable Government subject to a minimum Assistance years of age; who are not (widows (22) of five hundred rupees per month. Programmes provided or can not unmarried (NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.17) e.g.- Old Age and immediately be provided girls (151) Widow Pensions with alternative livelihood, persons > Programmes as and who are not 50 years of well as Marriage otherwise covered as part Age(23)) Assistance of a family (Ref 6.4 V) Programmes of Ministry of Social- Women Welfare, Govt. of India) Additional assistance for Affected NA Tribal families Family Who have not been Affected Shall be entitled to a rehabilitation NA provided agricultural land; family grant equivalent to seven hundred or fifty days minimum agricultural employment wages (750 MAW) or such other higher amount as may be prescribed by the appropriate Government (NPR&R, 2007;Ref 7.14 ) P a g e 167

175 Annexure 1.5 (Drawings for Safety Measures) P a g e 168

176 Evacuation route from each Ghat sections General Access route to Ghat sections P a g e 169

177 Evacuation route from each Ghat sections General Access route to Ghat sections P a g e 170