Country reports Summary of Environmental Issues

Transcription

1 WORLD BANK - SUPPORT TO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE DRINA RIVER BASIN Mouth of Lim River into the Drina River, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovia Country reports Summary of Environmental Issues Natasa Marinkovic, April 2012 Belgrade, 25/01/2016 1

2 Basin assessment Data collection Protected areas (category of protection) Riperian ecosystems: flood plains, alluvial forest, peat meadow, reed bed (water exchanges) Air quality (acidifying gases, particulate matter) Water quality (pollution, floating wastes) Fish farming (pollution, invasive fishes) Solid wastes (Landfills, management) Environmental flow Flora (endemic, endangered, threatened, invasive species) Fauna: fishes, mammals, birds, amphibians, benthos (endemic, endangered, threatened, invasive species) Ecologic network: Emerald and national (connection) 2

3 Biodiversity Montenegro Bosnia & Herzegovina Serbia Habitats Flora Fauna Mountains scenery, canyons mountains stream rivers Around 96 species per 10x10m Mountain forests dominate Canyons, meandering slow rivers, with flood plains Large variety of natural habitats and broad range of altitude large variety of flora and fauna Mixed forest and alluvial forest dominate Wetland flora in the lower course of the Drina 50 fish species Upper region: Fish Salmonids dominate (Danube Salmon, Greyling and Brown Trout) Lower Drina: lowland/wetland species (Carp, Catfish, Mud Minnow) 35 species of amphibians and reptiles 230 species of birds in the basin, migratory corridors 172 birds in Durmitor Water birds in the middle and lower Drina (Tern) Charismatic mammal species (Brown bear, wolf, chamois) 30 species of bats, corridor for bat migration Most important center of biodiversity in Europe

4 Biodiversity - Fish ecosystem High Ecological status Good Ecological status Moderate Ecological status Zvornik Danube Salmon spawning sites HPP Bajina Basta Visegrad Kokin Bro Piva Potpec Uvac Source: Biodiv 4

5 Biodiversity Protected areas 1,200 km 2 of PAs / 19,680 km 2 (6%) 5

6 Biodiversity Protected areas and Emerald network Serbia BiH Montenegro Protected areas 7 PAs 3 PAs 3 PAs Emerald Network nominated in % of the basin in Serbia (405 km 2 ) 3 % of the basin in RS (184 km 2 protected) Declaration of Drina Cross-border Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO program) and NP in progress (628 km 2 ) 7.3% of the basin in MNE (613 km 2 protected) Declaration of Komivi and Piva RP in progress (515 km 2 planned) 8 candidate sites 4 candidate sites 14 candidate sites Durmitor National park, Tara Gorges, Montenegro 6

7 Biodiversity Main pressures Drought Tributaries without water of fish population of the temperature Forest fires and destruction of habitats Conversion of land use of natural habitat; of water pollution Solid waste and industrial/urban waste water of pollution, disturbance of riparian and aquatic ecosystem Dams with reservoir of endemic ecosystems, Stop the fish migration, spawning areas Increase of tourism of natural habitat; of pollution; of species disturbance Wetland, alluvial area could be threatened by a non adapted water management 7

8 Air quality Serbia BiH Montenegro Outside influence of industrial pollution (Obrovonac, Novai Sad,..) Outside influence of big cities (Belgrade) Risk of degradation (SO2 and PM10) from Obronovac TPP Lack of Greenhouse gas measurements Globally good quality Main source of pollution (SO2 emission, fly ash) in the lower part of the Basin: thermal coal power plants and mining industries Significant decrease of ozone precursors and greenhouse gas after war Locally, high elevation of particulate matters and of SO2 emission around Pljevlja TPP No acidification of water bodies Not considered as a key driver in the basin 8

9 Water Quality - Main sources of pollution Water endangering activities Source: REC

10 Water quality after 1995 Rivers Classification Main pressures Cehotina (MNE) Lim (MNE) Tara (MNE) Piva (MNE) Upper Drina ( BajinaBasta) (BiH/Serbia) Lower Drina (BiH/Serbia) Uvac (Serbia) Jadar (Serbia) Upstream Pljevlja: A1,S, K1 (I) Downstream Pljevlja: A2, C, K2 (II) Upstream Berane: A1,S, K1 (I) Downstream Berane: A2, C, K2 (II) A1,S, K1 (I) A2, C, K2 (II) Globally : A1,S, K1 (I) Piva Lake: A2, C, K2 (II) Class I Class I to II, class II in reservoirs Class I to II Class II to III Thermal power plant, coalmine, Lead and zinc mine (Gradac and Pljevla industries) Agro-industrial activities Cellulose and paper industry Deposition sites Waste deposits Industrial wastewater Municipality dumpsite of Gorazde Agricultural activities Municipal and industrial wastewater Coal, bauxite, zinc mining activities Mercury concentration (Industry activities) 10

11 Water quality Significant key driver for the Basin Pressures: Industrial waste deposit Municipal solid waste wild dumpsite Urban and industry non treated waste water Agricultural runoff Challenges: Increasing of the quantity of treatment of the waste water (house and industry) Closing of the wild dumpsites and industrial deposits near rivers Harmonization of the classification for the 3 countries (critical values and indicators) Harmonization of monitoring program (network, parameters, time step) Development of a single data base in the basin

12 Solid wastes Serbia BiH Montenegro 12 municipal landfills in cities not satisfy sanitary conditions Waste management strategy Priority: New landfills, improvement of existing landfills 1 Landfill in Bijeljina in operation Industrial deposits not adapted Waste management Strategy in RS in preparation Priority: 1 landfill in Zvornik in construction Bijeljina deposits Industrial deposits not adapted Industrial waste management and clean up project, World Bank, Preparation and implementation of the National and local waste management plan, EPTISA National Waste Management Plan Priority: Mine tailings deposal in Gradac Coal ash facility in Pljevlja

13 Solid wastes Significant key driver for the Basin Significant key driver for the Basin Impacts Floating wastes - Significant cost for HPPs (obligation to remove and disposal the floating wastes) - Impact on aquatic ecosystems Run-off from dumpsites - Surface and groundwater pollution Visegrad reservoir, 2012, Drina Challenges Education in school Improvement of collection, sorting and recycling (new treatment facility) Shut down and clean up dumpsites near rivers Construction of sanitary landfills Cooperation between the 3 countries

14 Waste water Significant key driver for the Basin Only 1 Waste water treatment plant in the Basin (Mojkovac in Montenegro) Improvement works in progress to treat waste water of Gorazde heavy metal industry in BiH Project of WWT in the Municipality of Mali Zvornik in Serbia Challenges Construction of new WWTP Harmonization between the 3 countries and the riparian countries Strengthening of obligations and controls of industrial facilities

15 Fish farming Serbia BiH Montenegro No data at the scale of the basin 5 fish farming in RS 1 fish farming in FBiH 870 tons in fish farming 250 tons in 2011 Strategy? Not a priority of development in the basin Strategy report will be provided Pressures: Trade off between economy and water quality Introduction of invasive species: ex of the Rainbow trout Downstream pollution due to fertilizers and food leads Nutrient pollution Challenges: Modernization of fish farms: mechanical filters, nutriment precipitators Avoiding fish farm in natural spawning areas

16 Environmental flow Serbia BiH Montenegro Water law 2010 No specific methodology of estimation in Law Usually applied: 10% of the average discharge Key driver for aquatic ecosystem FBiH: Water Law 2006 Methodology in bylaw 2013 Based on average of minimal discharge and average monthly discharge values RS: Water Law 2012 Methodology base on the Q95% Water law 2007 Methodology in bylaw 2015 Will be adopted late January 2016 Based on average of minimal discharge value and average monthly discharge values For WEAP: Will be applied for Drina and main tributaries (respective country methodology) 16

17 Summary of preliminary main proposals for environment in the Drina Basin (to be discussed) Education to increase the sorting of waste Improvement of the collection of waste and of the recycling facilities Build new sanitary landfills away from rivers and flood plains, shut down in priority illegal dumpsites near rivers Improvement sanitary conditions of industrial deposit sites Increase the waste water treatment Strengthening of the protection of natural spawning areas of endemic fishes Improve the groundwater protection Mitigation of the water level fluctuations due to HPP operation (in normal hydrological conditions) Integration of environmental issue in flood protection Education to show the public benefits from protected areas Improvement of the biodiversity and water quality monitoring network Water storage to prevent effect of drought period for ecosystems 17

18 Summary of preliminary main proposals for environment in the Drina Basin (to be discussed) Improvement of the coordination and harmonization between the 3 countries regarding: The water quality classification and monitoring The biodiversity monitoring and protection Creation of a unique data base for the basin The solid waste and waste water management The environmental flow methodology and implementation The HPP operations ( flood protection) 18

19 WORLD BANK - SUPPORT TO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE DRINA RIVER BASIN Mouth of River Čeotina into the Drina at Foča, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovia Thank you for your attention! Julian Nitzsche, Jully

20 Short term follow-up Update, complete IWRM reports with new data and comments Assist to develop scenarios in a sustainable way: Green growth scenario Climate change Socio-Economic growth Water quality and environment protection Energy development Flood protection 20

21 Environmental flow Ex of Order of Magnitude with GEP methodology GEP method integrates warm/cold period and spawning period Q95 EF Q80: A Cold - October to February B - Warm, spawning - March to September DRINA Q95 (m 3 /s) Q80 (m 3 /s) EF (m 3 /s) October to February EF (m 3 /s) March to September Piva Tara Drina - Upper Drina - Middle Drina - Lower

22 Biodiversity - Fish ecosystem Rivers Status Comments Tara High ecological Piva - Upstream High ecological Same Piva - Downstream Lim - Upstream Upper Drina Middle Drina Lower Drina Dam Reservoirs Moderate ecological High ecological High ecological Good ecological Good ecological Moderate ecological No influence of dams, of industry and cities Fast flowing, cold and rich oxygen Dominated by Salmonid (Danube Salmon, Grayling, Brown Trout) and Cyprinid in great number (Nase, Barbel, Minnow) Influence of Piva reservoir (sedimentation, calm waters) No influence of dams, fast flowing water, cold and rich in oxygen - Stone and gravel bottom No influence of dams, good water quality Flowing stream, cold water, rich oxygen Domminated by Salmonids, Cyprinid in great number Already affected by dams and industrial activities Moderate flowing, rich oxygen Salmonids present, Brown trout in competition with Rainbow Trout Already affected by dams and industrial activities Calm flowing, lowland species (Carp, Barbel) and occasionally Danube Salmon and Grayling Sedimentation, calm waters, floating wastes 22

23 Water quality - Classification Serbia BiH Montenegro Serbian Water quality index Index / Very bad to Excellent Nine physico-chimico elements and 1 microbilogocal element Surface water classes Class I to V (Excellent to poor) based on critical values on hazardous substances (physicochimico and microbiological) FBiH: Since 2014, classification harmonized with EU Directives (microbiological and physico-chimico elements) RS: Class I to V based on critical values on hazardous substances (physicochimico and microbiological). Not totally harmonized with the EU directives Classes according to permissible values of physico-chimico and biological elements. - A, A1, A2, A3: water that can be used for drinking and food production - S, W, C: Water for fish and shell production - K1, K2: Bathing waters Class I: A1,, K1 Class II: A2, K2, C Class III: A3