Renewable Technologies

Transcription

1 Renewable Technologies 1

2 Advanced Energy Project Any technologies, products, activities or management practices or strategies that facilitate the generation or use of electricity and that reduce or support the reduction of energy consumption or support the production of clean, renewable energy for industrial, distribution, commercial, institutional, governmental, research, not-for-profit, or residential energy users including but not limited to advanced energy resources and renewable energy resources. 2

3 Advanced Energy Resource Modification or replacement of any property, process, device, structure or equipment that increases the generation output of an electric generating facility to the extent such efficiency is achieved without additional carbon dioxide emissions by that facility Distributed generation system consisting of customer cogeneration of electricity and thermal output simultaneously Clean coal technology that includes a carbon-based product that is chemically altered before combustion to demonstrate a reduction in emissions (nitrous oxide, mercury, arsenic, chlorine, sulfur dioxide or sulfur trioxide or clean coal technology that includes the design capability to control or prevent the emission of CO2 3

4 Advanced Energy Resource Advanced nuclear energy technology Fuel cell Advanced solid waste or construction and demolition debris conversion technology (advanced stoker, advanced fluidized bed gasification) that results in measurable greenhouse gas reductions Demand-side management and energy efficiency improvement Renewable energy resource 4

5 Distributed Generation Any customer owned generating facility capable of supplying energy to the grid. Typical distributed generation systems include: Combined heat and power Rooftop solar Small scale wind Fuel cells 5

6 Qualified renewable sources Geothermal Hydro Solar Wind Biomass Storage Fuel derived from solid waste Abandoned coalmine methane Combined heat and power Waste energy recovery 6

7 Geothermal Heat from the earth is recovered as steam or hot water to generate electricity Geothermal reservoirs are typically deep underground, but they can make their way to surface in form of volcanoes, hot springs, geysers. 7

8 Uses Direct use/heating systems pipe the water from reservoirs near the surface direct into buildings for heat. Electricity generation plants require very high water temperatures and constructed near reservoir. U.S. has more geothermal electricity than any other country (52 power plants), with less than.5% of electricity produced. Emissions low, <1% of CO2 for fossil, scrubbers for hydrogen sulfide. Heat pumps use water near the surface to heat and cool buildings. Temperature 10 feet below the ground stays constant (50-60*F), therefore cooler than air in summer and warmer than air in winter. Transfer heat from ground to buildings in winter and reverse the process in summer. Most energy efficient and environmentally clean system for temperature control. 8

9 Hydropower 6% of total U.S. electricity production 67% of renewables in US in 2008 Amount of energy depends on flow/fall Harness mechanical energy from the moving water to turn a turbine Run-of-river uses current force Storage system accumulates water and then releases 9

10 Non-polluting (air or water) However, does cause a change in environment Water temperature Water flow Fish migration/population Plant and animal life disrupted, river/on land Reservoirs may affect homes (relocation), natural areas, agricultural land and archeological sites Methane may accumulate 10

11 Tidal Power Generate on in-coming and out-going tides Barrage dam across an inlet Fence vertical axis turbines mounted on fence, used in areas such as channels Turbines place turbines in the water wherever there is a strong tidal flow 11

12 Change in tidal level in basin Increase in suspension matter in the water Potential affect on plants and animals Navigation Recreation Two commercial (France/Canada) and one experimental (Russia) 12

13 Wave Power A lot of potential for energy production Bend waves into narrow channel, increasing power and size and use to spin turbines Ocean Thermal Use the temperature difference from surface and deep water to produce electricity Pumping water is expensive and challenging so not efficient currently Transport electricity to land 13

14 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Change sunlight directly in electricity Often in remote locations not connected to grid Lighted road signs Semiconductors from crystalline alloys Photons absorbed, electrons dislodged from materials atoms causing imbalance and results in voltage Concentrating Solar Power Plants Heat from sun heats a fluid which produces steam to power generator 10 operating plants in US Collect solar energy and convert to heat 14

15 Installed quickly Any size Minimal environmental impact No water usage No emissions However, Amount of sun varies (location, time-of-day, time of year, weather, cloud cover) Requires large surface area/land mass 15

16 Types of Solar Thermal Plants Parabolic Trough Reflector that focuses solar rays on receiver pipe Shape can intensify the sun concentration Moves with sun s rays Heat transfer fluid circulates, heats and enters a heat exchanger to generate steam to feed turbine 16

17 Solar Dish Also moves with sun Also intensifies the concentration Converts the heat to mechanical power (compress fluid when cold, heating fluid and expanding fluid through a turbine). 17

18 Solar Power Tower Heliostats or mirrors reflect sun onto a tower mounted receiver Minimizes energy losses with a single receiver Should be large for economical reasons 18

19 No pollution (air or water), however, Toxic materials in manufacturing process Land mass Ecosystem impacts Some hazardous heat transfer fluids that require proper disposal Some water requirements 19

20 Wind Use of blades to collect wind s kinetic energy Wind causes blades to turn Blades drive shaft to electric generator 1.3% of U.S. electric generation in 2008 (52 billion kwh) Denmark generates 20% of its electricity from wind Installations may be small (single home or business,<100 kilowatts) or large wind farms connected to the grid 20

21 Horizontal-axis wind machines Tall and wide to capture more wind Propeller-like blades Vertical-axis wind machines Taller than wide Blades go from top to bottom Egg-beater-like blades 21

22 No pollution, however Engineering challenges Wind speed variations geographically Wind speed variations seasonally Wind speed variations throughout the time of day Avian impacts Aesthetic impacts Health impact 22

23 Biomass Energy from Plants and Animals Organic material Photosynthesis Stored energy Renewable can grow more and waste always produced Chemical energy released as heat 23

24 Biomass fuels 4% of energy Wood and wood waste 2% Heating and cooking in homes Steam and electricity by electric power producers and commercial businesses Offset energy costs Avoidance of waste disposal Waste-to-energy (municipal solid waste) Food scraps, lawn waste, trash, Reduce garbage/landfill needs 90 plants in US, providing electricity 24

25 Biogas Landfill organic waste produces methane New law require collection of gas as a pollution and safety measure Some burn it off Or capture as an energy source Sell as commercial fuel Generate steam and electricity 400 U.S. landfill gas energy projects Animal Waste Digesters collect manure, dirt and waste Methane gas can be separated from liquid/solid waste 25

26 Bio-energy use factors Use of local or waste resource generated on site Distance to fuel resource Transportation costs and infrastructure Collection, storage and handling systems Reliability of supply Fuel testing in power plant applications 26

27 Bio-energy use drivers Fuel prices Technology costs Waste disposal costs Location of resource: on farm or industry site State and federal incentives (mandates, green pricing, tax credits, funding, loans) Transmission access: layers include utility, RTO, state, federal policies Emissions policies and development of credit trading markets 27

28 Benefits of bio-energy sources in distributed energy Local resource Increases diversity of supply Promotes local and rural economic development Recycling of wastes Extends life of landfills Air emissions benefits Reduces climate change impacts 28

29 Ethanol Nearly all gasoline in U.S. contains some ethanol Federal mandate for renewable fuel standard increasing biofuel use through 2022 Ethanol and gasoline fuel mixtures burn cleaner and have higher octane However, Higher evaporative emissions Harmful ground-level ozone and smog Therefore requires extra processing Does form CO2 but the plant growth (corn and sugarcane) may offset the CO2 emissions 29

30 Generation Decisions 30

31 Renewables Why? Portfolio diversity Fuel cost -Non-existent, all cost in construction and operations -Shielded from fuel cost volatility and unpredictability Abundance Domestic supply Political support Environmental impacts 31

32 What s Driving Fuel Source Concerns Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) Originally Clear Skies legislation, then became proposed Interstate Air Quality Rule before morphing into CAIR Includes sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) programs Referred to as soot and smog rule Includes use of emission allowances Phase I of NOx program begins in 2009, with Phase II beginning in 2015; 2 parts to NOx program --- seasonal and annual Phase I of SO2 program begins in 2010, Phase II starts in 2015 Ohio EPA in process of finalizing rules for these programs (OAC ) SO2 and annual NOx programs designed to address particulates ( soot ) seasonal NOx program intended to reduce groundlevel ozone (smog) 32

33 What s Driving Fuel Source Concerns Clean Air Mercury Rule (CAMR) Intended to reduce mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants Ohio EPA has finalized rules to implement CAMR (OAC ) still to be formally accepted by US EPA Phase I begins in 2010, with Phase II beginning in 2018 US EPA believes that compliance with CAIR will result in compliance with Phase I of CAMR due to co-benefits Estimated 48 tons emitted annually by US coal-fired power plants currently goal of 38 tons during Phase I, and 15 tons per year beginning in 2018 Mercury cap for Ohio is approximately 2.05 tons per year during Phase I and 0.8 tons per year in Phase II 33

34 What s Driving Fuel Source Concerns Carbon Dioxide (CO2) No regulations currently for CO2 Climate change/global warming Some momentum to address CO2, but will we see requirements in near future? Reduction options could include efficiency, fuel switches, carbon capture and storage, etc. Ongoing research in this area 34

35 Annual electricity sales by sector, (billion kilowatthours) Electricity generation capacity additions by fuel type (gigawatts) 35

36 Renewables Renewable electricity generation by energy source, (billion kwh) Grid-connected electricity generation from renewable energy sources, (billion kwh) 36

37 U.S. Generating Resource Mix U.S. Electricity Generation by Energy Source, 2006 Wind Natural Gas Nuclear Other Petroleum Renewables Hydroelectric Coal MSW/Landfill Gas Wood Waste Geothermal Solar Coal 49% Nuclear 19% Natural Gas 20% Renewables 9% 37

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39 U.S. Renewable Resources 39

40 U.S. Renewable Resources 40

41 U.S. Renewable Resources 41

42 U.S. Renewable Resources 42

43 U.S. Renewable Resources 43

44 U.S. Renewable Resources 44

45 What are states doing? 45

46 Renewable Portfolio Standard Policies.. / February states,+ Washington DC and 2 territories,have Renewable Portfolio Standards (8 states and 2 territories have renewable portfolio goals). 46

47 Other regulatory tools Tax Policies/Exemptions or Credits Sales Production Personal income Property Loan funds/grants Low interest or funded by government Utility loans/rebates Building Requirements 47

48 Sources and structures National and regional underwriters Insurance companies Banks Corporations Traditional bond Direct loan Lease Performance based contract Turnkey Off balance sheet 48

49 Regulatory treatment Planning life cycle/least cost Externalities Current cost and performance information Rate setting Feed-in tariffs Renewable Energy Credits 49

50 Ohio 50

51 Ohio s Electric Generation Resource Mix 51

52 Ohio s Efforts Support essential research, development and deployment of advanced energy sources through competitive grants, and regulatory incentives and improved agency coordination; Lowering the competitive burden of energy cost and reliability on all Ohio businesses; Providing financial incentives for businesses to adopt new energy management and distributed generation technologies, such as combined heat and power units, micro-turbines, reciprocating engine turbines and waste-to-power technologies. 52

53 PUCO Response to The Energy Policy Act of 2006 On December 14, 2005, the Commission opened an investigation ( EL-COI) in the matter of a review of Congress s amendments to the Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act of 1978 (PURPA) in the new Federal Energy Policy Act 2005 (EPACT05) regarding Net metering Smart metering and demand response Stand-by power for cogeneration and power production Interconnection 53

54 PUCO Response to The Energy Policy Act of 2006 Ohio s electric industry restructuring law supports diversity in electric supply, innovation and economic development. The law also encourages innovation and market access for cost-effective supply and demand-side retail electric service. 54

55 Ohio s interconnection rules are designed to Standardize interconnection to reduce costs of manufacturing distributed generation equipment (no special equipment just for Ohio) Increase use of renewable energy Support net metering units to be interconnected primarily for the customer s own use Include new equipment certification and installation under Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1547 Standards Use a customized multi-level approach to match unit size and circuit location to streamline processing of customer interconnection requests 55

56 Ohio s interconnection rules do not Prohibit a customer from selling excess energy into Ohio s competitive retail market through a PUCO-certified retail supplier. Prohibit a customer from selling excess energy into the Midwest ISO/PJM wholesale markets. Prohibit non-certified equipment from being interconnected if it meets feasibility, system impact, and facilities tests. Require a customer generator already interconnected and operating to go through the interconnection process again. 56

57 Ohio Alternative Energy Portfolio Standard 57

58 S.B % (of total kwh) by 2025 Half may be from advanced energy resources At least half from renewable,.5% solar At least half of renewable through facilities located in the state, remainder deliverable Compliance payments/forfeitures Cost of compliance not to exceed three percent of otherwise acquired 58

59 When I heated my home with oil, I used an average of eight hundred gallons a year. I have found that I can keep comfortably warm for an entire winter with slightly over half that quantity of beer. -Dave Barry 59

60 Ohio Biomass Program Objectives Promote the environmental and economic benefits of biomass energy; Promote biomass energy as a green power option in the restructured electric market; Encourage investments in biomass energy technologies; and Build coalitions of stakeholders interested in promoting biomass as a renewable energy. 60

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62 Program Services The Ohio Biomass Energy Program provides information, resource referrals, business connections, and periodic funding assistance to support the development and use of biomass energy resources in Ohio. 62

63 Distribution of Wood Manufacturers and Use of Industrial Wood Residues in Ohio 63

64 Methane Recovery Task Force Biomass Task Force formed in April 2002 Explore and support development of clean distributed generation systems in Ohio, using anaerobic digestion processes to create methane from livestock waste that can be used as a gas fuel or converted to electricity Serve as a point of entry for the industry to receive technical, permitting and regulatory assistance, financing options for potential projects Promote the energy and environmental benefits (manure management, reduce odors, destruction of harmful pathogens) 64

65 Landfill Gas-to-Energy The Ohio Biomass Energy Program serves as an Ally of the U.S. EPA Landfill Methane Outreach Program to promote landfill energy projects in Ohio. An excellent use of a closed landfill as a golf course in Columbus where they also generate about 5 MW of electricity by using landfill methane. 65

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68 Wind considerations Geology and seismology Hydrology and wind Regional electric power system impact Social Impacts Ecological Impacts Radio or TV reception interference Decommissioning 68

69 Wind social and ecological data health and safety concerns Demographic Water Ice throw Blade shear Shadow flicker 69

70 Noise Describe the construction noise levels expected at the nearest property boundary. Dynamiting activities Operation of earth moving equipment Driving of piles Erection of structures Truck traffic Installation of equipment Evaluate operational noise levels expected at the nearest property boundary, under both day and night time conditions through use of generally-accepted computer modeling software or similar methodology, including consideration of broadband, tonal, and low-frequency noise levels Indicate location of any noise-sensitive areas within one mile Describe equipment and procedures to mitigate the effects of noise emissions from the proposed facility during construction and operation 70

71 Describe proposed locations for wind turbine structures from property lines and habitable, residential structures, consistent with no less than the following minimum requirements: The distance from a wind turbine base to the property line of the wind farm property shall be at least one and one-tenth times the total height of the turbine structure as measured from its base to the tip of its highest blade. The wind turbine shall be at least seven hundred fifty feet in horizontal distance from the tip of the turbine s nearest blade at ninety degrees to the exterior of the nearest, habitable, residential structure, if any, located on adjacent property at the time of the certification application. Minimum setbacks may be waived in the event that all owners of property adjacent to the turbine agree to such waiver, pursuant to rule. 71

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73 Wind challenges remain Public opposition in some areas is organizing (aesthetics, noise, property values) Turbine availability (high current global demand for turbines) Dispatching considerations Cost increases Potential avian/bat impacts Interconnection issues Regulatory uncertainty (i.e., life of PTC, national RPS, etc.) 73

74 Issues for consideration How to define a wind farm when determining jurisdiction? What, if any, pre and post-construction studies will be required to identify potential bird and bat impacts? What, if any, impact will wind turbines have on the reliability of the electric grid? What regulatory coordination will be required if/when applicants target offshore development? What unique issues would be raised by offshore projects? Transportation / equipment delivery Air Transportation Authorities 74

75 Thank you 75