SADC Regional Policy Framework on Air Pollution (Lusaka Agreement 2008) and Eastern Africa. (Nairobi Agreement 2008)

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1 SADC Regional Policy Framework on Air Pollution (Lusaka Agreement 2008) and Eastern Africa Regional Framework Agreement on Air Pollution (Nairobi Agreement 2008) Prof Sara Feresu, APINA Secretariat, Institute of Environmental Studies University of Zimbabwe Harare, Zimbabwe West and Central Africa Sub-Regional Workshop Hotel Tiama, Abidjan COTE D IVOIRE

2 What is APINA? The Air Pollution Information Network for Africa (APINA) is a network of policy makers, scientists, NGOs, industry and other stakeholders interested in air pollution issues formed in 1997 APINA is a component of the Regional Air Pollution in Developing Countries (RAPIDC) Programme that is operating in South Asia and Southern Africa with technical input from the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) and other Swedish Institutions and funded by Sida Since its formation APINA has been the driver of a regional air pollution policy process within SADC

3 Design of APINA APINA has been developed to address air pollution issues in Africa on lines similar to those of other regional bodies such as the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe-Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution (UNECE- LRTAP) It actually has strong links to the UNECE- LRTAP Convention and other regional networks around the world as a partner of the Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum

4 Design of APINA (cont) It adopts and adapts the methods used by such Conventions nti ns to produce regionally specific information n for the policy processes in Africa Thus APINA is a Science to Policy Network where findings from scientific investigations are translated into information relevant to development of national and regional policies

5 Purpose of APINA The purpose of APINA is: to fill gaps in knowledge on air pollution issues in Africa and ensure that currently available information and concerns are articulated to policy makers and the regional policy process is promoted

6 How has APINA achieved this purpose? Using a two pronged approach: 1. Generating and collecting science information for policy formulation 2. Enhancing the national and regional policy 2. Enhancing the national and regional policy processes

7 Generating and collecting science information for policy formulation APINA carries out activities on all aspects of the air pollution policy cycle including: Emission inventories Atmospheric transfer modelling Deposition Monitoring Impacts (health, crops, ecosystems, corrosion) Rapid urban and integrated assessment Urban Air Quality Management (AQM) Decision i making support information

8 Enhancing the national and regional policy process Regional trans-boundary air pollution issues Common and shared urban air pollution Common and shared urban air pollution issues

9 Main causes of air b i ti pollution in Africa -urbanization, -motorization -economic activity -use of wood and charcoal for energy -open burning including vegetation ti fires and waste burning

10 MAJOR SOURCES Pictures :various sources 10

11 Major Air Pollutants t of Concern Emitted Particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ) Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) Nitrogen oxides (NO X ) Ammonia (NH 3 ) Ozone (O 3 ) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Metals Carbon monoxide

12 Impact of Pollutant t Air Emissions i Waste Burning Open Cooking Traffic Forest Fires Acidification Carbon b emissions Household Urban Peri -urban Regional Global

13 Regional trans-boundary air pollution issues Three APINA regional policy dialogues have been held within SADC context to promote development of regional protocols on air pollution First policy dialogue held in Harare in 1998 and convened in partnership with SADC Environment and Land Management Sector (ELMS) Second policy dialogue held in Maputo in included other southern Africa scientific initiatives such as the science initiative SAFARI 2000 and the Southern African Fire Network Third dialogue held in Lusaka in 2008 in partnership with g p p UNEP and SADC

14 Common and shared urban air pollution issues This is done through the Better Air Quality (BAQ) Dialogues APINA together with the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) and World Health Organization Africa Office introduced the Better Air Quality in African Cities process for urban air pollution issues in 2004 The first BAQ was held in Johannesburg in 2004 and attended by 42 participants from 14 countries that included southern, western, eastern and northern African countries and representatives of the UNEP Regional Office for Africa, Africa Development Bank and WHO Africa Regional Office

15 Common and shared urban air pollution issues The resolutions of BAQ 2004 were that APINA could contribute to facilitating the process of a strategic approach to Air Quality Management (AQM) in Africa by: Collaborating with existing AQM initiatives Collaborating C b with International Agencies on AQM Strengthening its work with national and local government agencies Building on existing knowledge Assisting the provision of for a for dialogue, training and networking on AQM

16 Common and shared urban air pollution issues Another resolution of BAQ 2004 was that: APINA could strengthen the AQM community in Africa by assisting in organizing an annual workshop on Better Air Quality in African Cities to provide a forum to bring together all stakeholders and other AQM initiatives This should be done in collaboration with other initiatives and agencies

17 Common and shared urban air pollution issues BAQ 2004 drew up a Table of Potential ti Partners in developing a strategic approach to AQM and their possible roles APINA was tasked with approaching these potential partners who included: -Global initiatives (e.g. Partnership for Clean Fuel and Vehicles, Clean Air Initiative for Africa) -Continental/Regional (e.g. NEPAD and AFRICACLEAN)

18 Common and shared urban air pollution issues APINA was tasked with approaching these potential partners who included (contn): Agencies (e.g. UNEP, World Bank, WHO Afro, Africa Development Bank, International Atomic Energy Agency, etc) Bl Bilateral l (e.g. SEI, Sida, CIDA, Danida, DFID, D GTZ etc) Regional Economic Communities (e g ECOWAS Regional Economic Communities (e.g. ECOWAS, SADC, ECOEAS, COMESA)

19 Common and shared urban air pollution issues APINA approached and continues to approach APINA approached and continues to approach these potential partners hence the formation of the partnership that has been organizing these BAQ Workshops since 2006

20 Common and shared urban air pollution issues The second Better Air Quality in Sub-Sahara African Cities 2006 (BAQ-SSA 2006) was held in Nairobi organized in partnership with SEI, UNEP, the World Bank, the United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA), IAEA and Sida Attended by representatives of all the 49 sub- Saharan countries Workshop included a training session on air quality management, policy session and ministerial session Ministerial Session attended by 30 Ministers

21 Common and shared urban air pollution issues The Ministers i identified d issues of common interest t on urban air quality issues in the region for which they wanted targets and timeframes defined as a basis for a regional agreement These include: Air pollution from transportation Industry and mining Waste management Open p burning Indoor air pollution Other focus areas include air quality monitoring and public outreach

22 A comprehensive approach to the development of a regional policy process The third APINA regional policy dialogue jointly convened with UNEP,SADC, GAP Forum, SEI and Sida addressed both regional air pollution issues and issues raised by the Ministers at the BAQ-SSA 2008 Its aim was to develop a regional framework on air pollution issues and consisted of a Policy and Ministerial Session Attended by representatives of all 14 SADC countries Also attended by representatives of many international organizations as sources for Good Practice to incorporate into the Draft Policy Framework

23 Participants i t of the Third APINA Policy Dialogue, March 2008

24 Opening Ceremony for the Policy Session

25 A comprehensive approach to the development of a regional policy process The main output of the Policy session was the Draft Lusaka Agreement The Ministers adopted the Lusaka Agreement (2008) SADC Regional Policy Framework on air pollution and recommended d that it goes to the next SADC Ministers of Environment and Sustainable Development Meeting as the number of Ministers that attended the dialogue did not form a quorum

26 The Ministerial Session

27 Eastern Africa sub-regional Better Air Quality Process The Eastern Africa sub-regional Better Air Quality Dialogue was held in Nairobi during October 2008 Attended by 11 Eastern Africa countries (Burundi, DRC, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda) Meetin supported by the partners UNEP APINA World Meeting supported by the partners UNEP, APINA, World Bank, SEI, ARA, USEPA, Sida, GAP Forum

28 The Ministerial Session

29 The Ministerial Session

30 Preamble/Introduction Contents t of the Agreements - Lusaka Agreement -Nairobi Agreement Considering-Statement i t t of the problem from scientific point of view Recognizing Statement of problem from impacts point of view Recalling/Reiterating Other regional or multilateral lil l agreements Noting Positive achievements so far realized on air pollution issues

31 Contents of the Agreements - Lusaka Agreement - Nairobi Agreement -Difference 1. Multilateral Cooperation 2. Transport sector - Cleaner Fuels - Cleaner Vehicles - Urban planning 3. Industry 4. Open burning - Vegetation fires, uncontrolled burning and deforestation -Waste management 1. Regional Cooperation 2. Transport Sector - Vehicle Standards - Fuel Standards d 3. Urban Planning and Management - Transport infrastructure and urban planning - Waste management 4. Industry and Mining 5. Vegetation fires, uncontrolled burning and deforestation

32 Contents of the Agreements - Lusaka Agreement -Nairobi Agreement 5. Indoor air pollution 6. Indoor air pollution 6. National Environmental Governance 7. Public awareness 5. Research, development and capacity building 7. Regional and National Environmental Governance 8. Public Participation in Air Quality Management 9. Research Development and Capacity Building

33 Contents of the Agreements - Lusaka Agreement/Concurrence -Nairobi Agreement 1. Multilateral Cooperation/Regional Cooperation Agreements with flexible and differentiated obligations Synergies and co-benefits of joint measures for reduction of air pollutants and greenhouse gases Harmonization of legislation, standards, procedures for monitoring and data management Promotion of information exchange Strengthening g regulatory institutions to eliminate petroleum products smuggling and adulteration

34 Contents t of the Agreements - Lusaka Agreement/Concurrence -Nairobi Agreement 2. Transport a. Cleaner Vehicles/Vehicle Standards i) Emission standards by 2010/2012 ii) Regulations/programmes for vehicle testing, inspection and maintenance- compliance with regulations 2010 onwards/2010 includes development of capacity for enforcement and maintenance iii) Age restriction of second hand vehicles to 10 years-age not specified iv) Regulations for catalytic converters from 2010 iv) Regulations for catalytic converters from 2010 onwards/2011

35 Contents t of the Agreements - Lusaka Agreement/Concurrence -Nairobi Agreement 2. Transport a. Cleaner Vehicles/Vehicle Standards v) Adoption of modern technologies e.g. diesel retrofits etc vi) Harmonized emission standards

36 Contents t of the Agreements - Lusaka Agreement/Concurrence -Nairobi Agreement b. Cleaner Fuels/Fuels Standards i) Regulations to reduce sulphur levels in fuels by importing countries to 500 ppm by 2010 ii) Regulations to reduce sulphur levels to 50 ppm from 2010 onwards for refining and importing countries/commit necessary refinery investments to reduce sulphur to 50 ppm from 2012 onwards

37 Contents t of the Agreements - Lusaka Agreement/Concurrence -Nairobi Agreement b. Cleaner Fuels/Fuels Standards iii) Harmonize fuel standards in region/subregion iv) Enforce regulations against procurement, sale and use of fuels not meeting set standards v) Assess consequences of using bio-fuels before v) Assess consequences of using bio fuels before moving to them/ to enable sustainable use

38 Contents t of the Agreements - Lusaka Agreement/Concurrence -Nairobi Agreement 3. Urban Planning/Transport Infrastructure and Urban planning Support land use planning policies i for sustainable mobility Plan for and promote safe, attractive and affordable public and non-motorised transport that is interconnected Allocate an equitable share of road development funds and investments for non-motorised transport Consider controlling passenger car use through appropriate measures like road pricing, congestion charging and parking management

39 Contents t of the Agreements - Lusaka Agreement/Concurrence -Nairobi Agreement 3. Urban Planning/Transport Infrastructure and Urban planning Expanded in Nairobi Agreement to include: - traffic corridors, - encouragement of attitude change, - capacity standards for public transport, - financial sustainability, - parking reforms, - baseline databases for urban planning scenario formulation, - tree planting and greening, - political support and commitment - and networking and information exchange

40 4. Waste management Contents t of the Agreements - Lusaka Agreement/Concurrence -Nairobi Agreement a. Integrated waste management systems b. Regulations on open burning of waste c. Provision of adequate and suitable facilities and land for treatment and disposal of all forms of waste a. Regulations for control and manufacture of packaging

41 Contents t of the Agreements - Lusaka Agreement/Concurrence -Nairobi Agreement Other areas on industry and mining, vegetation fires, indoor air pollution, Environmental Governance, public Participation and research and Development very similar in West and Central African Working draft and the Nairobi agreement For Nairobi Agreement 2008 visit AirPollutionAgreement.pdf

42 Status of Agreements SADC Policy Framework is now going through SADC process Already endorsed by the SADC Directors of Environment that constitute the SADC Technical Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development in July 2008 Recommended to be transformed into a Declaration to be signed by Heads of States that can be implemented immediately Also recommended to feed into the proposed SADC Protocol r c mm n t f nt th pr p D r t c on Environment as a Chapter

43 Status of Agreements Nairobi agreement already ratified by enough ministers ready for implementation The partnership is facilitating development of agreements on air pollution in all African sub-regions which we hope will culminate in an AMCEN policy framework

44 After the agreements THEN WHAT????????????

45 Conclusions Unlike some of the other major problems, there is a high chance that the air pollution problems can be solved if preventive measures are put in place early before air pollution gets out of hand Urban planning and clean, efficient and sustainable fuel use are key areas to make Africa s development sustainable and cost-effective There are examples of good practice in Africa that should be spread across the continent and Africa can also learn from good and bad experiences in other regions and can adapt good practice to African conditions

46 Conclusions Developing regional/international agreements on air pollution, to which countries consent on how to deal with this problem, will be one way to proceed but promoting awareness on the ground is also important Africa has low GHG emissions yet it is susceptible to some of the worst effects of climate change. But, tackling air pollution as a priority with the right measures can keep GHG emissions low and set an example to the rest if the world

47 FINALLY: A clever person learns from their mistakes. itk.a wise person learns from other people s p

48 LETS PUT OUR HEADS TOGETHER TO CREATE CLEAN AIR FOR AFRICA