Implementation of Offshore Wind Power & Potential of Tidal, Wave and Ocean Current Energy for

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1 Implementation of Offshore Wind Power & Potential of Tidal, Wave and Ocean Current Energy for SUSTAINABLE USE OF OCEANS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GREEN ECONOMY AND THE ERADICATION OF POVERTY Principality of Monaco, November 28, 2011 Magdalena A K Muir Advisory Board Member, Climate, Coastal and Marine Union (EUCC) & Research Associate, Arctic Institute of North America

2 Offshore Wind Energy, Current, Tidal and Wave Energy and Offshore Electricity Grid Infrastructure

3 The Context Importance of climate mitigation through development of marine renewable energy such as offshore wind farms, and ocean current, tidal and wave facilities. As well as generating energy, the oceans play a ne vital role in transmitting renewable energy through long distance high voltage transmission lines and offshore grid infrastructure. Marine renewable energy can play a vital role in mitigating and adapting to climate change and ocean acidification. Key example being energy and water nexus, and role that renewable energy can play in desalination of brackish and salt water to meet freshwater needs globally. Marine renewable energy planning and designs can enhance marine biodiversity and ecosystem, and the ecosystem services benefits necessary to communities.

4 Marine Renewable Energy in the Context of Sustainable Oceans Offshore wind farms and wave and tidal projects could have complimentary impacts on birds, fish, marine mammals, and marine and coastal ecosystem and support sustainable oceans industries such as fisheries and tourism For example, appropriate implementation could enhance fisheries productivity through no-take zones and increased fisheries breeding zones and habitat. Caution needs to be exercised with new technology. For example, electro-magnetic fields associated with the high voltage transmission lines and hubs of proposed electricity grids may have impacts on certain species (sharks, skates and rays) and benthic organisms on the seabed. Ongoing monitoring and modification of offshore wind farms, current, tidal and wave projects, and related grid infrastructure can positively address biodiversity and ecosystem concerns through the construction, authorization, operation and maintenance, and the abandonment and reclamation of these facilities.

5 Outline of Presentation Global Trends and Investment for Renewable Energy Global Offshore Wind Resources and Development and Offshore Electricity Grid Infrastructure Ocean Energy Resources and Development and Offshore Electricity Grid Infrastructure Sustainable Cities and Regions and Role of Sustainable Seas and Renewable Marine Energy

6 Global Trends and Investment for Renewable Energy The focus of the renewable power market is rapidly moving away from the traditional mature markets of Europe and the US. In absolute terms Europe will be the biggest market for renewable power over the next five years, but following that China will lead. The Middle East and North African market will grow very quickly with most of the investment from solar technologies replacing oil-fired power plants. By far the most rapid growth will be seen in the rapidly developing economies of India, the Middle East and North Africa, Africa and Latin America. By 2020, the markets outside of the Europe, US, Canada and China will account for 50% of world demand.

7 Offshore Wind Opportunities: Average European Wind Speed

8 European Offshore Wind Energy Development

9 Germany Offshore Wind Energy Development

10 Netherlands Offshore Wind Energy Development

11 UK Offshore Wind Potential

12 UK Offshore Wind Farm (Round 3, 2010)

13 EU Grid Road Map

14 Proposed North Sea and Baltic Grid

15 Proposed Electricity Grids for South-West Europe Including Links with Northern Africa

16 Proposed Electricity Grid, Eastern Mediterranean Sea

17 Offshore Wind Requirements: Distribution Area Around a 10 GW Mainland Hub

18 Offshore Wind Requirements: 5 GW Hub, Multiple Strings with Multiple Wind Farms

19 European Grid Declaration on Electricity Network Development and Nature Conservation in Europe Signatories to November 11, 2011 Declaration are : Bellona, Birdlife Europe, Deutsche Umwelthilfe, Elia, European Climate Foundation, Friends of the Earth Europe, Friends of the Supergrid, 50Hertz,Germanwatch,Global Nature Fund, Greenpeace, National Grid, Natuur en Milieu, Red Electrica de Espana, RSPB, RTE France, SEFEP, Statnett, Swissgrid, TenneT, Terna, WWF, Zero The Grid Declaration strengthens the coalition of stakeholders supporting grid expansion to integrate renewable energy and raise public awareness. It provides for cooperation on specific pilot projects to develop best practice and improve the implementation of grid development consistent with nature conservation. The coalition pledges to encourage transparency and address public acceptance.

20 North and Baltic Sea Offshore Grid Proposals Direct and Split Design (November 2011)

21 Desertec Industrical Initiative Supergrid to Transmit Renewable Energy from North Africa to Europe

22 Middle East and North Africa (MENA): Morocco s Proposal for Wind and Solar Energy & First Stage of Desertec Project Desertec Industrial Initiative (Dii) is designed to facilitate the long-term transition to renewable energy by building relationships between European energy market investors, renewable energy technology innovators and policymakers from the MENA region. Morocco is the starting location for 400 billion euro Dii project. By 2050, Dii project is intended to satisfy 100 percent of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region s energy needs, as well as 15 percent of the EU. With 3,500 km of coastline and average wind speeds between 6 and 11 m/s, and existing grid connection to Spain. Morocco s wind resources promising. Agreements have been reached between Dii and the Moroccan Agency for Solar Energy for construction of a 500MW solar farm in Potential for a 2000MW farm by 2020, which would make Morocco first implementation of Dii project. Next implementation of Dii project may be Egypt, which has excellent wind and solar resources and an existing grid connection to Europe.

23 Egypt offshore wind resource map from Egypt Wind Atlas indicating scope of offshore wind resources (mean wind speed at 50 m a.g.l.,., mesoscale modelling)

24 Americas: Canada Offshore Wind Located on Canada s northwest coast, where the wind resource is one of the strongest and most consistent in the world, NaiKun Wind s 396MW offshore wind project is at an advanced stage of development with environmental certification from the British Columbia government, and agreements in place with key suppliers and First Nations. Given its development status, construction can begin within two years of the award of an electricity purchase agreement from BC Hydro, the provincial utility.

25 Canada and US: Great Lakes Wind Resources and Proposed Development Significant wind resources for all lakes. LEEDCo will begin building 20MW wind project off Cleveland Ohio in 2012

26 Offshore Wind Resources for the US

27 Proposed US Offshore Wind Projects 27

28 Case Study: the Delaware Model Competitive bid process for new generation Factored in environmental and social benefits, longterm price stability, potential cost of emissions, and fuel price volatility

29 Case Study: Cape Wind, MA Cape Cod Martha s Vineyard Nantucket Permitting process took 10 years 130 turbines Approximately 468 MW Estimated cost of $2.62 billion

30 North America : Proposed Atlantic Wind Connection Proposed to facilitate the efficient and cost effective development of offshore wind energy, and eventually ocean energy projects.

31 Brazil s Offshore Wind Resources Significantly investing in all renewable resources. Estimates of 3,500 GW of wind energy potential offshore in Brazil if its full Exclusive Economic Zone were used. If the areas were limited to those with water depth of less the 100 m, the potential for generation would be of 636 GW.

32 Asia: China Offshore wind potential estimated at more than 750 GW by China Meteorological Administration. These offshore wind resources are in close proximity to coastal settlements and developments. China has within a very short time become a major player in the manufacturing of wind turbines, and in the development of wind energy on land. China is encouraging the manufacture of larger turbines and offshore wind turbines, and indicated its intent to be a leader in the development of offshore wind power. Offshore electricity grid infrastructure needed. China Wind Energy Development Roadmap 2050 is recent summary of government plans and policy.

33 China: Preliminary project planning for offshore wind resources in all provinces before 2020

34 Asia: India In 2011, India announced that it may take two years to study and gather data on the potential for offshore wind. Preliminary studies indicate that coastal areas off Tamil Nadu and Gujarat states may have potential The results from the studies need to be validated by setting up offshore masts to measure one to two years of wind speed data and to analyze the seabed to see if it can provide an adequate foundation.

35 Asia: Japan Significant offshore wind resources. Limited wind resources in shallow areas near the coasts which likely to be developed first. Most wind resources in deeper areas, necessitating floating wind farms attached to land forms or floating independently In 2011, Japan s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry announced it will spend 20 billion up to yen ($257 million) on a pilot project of six 2-megawatt floating wind farms off the Fukushima coast.

36 Asia: Korea s Offshore Wind Development In November 2011, the South Korean government announced that it will invest 10.2 trillion won (US$9 billion) in building in three stages a 2.5 GW offshore wind farm mainly off southwest coast of Jeollabukdo and Jeollanamdo provinces: 100 megawatt demonstration phase for 2014, a 400 MW phase for 2016; and 2 GW phase for National government will provide policy and administrative support, and local governments will approve sea uses. The project leverages Korea s extensive shipbuilding and marine engineering expertise.

37 Korea: Hankyung Wind Farm in coast of Jeju Province, 21MW (1.5MWx4 + 3MWx5)

38 Small Island Developing States and Least Developed Economies Unique and dual role of wind and ocean energy in developing small island states and the coasts of less developed countries to achieve sustainable development and poverty alleviation. Ongoing issues of capacity, technology development & transfer that need to be addressed. For example, offshore and on land wind farms (as well as ocean energy), combined with hydrogen storage/dams and hydraulic storage, can substitute for imported diesel fuel electricity generation. Wind, ocean and other renewable energy can be combined with desalination facilities to alleviate the water shortages caused by higher temperature and changing precipitation patterns, thus assisting SIDS and developing countries to adapt to climate change.

39 Off Grid Sustainable Energy Solutions: Ramea Island, Newfoundland, Canada The electrical grid of Ramea Island relies on diesel and wind power and will incorporate a hydrogen storage and generator system. In this isolated remote power system, hydrogen will be produced from water electrolysis when the wind power output exceeds demand. The hydrogen gas is placed in storage tanks. When the power output from the wind turbines is not sufficient to meet the community load, the stored hydrogen powers a generator which provides electricity for the community.

40 Global Future of Wind Energy Europe is biggest growth market for offshore wind for next five years, but after that China will lead. Along with China, Brazil and India become active. The Middle East and North African market will grow very quickly over with most of the investment from solar technologies replacing oil- fired power plants. Most growth in developing economies of India, the Middle East and North Africa, Africa and Latin America. By 2020, the markets outside of the Europe, US, Canada and China will be 50% of world demand.

41 Future Offshore Wind Technology for Deeper Seas : Floating Offshore Wind Farms

42 Future: New technologies/design for marine infrastructure For example, innovative building components like Ocean Brick System and Reef Balls and innovative marine design which enhances offshore wind and ocean energy development, marine biodiversity and ecosystems, and fisheries and tourism opportunities.

43 Ocean Energy The oceans represent a vast and largely untapped source of energy in the form of surface waves, fluid flow, salinity gradients, and thermal. Marine current power is the energy obtained from ocean currents. Osmotic power is the energy from salinity gradients. Ocean thermal energy is the power from temperature differences at varying depths. Tidal power is the energy from moving masses of water. Tidal power generation: tidal stream power, tidal barrage power, and dynamic tidal power. Wave power is the power from surface waves Marine biomass is another form of ocean energy that is not discussed here.

44 UK Round 1 Wave and Tidal Leases In March 2010 in Round 1 of Wave and Tidal Leases, the Crown Estate announced the names of the successful bidders for the world s first commercial wave and tidal leasing round, for ten sites in Pentland Firth and Orkney waters. The 1.2 GW of installed capacity proposed by the wave and tidal energy developers for 2020, 600 MW each from wave and tidal.

45 Pentland Firth & Orkney Waters: Wave and Tidal Energy And Role of Marine Spatial Planning

46 Marine Tidal Current Energy SeaGen turbine acts like underwater windmill. 1.2MW tidal current turbine has a capacity factor of 66% and delivered 800MWh into the national grid.

47 Round 1 Wave and Tidal Leasing, 2010: Tidal farm, Pentland Firth & Orkney Marine Current Turbines Ltd received a lease from The Crown Estate to deploy its SeaGen tidal current device off Brough Ness, southern tip of the Orkney Islands (South Ronaldsay) and north east of John O Groats. First phase of SeaGen turbines in 2017, whole project by 2020.

48 Tidal Energy: lmpoundment/turbines 4 lane road tops this 242 MW tidal power plant La Rance Estuary, France 242 MW Operating Since 1967

49 La Rance Tidal Power Plant at St. Malo, France

50 Potential Tidal Power Six sites represent over half potential tidal development Headwaters of the Bay of Fundy,Canada Severn estuary, UK Gulf of St. Malo, France South-east coast of China Russian coast bordering the White Sea Russian coast bordering the Sea of Okhotsk

51 Other Potential Tidal Dam Energy Other potential sites include: Mersey estuary, UK Bristol Channel, UK Gulf of Kachch, India West coast of Korea, North-west coast of Australia, Cook Inlet,Alaska Gulf of San Jose, Argentina

52 Pros & Cons of Tidal Dam Energy Primary advantages of tidal energy are: - Regular electricity production with 5% annual variation - Simultaneous use of the dam for a road or rail road - Long-term operational lifetime of plant - Can protect coastlines from storm waves and flooding. Disadvantages: - High capital costs for initial construction - Limited sites as minimum tidal range of 5 metre is often cited. - Environmental and ecosystem impacts.

53 Wave Energy

54 Power Buoy, OPT AWS Ocean Energy Oyster, Aquamarine Power Pelamis Wave Power LIMPET, Wavegen Wave Dragon

55 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

56 Sustainable Cities and Regions & Role of Sustainable Seas and Renewable Marine Energy Water and Energy Nexus: Renewable Energy and Desalination Sustainable London and London Array State of Hawai i Galapagos Islands and sustainable energy development in a fragile environment

57 Water and Energy Nexus: Renewable Energy and Desalination Desalination by renewable wind and solar energy is currently being evaluated in a variety of European and international forums and projects. Wind energy modeling and studies of various wind energy powered desalination plants and prototypes underway. Important technological problems such as the intermittency of wind, and counter measures such as electricity storage and hybrid energy systems are being considered. Replacing fossil fuel by renewable energy such as sun and wind to desalinate seawater could reduce costly energy imports, eliminate greenhouse gas emissions, and support adaptation to climate change for higher temperatures, less precipitation saline infiltration of aquifers, and growing water scarcity. Large scale desalination brings environmental challenges in the extraction of sea water and the release of heated brine into coastal and marine ecosystems, but these concerns can be partly addressed in the design of intake and outlet systems.

58 Sustainable London: London Wind Farm Array with investment of 50% DONG Energy (Denmark), 30% E.ON UK Renewables and 20% by Masdar (Abu Dhabi)

59 State of Hawai i Interisland Renewable Energy Program (HIREP) Wind would produce renewable energy through of wind power on one or more islands, and transfer the electricity generated to another island by means of one or more undersea cables. Also potential OTEC and wave energy, which would use grid infrastructure.

60 Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (PEIS) The State of Hawai i, with the US Department of Energy, are preparing a HIREP PEIS. The PEIS is designed to provide the public and agencies an overview of the potential impacts and benefits in the development of HIREP's three primary components: an undersea cable system including converter/inverter station infrastructure, possible wind farms on one or more islands in Maui County, and utility infrastructure upgrades on O ahu. The PEIS does not grant any development rights or privileges to a specific wind farm project. This PEIS will set a framework, identify broad areas of concern (both location and environment), and specify best management practices for the HIREP components.

61 Galapagos Islands & Sustainable Energy Development in a Fragile Environment. In the Galapagos Islands, the environment, economy and social welfare are closely linked. Sustainability in one of these areas affects the sustainability in the other areas, and promoting the use of renewable energies contributes to a more sustainable environment. EU Galapagos Renewable Energy Project for Isabela and Santa Cruz Islands has the objective of reducing environmental risks from fossil fuel through renewable energy (solar) and increasing energy efficiency. E8 San Cristobel Wind Project is UNDP-sponsored recognized private public partnership model for developing renewable energy, which also qualifies as a CDM project.

62 Further information Websites: and

63 Thank you, et je vous remercie Magdalena AK Muir