ead+ METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT ENVIRONMENTALLT AWARE PRODUCT DESIGN USING AXIOMATIC DESIGN:

Transcription

1 IDETC/CIE 2010 DETC2010/VIB METHODOLOGY TO SUPPORT ENVIRONMENTALLT AWARE PRODUCT DESIGN USING AXIOMATIC DESIGN: ead+ KAIST, Industrial and Systems Engineering Mijeong Shin, James Morrison and Hyo Won Suh

2 CONTENTS Background Necessity and Trend of Eco-Design Previous Approaches Proposed Approach (ead+) Methodology Flow diagram Comparisons to Other Methodologies Methodologies Axiomatic Design Based Methodology Structured Eco-FR & Eco-DP Feedback Mechanism from Environmental Analysis Augmented Design Matrix Example (Case Studies : Mobile phone, Stapler, Flash light) Concluding remarks 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 2

3 Necessity and trend of eco-design [1] World s development paradigms are rapidly changing Sustainability becomes main driver of new paradigm [1] Jovane, F., Yoshikawa, H., Alting, L., Boer, C. R., Westkamper, E., Williams, D., Tseng, M., Seliger, G. and Paci, A. M., 2008, The Incoming Global Technological and Industrial Revolution towards Competitive Sustainable Manufacturing, CIRP Annals, pp M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 3

4 Necessity and trend of eco-design Consumer sophistication regarding environmental issues has increased International regulations for environmental emissions have become more strict Need for product designs that satisfy international regulations and meet consumer s environmental expectations 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 4

5 Previous approaches ( Reactive redesign ) For proactive eco-design, eco-factors should be considered early in the design process 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 5

6 Previous approaches ( Reactive redesign ) Proactive eco-design - Eco Needs Formal Method - LCT/LCA 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 6

7 Proposed Approach: ead+ ead+ methodology follows the essentials of Axiomatic Design To manage couplings between eco-factors and product design parameters : Axiomatic design theory -> Supporting domain of design -> Encouraging innovative alternatives -> Insensitive to iterative design changes However, it has some different points: Pre-made and structured eco-frs and eco-dps : Eco-FRs and Eco-DPs libraries Using feedback mechanism, design can be affected by eco-analysis result directly : LCT/LCA to Re-design Environmental effects of each DP are quantitatively estimated : Augmented Design Matrix 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 7

8 Comparisons to other methodologies [1] [1] Integration of Sustainability Into Early Design Through the Function Impact Matrix, Devanathan S, Ramanujan D, Bernstein WZ, Zhao F, Ramani K, 2010, Journal of Mechanical Design 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 8

9 ead+ methodology flow Eco-Factors & Axiomatic Design LCA LCT/LCA LCA AD+ (Aug DM) 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 9

10 Axiomatic design theory -> Supporting domain of design -> Encouraging innovative alternatives -> Insensitive to iterative design changes Axiomatic Design (AD) theory is a systems design methodology using matrix methods to systematically analyze the transformation of CN into FR, DP and PV [1] Customer Needs (CN): Voice of the customer (all stakeholders including eco-stakeholder) Functional Requirement (FR): Functions that a design must provide - goals Design Parameter (DP): Solution for each FRs (e.g. concept, component, process ) - methods Constraints & Selection Criteria Axiom 1: Maintain independence of the FRs There is only one DP for each FR 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 10 [1] Axiomatic Design, N. P. Suh, 2002

11 Eco-FR and Eco-DP list Eco-customer needs were collected from literature survey Y. Zhang, H. P. Wang, C. Zhang, Green QFD-II-: a life cycle approach for environmentally conscious manufacturing by integrating LCA and LCC into QFD matrices, International Journal of Production Research, 1999, vol. 37, No. 5, K. Masui, T. Sakao, A. Inaba, Quality function deployment for environment QFDE, IEEE, 2001, T. Hur, J. Lee, J. Ryu, E. Kwon, Simplified LCA and matrix methods identifying the environmental aspects of a product system, Journal of Environmental Management, 2005, P. Park, K. Lee, Development of an ecodesign method for electronics products and application to mobile phone, Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineering, 2004, Vol companies web pages and environmental reports 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 11

12 Eco-FR and Eco-DP list 2004 OECD key environmental indicators Climate change: CO2 and greenhouse has emission intensities Ozone layer: Ozone depleting substances Air quality: SOx and NOx emission intensities Waste generation: municipal waste generation intensities Freshwater quality: waste water treatment connection rates Freshwater resources: intensity of use of water resources Forest resources: intensity of use of forest resources Fish resources: intensity of use of fish resources Energy resources: Intensity of energy use Biodiversity: Threatened species 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 12

13 Eco-FR and Eco-DP list Environmental benchmarking parameters Ecodesign strategies for electronic products Source: P. Park, K. Lee, Development of an ecodesign method for electronics products and application to mobile phone, Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineering, 2004, Vol M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 13

14 Eco-FR and Eco-DP list ~100 eco-cns for the eco-stakeholders - Preserve material - Design for disassembly - Reduce weight - Save Energy - Improve logistics - Battery-free product - Reduce amount of liquid residues - Eliminate cleaning process - Reduce emission - CNs are simply things the stakeholder-thinks they want NOTE: There is generally little/no structure to CNs - They can include goals, methods, constraints, feelings, contradictions - unstructured 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 14

15 Eco-FR and Eco-DP list FRs are goals DPs are methods What goals can we find to satisfy the ecostakeholder? - Less amount of liquid residues - Less emission Eco-CNs may be categorized in 3 classes 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 15

16 Eco-FR and Eco-DP list 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 16

17 Eco-FR and Eco-DP list Life Cycle * * * * * * * * * * FRs which are directly related with LCA index 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 17

18 Eco-FR and Eco-DP list FRs Possible DPs - - Eco-FR and eco-dp are intended to serve as a reference for the designer They can be readily incorporated into the design process 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 18

19 Feedback mechanism from eco-analysis Direct feedback mechanism from eco-analysis result to the design process Using relationships between LCT/LCA index and Eco-FR, LCT/LCA result can be linked with augmented design matrix 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 19

20 Feedback mechanism from eco-analysis FRs LCT/LCA Values DPs 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 20

21 Augmented design matrix A design might have several couplings Each coupling has different effects on customer/eco satisfaction In practice, eliminating all couplings might be very difficult due to technology, time or resource limitation Augmented DM Using weighted DP, critical coupling can be defined Effective and efficient design process is possible * Augmented Design Matrix is inspired by House of Quality in Quality Function Deployment (QFD) methodology 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 21

22 Augmented design matrix Environmental analysis results are mapped to FR and FR weight are mapped to DP Finally, critical DP which has the worse effect on the environment will be identified Environmental analysis Functional Requirement Design Parameter Critical coupling is identified! 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 22

23 Augmented design matrix 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 23

24 Augmented design matrix (ADM) Normally, whether there is a coupling or not is indicated on the design matrix (not the magnitude of coupling) In ADM, specific numbers are used to express magnitude of couplings Using those numbers, result of environmental analysis can be mapped to FR and each DP s environmental effects are quantitatively calculated Designer can easily see which part has the worst effect on the environment 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 24

25 Case Study 1 mobile phone Objective: design eco-friendly mobile phone Start with existing mobile phone design, modify the design specifications using ead+ methodology Using this activity, we can verify the effectiveness of ead+ methodology for designing eco-friendly product Samsung Electronics SPH-C M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 25

26 ead+ methodology flow LCA LCA 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 26

27 LCA (Life Cycle Assessemt) 4. Interpret result 3. Evaluate effect 2. Analyze inventory Methane SO2 GW AD Environment Impact Result 1. Set objective and range Normalization Characterization Inventory Calculation Product Life cycle Data LCA(Life Cycle Assessment) 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 27

28 LCI DB (PASS, Korean Government) PP (1kg) Stainless steel (1kg) Electricity (1kWh) Transport (4.5t Truck, 60km/h, ton. km) Incineration (20%) (1kg waste) Landfill (30%) (1kg waste) Recycling (50%) (1kg waste) Natural Rubber (1kg) Material Category Unit Total Crude oil Raw g 1.200E+03 CO 2 Air g 1.800E+03 NO x Air g 1.000E+01 SO x Air g 1.100E+01 VOC Air g 9.600E+00 Crude oil Raw g 2.940E+02 Coal Raw g 7.790E+02 Chromium Raw g 2.030E+02 Iron (ore) Raw g 6.550E+02 CO 2 Air g 3.650E+03 Coal Raw g 4.950E+01 CO 2 Air g 2.900E+02 Methane Air g 5.320E-01 SO x Air g 1.180E+00 Crude oil Raw g 2.948E-02 CO Air g 3.592E-05 CO 2 Air g 9.148E-02 HC Air g 6.350E-04 NO x Air g 1.239E-03 Coal Raw g 1.610E-01 Crude oil Raw g 7.020E-01 CO 2 Air g 3.560E+00 NO x (as NO 2) Air g 1.270E-01 Crude oil Raw g 9.540E-01 CO 2 Air g 1.870E+01 Methane Air g 1.970E+00 SO x (as SO 2) Air g 3.240E-02 Coal Raw g 7.880E+00 Crude oil Raw g E+01 Iron (ore) Raw g E+02 CO 2 Air g E+02 SO x Air g 7.597E-01 Crude oil Raw g 5.475E+01 CO 2 Raw g 1.800E+02 NO x Air g 2.661E+00 VOC Air g 5.201E-01 COD Water g 1.000E+01 Natural gas Air g 4.752E+00 CO Air g 6.181E-01 Aluminum (1kg) PCB (1kg) Li-ion Battery (1EA) LCD (1kg) Plastic Extrusion (1kg) Press Process (3500T) 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 28 Material Category Unit Total CO 2 Air g 1.790E+03 Crude oil Raw g 4.120E+02 Coal Raw g 3.840E+02 NO x Air g 9.430E+00 SO x Air g 6.620E+00 VOC Air g 1.160E+00 Methane Air g 1.990E+00 Copper ore (35%) Raw g 5.611E+04 CO 2 Air g 1.002E+04 Coal Raw g 1.302E+03 Crude oil Raw g 1.060E+03 COD Water g 2.475E+02 BOD Water g 1.494E+02 CO 2 Air g 2.272E+02 Natural gas Air g 1.185E+02 Coal Raw g 3.574E+01 Crude oil Raw g 1.212E+01 SO x Air g 5.318E-01 NO x Air g 4.540E-01 Methane Air g 3.057E-01 Crude oil Raw g 2.760E+03 CO 2 Air g 5.400E+03 NO x Air g 2.400E+01 SO x Air g 1.980E+01 VOC Air g 1.440E+01 BOD Water g 4.483E+02 COD Water g 4.950E+02 CO 2 Air g 2.186E+02 Coal Air g 7.880E+01 Natural gas Air g 1.010E+01 Crude oil Raw g 9.761E+00 SO x Air g 7.310E-01 NO x Air g 5.350E-01 CO 2 Air g 1.878E-01 Coal Raw g 6.768E-02 Natural gas Air g 8.674E-03 Crude oil Raw g 8.463E-03 CO Air g 1.870E-02 SO x Air g 6.280E-04 NO x Air g 4.600E-04

29 Upstream process From raw material acquisition to part manufacturing Housing Parameter Raw material aqusition Part manufacturing PP STEEL RUBBER AL PE Press Electricity Part FRT Panel Slide UPR Slide LWR Back Panel Inner Panel Slide UPR Panel PCB 2 Plate Metal(screws) Key Pad Number Pad Key Pad Ring PP STEEL (kwh) Sum Mass (g) Crude oil 1.080E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+01 Coal 4.674E E E E E E E E+01 Chromium 1.218E E E E+00 Iron 3.930E E E E+00 CO E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E+02 Methane 9.950E E E E-01 CO 3.090E E E E-03 VOC 8.640E E E E E E E E E-01 NO x 9.000E E E E E E E E E E E-01 SO x 9.900E E E E E E E E E E E E+00 COD 5.001E E E-02 Natural gas 2.376E E E E-01 Copper ore BOD 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 29

30 Upstream process From raw material acquisition to part manufacturing Electronics Battery Parameter Raw material aqusition Part M. Raw material aqusition Part M. PCB LCD Electricity PP PCB PACK PE Electricity Sum Part PCB 1 PCB 2 LCD (kwh) Battery Housing PCB Battery PACK PP (kwh) Mass (g) Sum Total Sum Crude oil 5.298E E E E E E E E E E+01 Coal 6.511E E E E E E E E E E+02 Chromium Iron 2.538E E+00 CO E E E E E E E E E E E E+03 Methane 1.330E E E E E E+00 CO 1.161E-03 VOC 1.440E E E E E-01 NO x 2.400E E E E E E E-01 SO x 1.980E E E E E E E E E+00 COD 1.238E E E E E E E+00 Natural gas 1.778E E E E+00 Copper ore 2.805E E E E E E+02 BOD 7.472E E E E E E E M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 30

31 GW Upstream LCA Result 4.50E E E E E E E E E E+00 Part 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 31

32 Downstream process Parameter Manufacture Delivery Use Disposal Electricity Delivery Electricity Incineration(20%) Landfill(30%) Recycling(50%) Sum Crude oil 1.393E E E E E E+00 Coal 3.465E E E E-01 Chromium Iron E E+00 CO E E E E E E E+01 Methane 3.724E E E E-01 CO 1.697E-06 VOC NO x 5.854E E E-02 SO x 8.260E E E E-03 COD Natural gas Copper ore BOD HC 3.000E M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 32

33 Characterization GW AD EU POC ARD Inventory Load i (g CO 2 eq/fu) (g SO 2 eq/fu) (g PO 4 3- eq/fu) (g ethene eq/fu) (g/fu yr) eqv i,j CI i,j eqv i,j CI i,j eqv i,j CI i,j eqv i,j CI i,j eqv i,j CI i,j Crude oil 1.99E E E+00 Coal 3.40E E E+00 Chromium 2.54E E E-03 Iron 1.11E E E-03 CO E E E+03 Methane 4.66E E E E E-02 CO 1.16E E E-05 VOC 5.39E E E-01 NO x 7.00E E E E E E E-02 SO x 1.06E E E+01 Sum 2.85E E E E E M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 33

34 Normalized Environmental Effect (pe.yr/fu) Normalization 6.00E-04 Ni E. Effect Boundary Ref.Value Unit NI i (pe.yr/fu) 5.00E-04 GW Global 5.66E+06 g CO 2 eq/pe.yr 5.04E E E E E-04 AD Regional 5.64E+04 g SO 2 eq/pe.yr 1.97E-04 EU Regional 8.90E+03 g SO 3-4 eq/pe.yr 1.02E-05 POC Regional 7.37E+03 g ethene eq/pe.yr 3.69E-05 ARD Global 1.87E+04 g/pe.yr E-04 Reference 1. Year : Global population : 5,675,675, Regional population (East china region) : 45,093, E+00 GW AD EU POC ARD 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 34

35 Environmental Effect Total LCA Result 9.00E E E E E E E E E-04 ARD POC EU AD GW 0.00E E-04 Life-Cycle Stage 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 35

36 Normalized Environmental Effect (pe.yr/fu) Redesigned LCA Result 6.00E-04 initial Design Initial Design Redesign 5.00E-04 Redesign E. Effect NI i (pe.yr/fu) NI i (pe.yr/fu) GW 5.04E E-04 AD 1.97E E E-04 EU 1.02E E-06 POC 3.69E E E-04 ARD 3.27E E E-04 Reference 1. Year : Global population : 5,675,675, E Regional population (East china region) : 45,093, E+00 GW AD EU POC ARD 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 36

37 Environmental Effect Environmental Effect Redesigned LCA Result Initial Design Redesign 1.20E E E E E E E-04 ARD POC 6.00E-04 ARD POC 4.00E-04 EU AD 4.00E-04 EU AD GW GW 2.00E E E E E E-04 Life-Cycle Stage 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 37 Life-Cycle Stage

38 Example mobile phone FRT panel LCD PCB 1 PCB 2 Bolts & Plastics Battery PCB 2 plate Inner Panel Key Pad Number Pad Slide UPR Panel Back Panel 2010 Slide M. LWR J. Shin / J. R. Morrison Slide / UPR H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 38

39 Example mobile phone Samsung Electronics SPH-C M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 39

40 Example mobile phone Phone type Size (mm) Slide 93(L) X 46(W) X 16.9(H) Weight(g) 94.9 Phone LCD size (main) LCD Color (main) 2.0 inch 262K Color LCD resolution (main) 176 X 220 Battery Body color Capacity Type Black 800mAh Li-ion polymer Samsung Electronics SPH-C2300 Voltage 3.7V 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 40

41 Example mobile phone Eco-FR 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 41

42 Example mobile phone Eco-FR 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 42

43 Example mobile phone GW value is mapped to FR 4.1 ARD value is mapped to FR M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 43

44 Example mobile phone In the detailed design, augmented design matrix looks exactly same as LCA However, in the conceptual design, we cannot get LCA value because of lack of detailed design specifications In the conceptual level, we can get DP s environmental effect by assuming coupling magnitude 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 44

45 Example mobile phone Calculate each DP s environmental effect score E.g. DP32 = (FR41) X 2 + (FR51) X 1 = (3.27E-04) X 2 + (5.04E-04) X 1 = 1.16E M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 45

46 Example mobile phone Housing Slide structure Bar type structure Some parts are used only to maintain slide structure, so these parts can be removed by changing to bar type structure Reduce amount of material Slide UPR Slide UPR Panel Slide LWR 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 46

47 Example mobile phone Battery Li-ion battery Hybrid energy system (solar cell + Li-ion battery) Solar energy is infinite energy source Reduce energy-providing material consumption Display system LCD display LED display LED display consumes less energy that LCD display Reduce energy-providing material consumption 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 47

48 Example mobile phone Couplings were Eliminated Average of coupling significantly reduced ( ) 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 48

49 Case Study 2 stapler Objective: design eco-friendly stapler Conducting design process by another person, we can find out what is missing in the ead+ methodology Using this activity, we could make modified and detailed ead+ methodology flow 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 49

50 ead+ methodology flow LCA LCA 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 50

51 Example stapler Collect customer needs Using survey and interview Hold enough number of papers (10 to 20 pages) Can be removable (easier is better) Cost should be reasonable Should maintain condition (hold condition) Papers should not rotate related to each other Not too thick Should not contain hazardous material Mechanism should be safe to human body Easy to use Use with small power Durable from outside impact Be eco-friendly 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 51

52 Example stapler Benchmarking Identify existing staplers strengths and weaknesses 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 52

53 Example stapler Benchmarking-environmental analysis From environmental analysis, using plastic is better that using steel (in global warming) Data comes from Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 53

54 Example stapler Grouping customer needs into categories Six categories were used: Functional CN Ergonomic CN Safety CN Aesthetic CN Cost CN Environmental CN 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 54

55 Example stapler Examples for each categories Functional CN Cost CN Ergonomic CN Safety CN Aesthetic CN Environmental CN Hold enough number of papers Can be used different type of papers Cost should be reasonable Easy to use Use with small power Should not contain hazardous material Mechanism should be safe to human body Look neat, pretty, and stylish Not too thick Use less material Minimize environmental damage 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 55

56 Example stapler Classify grouped CN into FR, C and SC FR: Things you want to achieve or design to address Constraint: Things which limit your design Selection criteria: Things which is better to have in your product, but you do not want to actively design for it M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 56

57 Example stapler FR list FR1. Hold papers (general A4 papers, up to 15 pages, secure and safe) FR11. Hold papers together FR12. Hold papers relative position (rotating angle < 5 degree) FR13. Hold papers in proper position (do not intrude contents) FR2. Provide continuously using condition (secure up to 100 times) FR21. Automatically feed staples FR22. Reload staples FR23. Contain staples FR3. Provide easy using condition to user FR31. Work easily with human hand (continuously using for 30 times without pain) FR32. Need small amount of power (< xf) FR4. Preserve environment FR41. Use less material FR42. Reduce emission 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 57

58 Example stapler Constraint C1. Manufacturing cost should be < 10,000 KRW C2. Do not contain hazardous material C3. Should not harm human body C4. Sound should be < 60dB Selection criteria SC1. Look pretty SC2. Durability SC3. Removable (hold) SC4. Thickness of held papers SC5. Portability SC6. Use for different materials 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 58

59 Example stapler Concept ideation (less steel) Consider FR, three concepts were created Design 1 Reduce amount of staple material Use half size staple Design 2 Use different material for staple Use plastic staple Design 3 Do not use staple Use paper twist method 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 59

60 Example stapler Concept selection Use selection criteria, the best design is selected as a conceptual design 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 60

61 Example stapler Result conceptual design (design 1 is selected) DP1. Staple mechanism DP11. Steel staple DP12. Two point holding DP13. Staple position (in 2X2cm) DP2. Feed mechanism DP21. Spring feed mechanism DP22. Reloadable structure DP23. Magazine DP3. Ergonomic structure DP31. Cover structure which fits for human hands DP32. Spring in the push button DP4. Eco-friendly stapler DP41. Half size staple DP42. Simple structure 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 61

62 Detailed ead+ methodology flow 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 62

63 Example stapler 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 63

64 Case Study 3 flash light We are also conducting example for eco-friendly flash light Flash light consumes energy, so it could show whether ead+ methodology is applicable to energy-related product or not 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 64

65 Example flash light QFD table CAD drawing Design matrix 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 65

66 Concluding remarks Proactive eco-design must be conducted early in the design process ead+ Future Issues Still depending on LCA Needs existing LCA s values DP-based Evaluation 2010 M. J. Shin / J. R. Morrison / H. W. Suh 2010 ASME 66