Micropollutants: the Swiss strategy

Transcription

1 Federal Department of the Environment, Transport, Energy and Communications DETEC Federal Office for the Environment FOEN Water Division Micropollutants: the Swiss strategy Adriano Joss (Eawag), Michael Schärer (FOEN), Christian Abegglen (VSA)

2 Overview Do micropollutants represent a problem? Options for removing micropollutants Costs and energy Swiss legislation Current focus and outlook Slide 2

3 Background: Conclusion from preceeding projects 1. Project Fishnet : Declining fish yields in Switzerland 2. National research program 50 endocrine disruptors Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are main (point) sources for pollution for several surface waters Micropollutants: insufficient dilution of treated wastewater Installation of additional treatment steps needs to be evaluated Project Strategy Micropoll of the FOEN ( ) Focus on micropollutants originating from wastewater Overview on micropollutants in Swiss surface waters Proposition of a method to evaluate water quality Evaluation of measures (additional treatment steps) Slide 3

4 Contraceptiv EE2: environmental concentrations (1 ng/l) reduce egg fertility >1 ng EE2/L: lack of male fish and fertility loss (fathead minnow) Egg fertility (hatching) [%] Control Solvent (control) ** EE2 [ng/l] 4 (Joanne Parrott, NWRI, Burlington, CDN)

5 Species diversity reduced by WWTP discharges Diversity Sum of species EPT species as Σ(EPT taxa) E = Ephemoptera P = Plecoptera T = Trichoptera 5 Principal component analysis - Effluent content in surface water - Concentration of 11 micropollutants (fragrances, flame retardants, ) Stalter et al., 2013

6 Project EcoImpact: methods to quantify impact of micropollutants in surface waters Upstream sampling Downstream sampling Selected sites: No WWTP upstream Low dilution: >20% wastewater downstream F. Burdon, M. Reyes, C. Stamm 6

7 Project EcoImpact: methods to quantify impact of micropollutants in surface waters SPEAR = SPEcies At Risk Method to quantify sensitive species in a community Change in SPEAR-index Dilution in receiving water River ecology upstream vs. downstream WWTP inlet: SPEAR: downstream community less sensitive to chemical Saprobic index: correlation with agricultural land use (nitrate) Invertebrates: no clear correlation F. Burdon, M. Reyes, C. Stamm 7

8 Micropollutants: a regional problem in Switzerland Slide 8

9 where population density is high Due to increased wastewater load in (surface) waters Population density Slide 9

10 Overview Do micropollutants represent a problem? Options for removing micropollutants Costs and energy Swiss legislation Current focus and outlook Slide 10

11 Ozonation Oxygen tank Evaporator Ozone generator Offgas treatment 2 nd clarifier Reactor Sandfilter To biology

12 In since beginning of 2014 Activ. sludge (2 floors) Ozone reactor O 2 tank, evaporator 12

13 Powdered activated carbon treatment from 2 nd clarifier Contactor Sedimentation Polishing PAC TSS = 1 10 g/l TSS = 5 30 mg/l TSS < 5 mg/l from 2 nd clarifier Contactor PAC TSS = 1 10 g/l Separation TSS < 5 mg/l from 2 nd clarifier Contactor PAC TSS = mg/l Sand filter TSS < 5 mg/l Raw wastewater PAC TSS = 2-10 g/l 2 nd clarifier TSS = 5 30 mg/l Polishing Biologic treatment TSS < 5 mg/l

14 WWTP Bachwis, Herisau PAC treatment Influent: municipal + textile industry Industrial compounds with low reactivity towards ozone PAC unit with settler prior to sand filter Set into operation: May 2015

15 Evaluation of technical measures on existing WWTPs: PAC and Ozonation Over 80 % elimination of broad range in average Measures for broad range of organic trace compounds Some compounds eliminated below detection limit Reduction of ecotoxic effects Strongly reduced estrogenic activity Better development of fish embryo Up to 26 bioassays in large scale experiments Diclofenac Trimethoprim Sulfapyridin Carbamazepin Clarithromycin Sulfamethoxazol Metoprolol Methylbenzotriazol Bezafibrat Benzotriazol Atenolol Mecoprop Atrazin Iopromid Elimination (%) Elimination [%] Ozone Ozonkonentraton concentration in Ozon/kg DOC in g O3 /kg DOC ± ± ± 63 Economically feasible and reasonable in specific cases Manageable for WWTP-personnel Slide 15

16 Source control and other technologies Source control measures have highest priority: - Registration and regulation of products - Green chemistry - Behavior of consumers information of public - Use and disposal of substances But: - Long-term options - Thousands of substances can hardly be regulated - Replacement of some problematic substances is very difficult (e.g. pharmaceuticals) or impossible (natural estrogens). Other technologies are/have been looked at: - GAC, BAC, biological degradation, ferrate, Slide 16

17 Overview Do micropollutants represent a problem? Options for removing micropollutants Costs and energy Swiss legislation Current focus and outlook Slide 17

18 Energy consumption and costs Electricity Per WWTP National increase: % increase 0.1 % of national electricity consumption <0.1 % of nationale consumption on primary energy Costs Per WWTP National increase: 5 35 % increase 12 % of annual costs of wastewater treatment 6 % of annual costs of wastewater disposal Report available on Slide 18

19 Energy consumption Today Ozone (5 mg/l) PAC (12 mg/l) WWTP Flow kwh/m PE kwh/pe/y Primary energy Flow kwh/m PE kwh/pe/y Total energy consumption in Switzerland: Wastewater treatment 480 GWh/a 0.8% Total electric power GWh/a 100% Slide 19

20 Costs (local, full charge) Untersee Furt Au Zürich Size PE Average CH Ozone (5 mg/l) PAC(10 mg/l) Sandfilter Flow Fr./m PE Fr./PE/y Flow Fr./m PE Fr./PE/y Flow Fr./m PE Fr./PE/y Flow Fr./m PE Fr./PE/y Slide 20

21 Overview Do micropollutants represent a problem? Options for removing micropollutants Costs and energy Swiss legislation Current focus and outlook Slide 21

22 Legislation: scope» Load reduction for downstream water use (e.g. Rhein)» Protect sensitive waters (ecotoxicology)» Protect drinking water resources (precaution)» Source control: Regulation of specific compounds (e.g. pesticides)» WWTPs: upgrading at specific sites WWTPs > persons (load reduction) WWTPs > persons discharging into lakes (drinking water protection) WWTPs > persons with >10% dilution in receiving water (protection of the environment) exceptions

23 Legislation: scope» Load reduction for downstream water use (e.g. Rhein)» Protect sensitive waters (ecotoxicology)» Protect drinking water resources (precaution)» Source control: Regulation of specific compounds (e.g. pesticides)» WWTPs: upgrading at specific sites WWTPs > persons (load reduction) WWTPs > persons discharging into lakes (drinking water protection) WWTPs > persons with >10% dilution in receiving water (protection of the environment) exceptions Ca. 100 WWTPs (out of 650) Total investment: ca. 1.2 billion CHF Yearly costs: ca. 130 million CHF Implementation 2016 til 2040

24 Legislation timeline: Waters protection act and ordinance Draft Ordinance Parliament: financing according to polluterpays Draft Act Fed. Assembly: Act Act accepted Ab Implementation Concept by FOEN Hearing in parliament Motion accepted Act consultation Act consultation in parliament Act and ordinance into force Strategy Micropoll: Situation analysis, pilot testing 80% acceptance of targeted upgrading of WWTPs Financing solution accepted

25 Scope of the treatment» Treated wastewater contains 20% of the micropollutants of the influent wastewater (final effluent vs. primary clarified wastewater)» Removal monitored with 6 out of 12 indicator compounds» Provisionally: Amisulprid, Carbamazepin, Citalopram, Clarithromycin, Diclofenac, Hydrochlorothiazid, Metoprolol, Venlafaxin, Benzotriazol, Candesartan, Irbesartan, Mecoprop» 24h or 48h composite samples» Frequency of sampling: 8 to 24 per year (depends on WWTP size)

26 Financing» 75% of the investment payed by national budget» Municipalities pay 9 CHF/person/year into a fonds» Municipalities with upgraded WWTPs are exempted» Only direct costs for upgrading for micropollutant removal covered (nutrient removal not covered)» Financing starts in 2016 and ends in 2040» 25% of the investment + operation costs covered by the municipalities

27 Grafik: WWTP ProRheno Piloting O 3 and PAC ongoing WWTP Birs PE Aquapure PAC dosing and separation with UF (pilot) finished LeLocle / Les Brenets PAC dosing in membrane bioreactor Full scale trials ongoing WWTP Ergolz PE Aktifilt PAC dosing on filter; GAC filtration ongoing WWTP Frenke PAC + Sed. + SF In planning WWTP Bülach-Furt PE GAC testing (2 of 6 sandfilter) ongoing ARA Regensdorf PE O 3 full scale testing finished WWTP Kloten/Opfikon PAC dosing on filter finished WWTP Werdhölzli PE Ozonation in planning WWTP Neugut PE Ozonation, in operation since beginning of 2014 Piloting post-treatment Eawag PAC pilot GAC pilot finished Biological removal ongoing WWTP Altenrhein PE Ozonation in planning GAC tests planned WWTP Herisau PE PAC treatment (+Sed. +SF) In construction In operation May 2015 WWTP Vidy Lausanne PE Pilot experiments O 3 + SF (100 l/s) PAC + UF (10-15 l/s) finished WWTP Aviron, Vevey PE Ferrat experiment Pilot scale finished WWTP Thunersee PAC treatment (+Sed. +SF) In planning Visp PAC with flotation Pilot ongoing WWTP Bioggio PAC with flotation and cloth filtration Pilot ongoing WWTP Schönau-Cham Actiflo Carb (Microsand) Compact PAC unit finished ARA Wetzikon PE PAC dosing into ativ. sludge (full scale trial) finished WWTP Schönau-Cham PAC dosing into activ. Slud Pilot Ongoing

28 Overview Do micropollutants represent a problem? Regionally: yes Problem strongly correlate to wastewater dilution Options for removing micropollutants Ozonation Powdered activated carbon Costs and energy Total costs: <20 /person/year < WW treatment cost increase Swiss legislation 2016: new Waters Protection Ordinance Until 2040: 120 to 130 WWTPs (of 650; 50% of wastewater) equipped for removal of micropollutants Current focus and outlook Multiple ongoing projects Slide 28

29 Thank you Seite 29