Primary PM10 and PM2.5 Emission Inventory in Lombardy

Transcription

1 Primary PM10 and PM2.5 Emission Inventory in Lombardy ing. Stefano Caserini Anna Fraccaroli, Anna Maria Monguzzi, Marco Moretti, Elisabetta Angelino, Giuseppe Fossati, Angelo Giudici, Gian Luca Gurrieri

2 The Lombardy Region We are here 9 million inhabitants high density of industrial activities (877,000 private firms) extremely high use of motor vehicle (76 vehicles every 100 inhabitants) 5 mil. pigs and swine, 1.5 mil. cows, 20 mil. poultry

3 Global mean tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vertical column density (VCD) between January 2003 and June 2004, as measured by the SCIAMACHY instrument on ESA's Envisat EM340NKPZD_index_1.html We are here

4 Air quality trend in Milano area CO Annual average : Milano City and Milan Province CO mg/m3 CO Anni (Gen.- Dic.) Concentrazione (µg m ) SO 2 gen-90 mag set gen-91 mag set gen-92 mag set gen-93 mag set gen-94 mag set gen-95 mag set gen-96 mag set gen-97 mag set Mesi medie mensili medie mobili 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 CO Milan CO MI Province NO 2 PTS e PM10 µg/m Trend Annuale PTS e PM10: Medie Milano Città e Provincia PM Anni (Gen.- Dic.) PTS e PM10 Milano PTS e PM10 Provincia PM10 Milano PM10 Provincia

5 PM10 levels in air are particularly high City Annual mean µg/m PM10 n. days > 75 µg/m3 n. days> 50 µg/m3 max daily concentr. µg/m3 MILANO BERGAMO BRESCIA CREMONA n.a. MANTOVA LODI PAVIA n.a. COMO SONDRIO LECCO VARESE Mean values of all automatic measures in each city Only in pre - alpine area values are lower

6 Inemar: AtmospheRic EMission INventory first edition of the s inventory: reference year 1997 (Regional Air Quality Management Plan) October 2003: Emission inventory for the reference year 2001 about 220 activities from different sources type (point, area, road transport, agriculture ), SO2, NOx, NH3, CO, NMVOC, CO2, CH4, N2O, PM10 about 20 fuel type, 1546 municipalities of Lombardy.

7 Data available on the INEMAR web page for a public review Detailed for pollutant, municipality, activity and fuel type Data downloaded by a large number and variety of users Further researches on TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 s

8 Point sources Emission and other data from about 250 big industrial plants (power plants, cement industries, municipal waste incinerators, refineries, chemical and manufacturing plants) have been collected by means of a form. SO2, NOx, CO, TSP measured continuously or periodically SO2, NOx, CO, TSP data available PM10 and PM2.5 not measured PM10 and PM2.5 data not available

9 TSP measured Point sources Activity data TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 factor Size distribution TSP PM10 PM2.5 TSP PM10 PM % 95 % 90 % 7 % 5 % 10 %

10 TSP factor PM10 factor PM2.5 factor All other sources Size distribution PM10 factor PM2.5 factor Activity data TSP PM10 PM2.5 PM10 PM % 45 % 62 % 55 %

11 Emission factors EEA Guidebook U.S.EPA Air CHIEF CEPMEIP RAINS project APAT- CTN ACE (Italy) Other literature data (wood burning, animal husbandry, tobacco smoking, fireworks)

12 Traffic s Algorithms proposed by Corinair COPERT III methodology: PM exhaust + PM vehicle tyres, brake and road surface wear. non-urban (highway and other main roads) urban driving Traffic data available for 9000 road sections, 4 vehicle categories + temporal distribution profiles (4 seasons, 3 days, 3 hours) Data processed by an Equilibrium Traffic Assignment Algorithm model traffic flows driving speeds on all the region road network

13 Results PM2.5 PM10 TSP NOx SO 2 VOC NH 3 CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O 1-Combustion in energy and trasformation industries 1,249 1,579 1,990 26,996 51, , Non-industrial combustion plants 4,273 4,649 4,871 16,977 6,244 13, ,881 7,720 1,837 3-Combustion in manufacturng industry 1,456 1,892 2,783 44,491 11,472 4, ,698 1, Production processes 1,063 2,361 2,700 1,459 3,524 30, , fossil fuels and geothermal energy 8,919 92,143 6-Solvent and other product use , Road Transport 8,201 9,326 11, ,151 2,913 72,704 2,504 18,794 3,079 1,740 8-Other mobile sources and machinery 1, ,151 1,212 11,471 1,214 1, , Waste treatment and disposal , , Agriculture 1,748 4,835 9,802 1,568 1,301 94, ,520 10, Other sources and sinks 970 1,009 1, , , Total 20,299 27,331 36, ,562 77, ,910 97,728 71, ,070 15,672

14 PM s in Lombardy (t y -1 ) top SNAP 2 level Group Sub-group PM2.5 PM10 PTS 2 Non-industrial combustion plants 2 Residential plants 4,011 4,361 4,561 7 Road transport 3 Heavy duty vehicles > 3.5 t and buses 3,749 4,111 4,757 7 Road transport 1 Passenger cars 3,098 3,787 4, Agriculture 10 Animal husbandry 738 3,653 8,118 4 Production processes 2 Processes in iron and steel industries and collieries 883 1,784 2,091 7 Road transport 2 Light duty vehicles < 3.5 t 1,209 1,278 1, Agriculture 3 On-field burning of stubble, straw, 1,010 1,182 1,684 3 Combustion in manufacturing industry 1 Comb. in boilers, gas turbines and stationary engines 1,006 1,084 1,211 8 Other mobile sources and machinery 6 Agriculture 994 1,046 1,101 1 Combustion in energy and transformation ind. 1 Public power ,146 3 Combustion in manufacturing industry 3 Processes with contact ,571 1 Combustion in energy and transformation ind. 3 Petroleum refining plants Other sources and sinks 3 Forest and other vegetation fires Production processes 6 Processes in wood, paper pulp, food, drink and other ind Other sources and sinks 25 Other (tabacco smoking and fireworks) Solvent and other product use 3 Chemical products manufacturing or processing Non-industrial combustion plants 1 Commercial and institutional plants Road transport 4 Mopeds and Motorcycles < 50 cm Waste treatment and disposal 2 Waste incineration Other mobile sources and machinery 3 Inland waterways Road transport 5 Motorcycles > 50 cm Production processes 5 Proc. in organic chemical industr. (bulk production) Production processes 1 Processes in petroleum industries Other mobile sources and machinery 8 Industry Other mobile sources and machinery 5 Air traffic Other mobile sources and machinery 2 Railways Solvent and other product use 1 Paint application Production processes 3 Processes in non-ferrous metal industries Production processes 4 Processes in inorganic chemical industries Non-industrial combustion plants 3 Plants in agriculture, forestry and aquaculture Others Total 20,299 27,331 36,088

15 Particulate matter s in Lombardy Region, reference year 2001 (t y -1 ) Combustion in energy and trasf. industr. Non-industrial combustion plants Combustion in manufacturing industry Production processes Solvent and other product use Road Transport Other mobile sources and machinery Waste treatment and disposal Agriculture Other sources and sinks - 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 PM2.5 PM10 TSP

16 Road transport PM10 s (t y -1 ) 9,000 t/y 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 Tire, brake and road surface wear diesel >EURO 1 gasoline Pre-EURO gasoline - Car Light duty vehicle Heavy duty vehicle Mopeds Motorcycle Total

17 Road transport PM10 s (t y -1 ) PM10 (t/y) 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Pre euro Euro II Euro I - gasoline passenger car diesel passenger car mopeds light duty vehicle LPG vehicle motorcycle heavy duty vehicle

18 Wood combustion (non-industrial) PM10 s (t y -1 )

19 Animal husbandry PM10 in Lombardy (t/y) 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 - CEPMEIP, 2002 IIASA, 2001 IIASA, 2002 TNO, 1997 Milan Univ., 2004 ENEA, 2002 Cattle Swine Poultry

20 OPEN PROBLEMS /1 Filterable PM / condensable PM * material that is vapor phase at stack conditions, but which condenses and/or reacts upon cooling and dilution in the ambient air to form solid or liquid PM immediately after discharge from the stack PM factors from combustion sources often derive from monitoring tests that consider only the filterable PM fraction The condensable fraction is sometimes not measured Underestimation of PM s from combustion of gaseous fuels (boilers, turbines, etc)?

21 Filterable PM / condensable PM Example: PM10 factor from gas turbines (USEPA AP-42, Section 3.1) Primary PM10: 0.82 g/gj Secondary PM10: 2.03 g/gj Total PM10: 2.85 g/gj The measurement of condensable PM is prone to artefacts?

22 OPEN PROBLEMS /2 Primary / secondary PM Primary PM (directly emitted) Secondary PM (from precursors)

23 OPEN PROBLEMS /2 Primary / secondary PM Secondary PM is usually assessed by air modeling (e.g. ARPA Lombardia is working on CTSM - Chemical Transport Modeling System) Air pollution in Europe, EEA Topic Report 4/ pic_report_2003_4/en

24 Primary / secondary PM (De Leeuw, 2003) PM10tot = PM10(primary) + NO x x SO 2 x NH 3 x 0.63 PM10 (secondary) Using this approach for Lombardy: primary PM accounts for only 8 % of the total PM 1-Combustion in energy and trasf. ind. M10 (p+s) tot PM10s PM10p NH3 COV NOx SO2 2-Non-indust. combustion plants 3-Combustion in manufacturng industry 4-Production processes 5-Extraction and distrib. of fossil fuels 6-Solvent and other product use 7-Road Transport 8-Other mobile sources and machinery 9-Waste treatment and disposal - 50, , , , , , ,000 t/y 10-Agriculture 11-Other sources and sinks

25 OPEN PROBLEMS /2 This is far from what measured by the air quality monitoring station in Lombardy. Further research are needed in order to define the role of sources on secondary PM formation. The approach is very important for the definition of the actual role of sources in determining high PM levels in air See Poster PARAMETRIC EVALUATION OF SECONDARY FINE PM FORMATION THROUGH EMISSION INVENTORY DATA: ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE APPROACH M. Giugliano, G. Lonati, S. Caserini, C. Pastorello

26 PM10tot = PM10(primary) + NO x x SO 2 x NH 3 x 0.63 NOx : t/y 55 % road transport

27 The end