Western Carolina University

Transcription

1 Western Carolina University Steam and Water Master Plan Code Item 320E1 FINAL November 1, Langhorne Road Lynchburg, Virginia Phone: Contact: Stevens M. Terry, P.E. Project Manager Comm. No

2 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY WATER SYSTEM STEAM SYSTEM WATER SYSTEM EXISTING CONDITIONS General Description Raw Water Intake Facility Water Treatment and Storage Facilities Water Distribution System CAMPUS WATER REQUIREMENTS Existing Domestic Water Usage Existing Fire Flow Demands Irrigation Water Usage FUTURE REQUIREMENTS General Information Water System Capacity Fire Flow Treatment and Storage Distribution System WATER SYSTEM SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations Proposed Implementation Schedule Opinion of Probable Cost STEAM SYSTEM EXISTING CONDITIONS General Description Plant Capacity Steam Generating Equipment Fuel and Storage Auxiliary Equipment Distribution System Operation CAMPUS STEAM REQUIREMENTS Individual Building Steam Consumption FUTURE REQUIREMENTS General Information...57 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

3 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Future Building Steam Loads Future Steam Distribution Requirements Future Steam Plant Requirements STEAM SYSTEM SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations Proposed Implementation Schedule Opinion of Probable Cost APPENDIX...71 A. WATER SYSTEM...71 B. STEAM SYSTEM...71 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

4 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Wiley & Wilson would like to acknowledge and express appreciation for the extensive efforts and input provided by Western Carolina University Staff which was essential to the success of this project. Special thanks go to Andy DeGrove who served as the Project Manager for Western Carolina University on this project. The cooperative and friendly response to requests for information and the timely responses helped make this project one we very much enjoyed working on. Joe Walker III, P.E. Associate Vice Chancellor for Facilities Management Bill Manware Director of Facility Operations and Maintenance Wiley Harris, AIA, NCARB Director of Facility Planning, Design, and Construction Andy Degrove Project Manager Kenny Cook Water Plant Operator Responsible Charge Mike Hoyle Steam Plant Supervisor Mike Powell Plumbing/HVAC Shop Supervisor Rosie Greenwood Administrative Assistant Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

5 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN 1 INTRODUCTION Western Carolina University (WCU), a part of the University of North Carolina system, is located at Cullowhee, North Carolina, at the juncture of the Blue Ridge and Smoky Mountains. The University presently has 7,000 students attending classes on Campus, with approximately 3,900 living on Campus. Distance learning programs bring the current total to 9,000 students. Future plans are to accommodate 10,000 on-campus students and a total of 16,000, including distance learning. WCU has an unusually high percentage of students living on Campus, but the trend is toward more students living off Campus and utilizing the distance education program. The Campus presently has buildings heated by steam generated in a central boiler plant. The boiler plant equipment is old and space for expansion appears to be limited at the current site. Approximately 50 percent of the steam and condensate distribution system is also old, and piping leaks cause persistent maintenance problems and increased boiler fuel costs. The Campus domestic and fire water requirements are provided by water withdrawn from the Tuckasegee River, which flows past the edge of Campus, and treated in the University Water Treatment Plant. Most of the components of the water treatment, storage, and distribution system are also old and its condition and capacities need to be assessed. The University commissioned Wiley & Wilson to prepare a Master Plan for the Campus steam heating system and domestic water systems in early The Plan identifies and addresses existing deficiencies in these systems and provides guidance to the University as growth, anticipated in the Campus Master Plan, is implemented. 1 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

6 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Master Plan reviews the existing steam and water systems which provide heating and domestic water to the Western Carolina University Campus. Only the main Campus is included in this report; the West Campus located across Route 107 was not considered. Visual examinations were made of the existing systems, and these observations with information from interviews of University Staff and from various reports and data provided by the University, were used to determine the capability of the steam and water systems to provide for the existing and future needs of the Campus. The water and steam distribution systems were analyzed using computer modeling to determine the adequacy of line sizes to serve Campus demands. Areas where the systems need improvements to assure present requirements are provided with adequate reliability and reserves were identified. Heating and domestic water requirements were estimated for buildings shown on The Campus Wide Master Plan dated April 2006 provided by the University and upgrades and expansions to serve future Campus needs were determined. Where future Campus requirements are discussed in this Master Plan, the future Campus as envisioned in the Campus Wide Master Plan serves as the basis of the discussion. Recommendations are grouped into items that should be implemented in the near term and long term as the Campus grows and budgetary costs are shown for each recommendation. The steam plant and significant portions of the steam and condensate distribution system need to be replaced to address serious concerns with existing reliability and capacity and to accommodate Campus growth. The domestic water treatment and distribution system needs some improvements, but in general, is able to reliably meet the needs of the existing and future needs of the University. The most significant recommendations are as follows: Build a new steam plant to replace the existing plant which lacks adequate reserve capacity to serve the existing Campus or capability to expand to accommodate planned Campus growth. Reliability issues due to the age and condition of equipment and lack of redundancy could result in disruption of heating to Campus buildings. Replace old sections of steam and condensate lines. Improve water distribution lines to various areas of the Campus. Replace some pumps and other equipment in the water treatment plant and river intake. Investigate a separate source of Campus irrigation water. 2 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

7 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN An overview of the findings and recommendations is presented in the following paragraphs of this section with more detailed information being contained in the main report sections. 2.1 WATER SYSTEM The University owns the low head dam and raw water intake structure on river, and the treatment, storage and distribution system which provides domestic and fire water to the Campus. While much of this system is approaching 70 years old, in general the system is well maintained and able to provide the water needs for the existing and planned Campus growth. The system, with relatively minor repairs and upgrades will provide adequate water supply for the present and future Campus growth. The most significant findings and recommendations include: Two raw water pumps at the river intake should be replaced with higher capacity pumps. A power receptacle and transfer switch should be installed to allow easier and safer connection of the portable emergency generator during power outages to allow operation of the raw water pumps. Presently the generator must be temporarily hard wired in which takes more time and which could pose personnel hazards during an emergency. The cost of these recommendations is approximately $71,000. A number of recommendations for improvements to the water treatment plant were identified which will maintain the integrity and extend the life of the plant and improve operations. None of these recommendations are considered major cost or difficult to implement but can have a significant impact on the plant. Included in the recommendations is replacement of three finished water pumps to increase pumping capacity and reliability and converting one finished water pump to serve as a backup to the single filter backwash pump. Changes and upgrades to the plant sludge handling system, soda ash feed system are recommended, as well as maintenance on the sedimentation basin walls and addition of ladders and safety kick plates at the hand railings. The raw water mixer should be replaced with a variable speed unit, and the flocculation basin baffles should be replaced. The total cost of water plant recommendations is approximately $611,000. Water storage tank capacity is adequate, but maintenance is needed on the concrete roof of the 1 million gallon tank on the hill above Campus. The 200,000 gallon tank needs a detailed inspection to determine if this tank should have cracks in the walls and possibly other repairs made or if the tank should be removed from service and demolished. Our 3 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

8 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN review indicates that while this tank does provide some additional capacity which has operational advantages, adequate capacity does exist without this tank. The estimated cost of these recommendations is approximately $196,000. The water distribution system presently needs upgrades in several areas to increase capacity for fire protection requirements, to eliminate dead ended sections of line, to provide looping with increased reliability, and to improve service to campus buildings. The estimated cost of these recommendations is approximately $1,902,000. The present Campus irrigation water is provided by the treated domestic water system. WCU should evaluate the possibility of constructing attractive ponds near the stream running through Campus or other sources of untreated water for irrigation. Future construction stormwater discharge systems might also be designed to allow use of stormwater for irrigation. Using a non-treated water source would provide lower cost water for irrigation and reduce the load on the domestic water system which could be especially beneficial during drought periods when the river flow could be diminished. The estimated cost of pond development along with intake, pump, and piping improvements is approximately $1,285, Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

9 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN 2.2 STEAM SYSTEM Four boilers at the Central Plant provide steam for Campus building heating through an underground distribution and condensate return system. The Boiler Plant was originally constructed in the 1920s and has been expanded over the years. Boilers range in age from 1951 to 1973, and the boilers and auxiliary equipment in the plant are near or past the normal service life. The condition of Boiler No. 1 is poor, with a number of tubes plugged, and frequent tube failures having been experienced. The controls on this boiler are also very old and unreliable. The other boilers are generally well-maintained, but also are nearing the end of their normal service life. The University indicated that the total present steam production that the boilers can reliably provide is 107,000 PPH. The peak load experienced to date was in January of 2006 when demand reached 101,000 PPH. With any of the three largest boilers out of service, the plant will not be able to meet the current peak demand. The generally accepted practice is to provide sufficient spare boiler capacity to allow peak demand to be met when the largest boiler out of service. A new steam load of approximately 50,000 PPH will be added when proposed buildings come on line, which will far exceed the capacity of the existing plant. Due to the configuration and age of the building, electrical switchgear and auxiliary equipment, it is not feasible to increase the capacity of the existing plant in order to provide either the redundancy needed for the present load or the future load requirements. We have developed recommendations and a cost estimate for a new steam plant at a location on the north side of Old Cullowhee Road. At the request of Western Carolina University, we also compared the life cycle costs of the new steam plant and extension of the steam distribution system with the alternative of converting the Campus to utilize electric boilers in individual buildings. It should be noted that we assumed that only adequate electric boilers to serve building loads would be installed. Redundant equipment to provide heating upon failure of a building boiler was not included in the cost estimates. A properly designed steam plant would provide a backup boiler capable of continuing service to the Campus, should any single boiler be out of service. The project scope did not include study of the cost to provide space and electrical upgrades in each building necessary to incorporate electric boilers. However, cost information furnished by the University for installation of electric boilers in Ramsey was used as the 5 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

10 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN basis of the estimated costs for the other buildings on Campus. Electric boiler sizes and electrical loads were determined from the steam heating loads. The estimated capital cost for the new steam plant and distribution system expansions is approximately $14.6 million. 1 The cost for conversion of existing buildings and installing electric boilers in future buildings is estimated at $11.5 million. Additional significant costs will likely be required for electrical service upgrades to meet the additional 46 MW electrical load of electric boilers and to provide space for the boiler equipment in buildings. The total capital cost of the electric boiler option would likely exceed that of the new steam plant and distribution system. The annual operating and maintenance costs are estimated to be $583,000 higher for the electric boilers than for the central steam plant option based upon present electrical and natural gas costs and the ratio of electricity to gas costs is expected to remain relatively stable over the planning period. 2 Based upon the economics and further advantage that redundant equipment in a steam plant provides, we recommend that Western Carolina University build a new steam plant fueled with natural gas and with No. 2 fuel oil as a backup fuel. Parts of the steam distribution and condensate return system have been replaced and additional condensate lines are corroded and leaking. The present boiler efficiency reported by Western Carolina University is running around 60 percent. New, properly tuned boilers should operate at an efficiency above 80 percent, which represents a significant fuel savings. Condensate leakage is a significant contributor to the loss in boiler efficiency. The leaking and corroded sections should be replaced to improve the operating economics of the steam system. Sections of leaking condensate lines and associated steam line sections needing replacement and other improvements that should be made soon are detailed in the main body of the report. The savings in steam plant operating costs to be achieved by condensate leak repairs are estimated to be $100,000 per year. It should be noted that steam lines running in the same areas as the corroded condensate lines are old and should 1 Detailed budget cost estimates are in the Appendix. The cost estimate for the new steam plant option includes installation of distribution lines to the new plant and new lines to be installed as part of future building projects (items 3 and 5 in Table 4-11 on page 70). The short term repairs and upgrades to the existing steam system (items 1, 2, and 4 in Table 4-11) are assumed to be sunken costs since they should be done before the decision is made on electric boilers vs. steam system options. 2 Refer to the Energy Information Administration (EIA) Annual Energy Outlook 2006 with Projections to 2030, Release Date December 2005 in the Appendix. 6 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

11 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN be replaced at the same time. The combined cost to replace both condensate and steam line sections is $1,757,000. Another concern has to do with the existing staffing levels for the steam plant. The steam plant is old and proper maintenance, monitoring and operation is an essential element of the reliability of this critical system. A number of unrelated tasks are assigned to the operators even when only one operator is on duty. This might prevent the operator from detecting and correcting problems that could result in equipment failure, steam outages and possible risk to people in the area. We recommend that duties be limited to those associated with the operation and maintenance of the steam plant and that operating and maintenance staffing levels be reviewed as measures to reduce the risk of curtailment of the heating supply to the Campus. A minimum of two people per shift would be a more normal staffing level to handle operations and maintenance of this type of plant. Due to the age of the equipment and the lack of redundancy, a contingency plan should be developed and in place to address actions to provide temporary boilers, should an equipment failure result in curtailment of heating capacity to the Campus until a new steam plant can be built. Corrosion rates in the condensate system should be investigated and chemical treatment changes may be needed to reduce corrosion in this system. Quantifiable data on corrosion rates was not available but the Campus history of failures of condensate lines indicates that additional corrosion reduction measures are needed. Regular checks of the iron content in the condensate return and corrosion coupons at strategic points in the system should help determine and monitor corrosion. The use of chemicals such as amines possibly fed into condensate returns in some building mechanical rooms as well as in the steam plant steam system should be discussed with your chemical treatment company. 7 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

12 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN 3 WATER SYSTEM 3.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS General Description Western Carolina University owns and operates a water treatment and distribution system consisting of raw water intake facilities; a treatment facility, rated at 1.0 mgd (million gallons per day); three concrete storage tanks, with a total capacity of 2.2 mg (million gallons); and a distribution system comprised of 2- to 12-inch diameter lines of varying ages and materials. These facilities provide service to the University Campus. The water system facilities were evaluated by visual inspection during a Campus site visit that took place February 6-8, During this site visit, the intake, treatment, and storage facilities were visually inspected. Operational and maintenance issues were discussed with University water system personnel, historical information was provided, and existing field conditions were documented Raw Water Intake Facility The raw water intake is located on the Tuckasegee River, northeast of the Campus, and upstream of Old Cullowhee Road. The intake facility includes a dam structure, to provide backwater to the intake screen; a concrete intake structure; bar screen; traveling screen; three vertical turbine pumps; and a concrete valve vault structure. The dam structure, intake structure, and property around the intake structure are owned by the University. Photo 1 Raw Water Intake The intake structure is located on the south bank of the Tuckasegee River within a locked, fenced site. The pumps, traveling screen, and control panels are located outdoors, on top of the intake structure, where they are exposed to weather and susceptible to vandalism. According to design drawings, the top of the structure is approximately 1 foot above the maximum flood water level elevation. However, facility personnel reported at least one flood event that surrounded the intake structure so that it could not be accessed during the flood. There is no emergency back-up power supply at this facility. However, the University does have a portable generator for this facility that can be wired into the main power disconnect panel by hand. 8 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

13 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN The concrete intake structure is comprised of an intake chamber containing a traveling screen, a pump chamber containing three vertical turbine pumps, and a valve vault. The concrete structure was constructed in 1977 and appears to be in good condition; not showing significant signs of deterioration or weathering. Some sediment has accumulated in the vicinity of the bar screen, reducing the area of the opening into the intake structure. Accumulation of sediment in this location limits the head range of water entering the structure. Concerns were expressed by water system personnel that, if the intake pool level were to decrease, either due to low river flow conditions or damage to the dam structure, adequate water would not enter the intake structure. Evaluation of the dam structure was not included in the scope of this report. However, water system Photo 2 Intake Screen personnel expressed concerns regarding erosion around the dam embankment on the north side of the river and regarding the integrity of the dam. In addition, some erosion has taken place along the south side of the river around the raw water intake structure. The traveling screen was originally operated automatically based on head loss through the screen. However, the automatic operation of the screen is no longer functional. Western Carolina prefers the current practice of operating the screen locally. This requires water plant personnel to visit the intake structure routinely to operate and inspect the screen. During normal river conditions, the screen is operated approximately once per week. The debris that collects on the screen is flushed back into the river during operation of the screen. Three vertical turbine pumps provide the raw water pumping capacity from the intake structure to the water treatment facility. Pump Nos. 1 and 3 are 30- horsepower (hp) pumps and Pump Nos. 2 is a 50-hp pump. The capacity of Pump Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are 550 gpm, 690 gpm, and 500 gpm, respectively. Operation of all three pumps is controlled by switches at the water treatment plant. Pump No. 2 is capable of supplying 0.8 mgd to the treatment plant Photo 3 Raw Water Pump Station 9 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

14 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN when operated alone. Pump Nos. 1 and 3, when operated concurrently, provide approximately 1.0 mgd. Pump No. 2 was installed when the intake structure was constructed in 1977 and is the newest of the three pumps. Pump Nos. 1 and 3 were moved from the old intake structure to the current structure when it was built. The age of these two pumps is not known. Improvements to these pumps have been made in the last several years including piping cooling water away from the pump bases and rebuilding Pump Nos. 1 and 3. A separate structure is located within the fenced area, downstream and adjacent to the raw water intake structure. This structure was previously utilized by the University for power generation; however, the power generation equipment was damaged during a flood event Water Treatment and Storage Facilities Raw water is pumped from the raw water intake structure to the University s water treatment facility, located south of the intake structure on the west side of Old Cullowhee Road. The treatment plant is rated for 1.0 mgd. The treatment facility includes a mixer, baffled flocculation basin, three sedimentation basins, three filters, chemical feed systems for raw and finished water, backwash and finished water pumps, and finished water storage. The plant utilizes a SCADA system for recording and monitoring the plant operations, but is not currently utilized for control of plant operations. The individual components of the water treatment plant were observed and notes taken from discussions with plant personnel. Based on water production records from January 2003 to December 2005, the average daily finished water production is approximately 0.40 mgd. The peak flow day for each month during this time period ranged from approximately 0.42 mgd to 0.86 mgd with the average monthly peak day flow for this three-year period approximately equal to 0.61 mgd. The plant is currently either operated at design capacity or turned off. This method of operation allows the plant to be operated for 10 to 12 hours, two shifts, on an average day, and then shut down overnight. When the plant is operating, the average water production rate is approximately 0.90 mgd. The plant is normally operated during the day as needed at this rate to meet demands and then into the evening long enough to fill the water storage tanks prior to being shutdown for the night. Standard practice had been to operate the plant for 6 days per week, Monday through Saturday, and then shut down on Sundays. However, beginning in the fall of 2005, the plant has generally been operating 7 days per week while school is in session, so that the storage tanks are also filled on Sundays. The annual average plant production data from 2003 through 2005 is summarized in Table 3-1. Monthly water plant summary data for this time period is included in Appendix A for reference. 10 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

15 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Table 3-1 Water Plant Annual Average Summary Year Total Water Production (mg) Days In Operation Average Day Flow (mgd) Average Operational Hours Per Day Max Day Flow (mgd) Year Average Raw Water Mixing Raw water is pumped from the raw water intake into the mixing basin at the head of the plant. Soda ash, alum, and chlorine are added to the raw water in this basin. Mixing is accomplished by a constant speed, vertical-axis, and paddle-type mixer. According to plant personnel, the motor and paddles have been replaced since the plant was constructed. Plant personnel have explored replacing the drive unit with a variable speed drive to improve control of flocculation and mixing as raw water quality and Photo 4 Raw Water Mixer temperature vary. However, they have been told that a variable speed drive is not available for this motor and gear box unit. Raw water leaves the mixing basin and travels through a baffled flume that provides a vertical serpentine flow path and promotes flocculation. Baffling is provided by wooden baffles placed within the concrete flume. The wooden baffles near the water surface appeared to be showing signs of deterioration due to age and wear. 11 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

16 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Sedimentation There are three sedimentation basins that receive flow from the baffled flume. These sedimentation basins are each 13 feet wide by 53 feet long by 12 feet deep (bottom to normal water surface). Based on plans dated July 1973, two of the basins were constructed as part of the original plant and the third basin was constructed when the plant was expanded. Photo 5 Sedimentation Basins Water enters the sedimentation basins from the flume through a concrete stilling wall. Each basin can be isolated for cleaning or maintenance by closing 10-inch diameter plug valves in the basin influent flume. There is some cracking apparent in the interior concrete walls of the sedimentation Photo 6 Sedimentation Basin Cracks basins. Photographs of the cracks, which were taken when the Basin No. 3 was taken down to remove sludge, were provided by plant personnel subsequent to the February site visit. There is an existing chain link fence surrounding the concrete basins and flumes. There are also handrails located around each of the three individual basins and mixing flume; however, there are no kick-plates attached to these handrails. During inclement weather, the concrete deck surrounding the sedimentation basins could become treacherous. There is a danger of slipping on the concrete deck and sliding under the existing handrail. Photo 7 Sedimentation Basins 12 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

17 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Overflow and basin drain piping conveys wastewater from the sedimentation basins to a wastewater pump station located in the facility parking lot on the south side of the plant. Each basin can be isolated from its associated filter by closing the 10-inch plug valves located in the filter influent flume. The sedimentation basins are periodically taken off-line and drained to perform inspections and remove accumulated sludge. The existing ladders extending from the concrete deck into the sedimentation basins are in poor condition Filters Flow from the sedimentation basins enters three filters. Each filter is 12 feet long by 10 feet wide, providing a total surface area of 360 square feet. All three filters have recently been rebuilt, including new Wheeler bottoms and filter media, and the filter control consoles have been updated. In addition, all three filters have had their surface wash piping and supports replaced with stainless steel. According to water plant records, the average flow through the filters generally ranges from 1.7 to 1.9 gpm/sf, which equates to a plant flow of 0.88 Photo 8 Filter No. 1 Console to 0.98 mgd. During the site visit, the rate of flow through each filter was approximately 200 gpm, which equates to a plant flow rate of approximately 0.86 mgd. In addition to the rebuilt filters, the filter valves, valve actuators, controls and instrumentation, rate of flow control, and backwash rate of flow control have been replaced for all three filters. At the time the site visit was made, the only filter valves that had not been replaced were the filter angle waste valves. According to University personnel, these valves have now been replaced as well. Photo 9 Filter Operating Level Photo 10 Filter No. 2 Piping and Valves 13 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

18 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Filter run times vary, depending on the turbidity of the Tuckasegee River, but have averaged approximately 60 hours over the last 3 years, based on plant records. Backwashing of the filters is accomplished by one filter backwash pump that is located in the filter pipe gallery. The existing backwash pump is a vertical turbine pump with a 30-hp motor that is original plant equipment Chemical Feed Systems Chemicals are currently fed to raw and finished water at the treatment Photo 11 Filter plant. Raw water chemicals including chlorine, soda ash, and alum Backwash Pump are fed into the raw water mixing basin. Chlorine, soda ash, and phosphate are fed into the finished water prior to the water entering the distribution system. Chlorine (Raw and Finished) Chlorine is fed to raw and finished water for disinfection and to maintain a chlorine residual in the distribution system. The chlorine feed system for raw and finished water is a 150-pound gas cylinder system. This equipment appeared to be in good condition, and plant personnel indicated that the system was working well. According to plant data sheets, the chlorine dose typically ranges from 1 to 2 mg/l for raw water and approximately 0.5 mg/l for finished water. The typical total chlorine usage for raw and finished water is generally one to two 150-pound cylinders per month. Plant personnel reported that the chlorine cylinder scale does not function well during cold weather. For safety reasons, the chlorine cylinder room is vented by an exhaust fan in the wall and is exposed to ambient temperature air making it difficult to climate control this space. Soda Ash (Raw and Finished Water) Soda ash is fed to raw and finished water to adjust (raise) the alkalinity of the water prior to entering the distribution system. This has the effect of raising the ph level and softening the water. Soda ash is currently fed manually in the dry, powdered form by dumping 50-pound bags into the hopper of a dry chemical feeder system. According to plant data sheets, the raw water soda ash dose is typically approximately 30 mg/l and the finished water dose is typically approximately 20 mg/l. The total typical soda ash usage for raw and finished water is generally 150 to 200 pounds per day. 14 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

19 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN The existing system is a BIF Omega dry feed system, which includes a hopper and elevator on the first floor that carries dry soda ash to solution mixers and feeders located on the second floor of the plant. An integral dust collection system is also included with the feed system. This system is original to the plant. Although the system is currently operational, the equipment is old and finding spare or replacement parts will likely become increasingly more difficult. In addition, the 50-pound bags of soda ash are manually opened and dumped into the hopper on the first floor, which is a labor intensive process. Also, manually emptying bags into the feeder hopper increases the risk of plant personnel coming into Photo 12 Soda Ash direct contact with the chemical. Equipment Alum Alum is fed into the raw water and is utilized to promote flocculation. Liquid alum is delivered in bulk and stored in a double-walled 5,000-gallon tank located immediately adjacent to the raw water mixing basin, baffled flocculation flume, and sedimentation basins. Alum leaves the bulk tank and flows by gravity into a day tank located on the first floor of the plant. A concrete knee wall provides secondary containment for this tank. Alum is pumped from the day tank into the raw water mixing basin by two Wallace & Tiernan Encore Series diaphragm metering pumps. Photo 13 Alum Bulk Storage Tank Photo 14 Alum Day Tank 15 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

20 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Phosphate Phosphate is added to the finished water for corrosion control within the water distribution system. Phosphate is fed from 55-gallon drums by two shelf-mounted LMI metering pumps. Pump No. 1 is rated to provide a feed rate of 0.42 gallons per hour (gph) and Pump No. 2 is rated to provide 0.21 gph. According to plant records, the feed pumps have been adjusted to maintain a constant dosage of 1.8 mg/l Water Plant Wastewater Process wastewater from the water plant including filter backwash, alum sludge from the sedimentation basins, sedimentation basin overflow and drains, and filter drains, is routed to an existing pump station located at the far side of the parking lot on the south side of the plant. The pump station pumps the wastewater to a dewatering and bagging facility located at the south end of the parking lot behind the plant. The dewatering facility includes a concrete settling basin from which clear water can be decanted and settled sludge can be pumped into a bagging apparatus. The newly filled bags are located on a rack that allows water seeping from the bags to drain back into the concrete settling basins. After the bags have been allowed to drain for a time, they are moved onto pallets in the yard area next to the dewatering facility where they continue to dry until they are taken to the landfill for disposal. Decanted clear water from the concrete settling basins is drained by gravity through an outfall into the Tuckasegee River. This dewatering process is labor intensive and time consuming for the limited number of water plant staff. Photo 15 Phosphate Feed System Photo 16 Sludge Bagging Apparatus Photo 17 Concrete Settling Basin Domestic wastewater from the water treatment facility is disposed of by an on-site septic tank and drainfield. 16 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

21 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Staff indicated that there have been previous conversations with the Tuckasegee Water and Sewer Authority regarding allowing water plant process and domestic wastewater to be discharged into the Authority s wastewater collection system so that the dewatering facility could be taken out of service and the septic tank and drainfield can be abandoned. No progress has been made on this issue and there may now be issues with the capacity of the wastewater treatment plant to receive the water plant wastewater load Finished Water Pumps The water plant pump room contains four vertical turbine finished water pumps that pump water out of a 100,000-gallon clearwell located under the water plant into the distribution system. Two of these pumps, Pump Nos. 1 and 2, are original plant equipment. These two pumps are Worthington 7-stage pumps with 30-hp motors. Pump Nos. 3 and 4 were installed when the plant was expanded in These pumps are Aurora Vertiline 10-stage pumps with 60-hp motors. Each of these pumps has a rated capacity of 700 gpm at 260 feet total dynamic head (TDH). Only two of the four pumps are capable of pumping at a rate similar to rated capacity of the water plant. Staff expressed concerns over the ability of the existing pumps to adequately supply water to the distribution system during peak demand periods. Photo 18 Finished Water Pumps Water Storage There are four water storage ground tanks or clearwells currently in service that provide pressure and fire protection to the distribution system. Two of these tanks provide pump suction storage for the finished water pumps located at the water treatment plant. Filtered water leaves the filters and flows by gravity to a 1-million gallon (mg) rectangular ground storage tank located just south of the water plant. Water flows by gravity from this tank into the 100,000-gallon clearwell located under the treatment plant where finished water chemicals are added. The finished water pumps pump directly out of this clearwell into the distribution system. 17 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

22 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN The 1.0-mg rectangular tank appeared to be in good condition. According to plant personnel, there were problems with the roof of this tank, and a free-standing roof structure was recently constructed over the tank to prevent further weathering and spalling of the concrete roof surface. Also, plant personnel reported problems with the existing clearwell inlet valve and operator. There are also two ground storage tanks located at the high point of the hill that is approximately in the geographic center of Campus. These tanks are located on WCU property, but the land surrounding the tank site is private property. The tanks located at this site include a round 200,000-gallon concrete tank and a 1.0-mg concrete tank. The round tank was constructed in the mid-1920s, and the 1.0-mg square tank was constructed in the early 1970s. The high water level in the round tank is approximately 20-feet above the high water level in the adjacent square tank. The 200,000-gallon round tank generally appeared to be in fair condition. Visual inspection of the exterior walls of this tank revealed some cracking in the concrete. In addition, the overall tank exterior appeared to be stained and weathered. Water plant staff indicated that as the water level in this tank rises, there is leakage from some of the wall cracks. However, leakage was not observed during the February 2006 site visit. WCU staff indicated that the standpipe was lowered in this tank due to leaking cracks in the tank s walls and that the usable capacity of this tank is approximately 175,000 gallons. Photo ,000-gallon Tank The 1.0-mg square tank generally appeared to be in good condition, with the exception of the roof surface. The concrete roof surface appeared weathered and spalled. Photo mg Tank Roof Photo mg Tank 18 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

23 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN In addition, previous repairs to the roof were spalling and delaminating from the concrete surface. Some cracks were also observed in the roof and walls. The 1.1-mg pump suction storage in the two clearwells (located at the water treatment plant) and the 1.2-mg finished water storage in the two ground storage tanks (located on top of the hill in the center of Campus) provide a total water storage volume of 2.3 mg. The following sections of this water system evaluation will allocate a portion of the available storage for fire flow demands and the remaining storage will be allocated for domestic demands. If the entire storage volume was allocated to domestic demands at the current in-session average daily flow of 0.42 mg, there are approximately 5.5 days of storage in the water system, with 2.5 days of pump suction storage and 3.0 days of finished water storage. This volume of storage, along with the current plant operational practice of operating the plant daily to fill the tanks, allows the plant to be temporarily shut down if there are problems with the raw water source, such as increased turbidity due to large storm events or pollution due to an upstream spill, without curtailment of water supply to the Campus. At the time of the site visit an additional 300,000-gallon elevated storage tank was located in the parking area on the south side of Robertson Residence Hall. This tank has since been demolished Water Distribution System The February 2006 site visit included gathering information about the existing water distribution system. The existing system is comprised of 3/4-inch to 12-inch diameter water lines of varying ages and materials. The distribution system has generally been expanded as new buildings have been constructed and the Campus has grown. There are two main water lines, one 12-inch diameter, and one 10-inch diameter that comprise the backbone of the distribution system. The 12-inch water line extends west from the water treatment plant to the 1.0 mg and 200,000-gallon tanks located on top of the hill between Forest Hills Road and Central Drive. The lower section of this line, from the water plant to Central Drive, was constructed in 1965 when the water plant was constructed. This line was extended to the tank site in Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

24 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN The 10-inch diameter line branches off of the 12-inch line at Central Drive. This line extends north along Central Drive, then west along Old Centennial Drive and University Way. This 10- inch line has been extended several times to serve additional areas of Campus and currently extends to the University Camp Building 3 on the east side of NC Route 107. There is a valved connection to a 12-inch TWSA water line at this location that is normally closed. There is one additional valved connection to the TWSA water system just south of the Ramsey Activity Center on Forest Hills Road. This connection is also normally closed. In addition to these two main lines, there are several sections of the 8-inch diameter water line that have been extended from the 12-inch water line and from the 1.0-mg tank site to serve different areas of Campus. However, the majority of the distribution system is made up of 6- inch diameter lines. Pipes of this size have normally been installed to serve new areas as the Campus expanded. There are also a number of structures on Campus that utilize 6-inch lines for domestic and/or fire service connections as well. Building service connections are generally 3/4-inch to 4-inch diameter lines with a significant number of these being 2-inch to 3-inch diameter or less. These lines are typically fairly short runs from 6-inch or larger distribution lines. However, there are a number of these small diameter lines that extend fairly long distances to serve different buildings. A WaterCAD water model of the distribution system has been developed as part of this Utilities Master Plan. During the February 2006 site visit, an extensive tour of Campus was made for the purpose of discussing the water distribution system with staff in order to develop as accurate a model as possible. A copy of the current water system map was provided during the site visit. There are a number of areas within the water system, such as the old section of Campus along Chancellor s Drive, that are known by staff to routinely experience problems. These problems include inadequate pressure and flow, old small diameter lines, and deteriorated piping that has historically required many repairs. In some cases, such as the intersection of Joyner Drive and Chancellor s Drive, it is unknown exactly where the water lines are located or how they interconnect with other known water lines in the vicinity. 3 This building name was changed from Outreach Center to Camp Building by Western Carolina University during the time the UMP was being developed. The water and steam models and some information in the appendix were not updated to reflect the name change. 20 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

25 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN During the site visit, a number of corrections to the mapping of the existing water system, including pipe sizes, locations, interconnections, and abandonment of old lines, were noted by WCU staff. The water system mapping has been updated by WCU staff and was utilized for developing the Campus water model. In addition, alternatives for strengthening the water system by adding additional water lines to create loops within the system or replacing existing small diameter water lines with larger lines were discussed. Modeling has been performed to evaluate available fire flows and potential water system upgrades. A record of fire hydrant flow tests that were performed in June 2005 was provided by WCU. Static pressures ranged from 50 to 155-pounds per square inch (psi). The flow rates during the tests ranged from approximately 750 to 1,500 gpm with residual pressures ranging from 40 to 145 psi. Staff indicated that static system pressure was generally not a problem, but during high demand times pressures drop significantly in certain areas. This is likely related to the small diameter service lines serving a number of structures around Campus. 3.2 CAMPUS WATER REQUIREMENTS Water treatment plant production records were provided for January 2003 through December Based on these records, the existing in-session average day water system demand for this time period was approximately 0.42 mgd. This demand is generated by a combination of domestic and fire demands, as well as irrigation of University facilities. The water production records were analyzed for annual water production patterns. Average daily water use for institution with large seasonal residential populations, such as universities, may vary significantly from months when school is in-session to months when the majority of student are on break. The monthly average day water production was graphed for each of the 3 years for which data was provided, as well as the 3-year average (See Figure 3-1). 21 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

26 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Figure 3-1 Water Plant Average Daily Production MGD January February March April May June July August September October November December Month Year Average This figure indicates that the average daily flow for the seven months each year when school is in session (January through April and September through November) is approximately 0.42 mgd. The average daily flow for the five months over the summer and winter breaks (May through August and December) is approximately 0.35 mgd. Therefore, when analyzing current conditions and considering future conditions, the in-session demands should be considered, as well as the annual average demands Existing Domestic Water Usage The University presently has approximately 7,000 students taking courses on Campus with approximately 3,900 (56 percent) of these students living on Campus. Based on the existing insession average daily system demand of 0.42 mgd, the average daily demand per student is approximately 60 gpd. In-session demands represent the highest average daily water demand time periods experienced on Campus. Therefore, for the purposes of this report, the in-session water demands will be considered in lieu of the annual average daily demands. 22 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

27 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN The water distribution system does not currently include water meters for every structure served. According to staff, meters are being added as existing structures are being renovated or new structures built. Meters may also be added to the system as water line work is performed. Water meter records were provided for 31 meters serving various structures. Based on the records provided, the average daily in-session flow that is metered is approximately 0.27 mgd, or approximately two-thirds of the average daily in-session water produced at the water treatment plant. The largest two metered services are the Scott Residence Hall meter, with an average daily in-session flow of approximately 36,000 gpd and the steam plant with an average daily flow during the fall and winter months of approximately 36,300 gpd. The University categorizes buildings into three groups; academic buildings, housing, and auxiliaries. The auxiliaries include the cafeterias, Hinds University Center, the Print Shop, and the Student Book Store. Housing consists of all of the dorms/residents halls and the on-campus apartments and rentals, and all the rest fall into the academic category. Buildings for which meter data is available primarily fall into the housing and auxiliary categories. The in-session average monthly and average daily metered flows are included in Table 3-2 Existing Water Meter Data Summary. A complete table of monthly meter reading data for each of these buildings is included in Appendix A for reference. 23 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

28 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Building Table 3-2 Existing Water Meter Data Summary In-session Average Monthly (gallons) In-session Average Daily (gallons) Albright-Benton Res. Hall 341,553 11,228 Buchanan Residence Hall 209,079 6,873 Madison Residence Hall 57,041 1,875 Reynolds Residence Hall 299,074 9,831 Robertson Residence Hall 122,529 4,028 Helder Residence Hall 506,953 16,665 Leatherwood Residence Hall 547,782 18,007 Bird Health and Counseling 7, Steam Plant 1,105,120 36,329 Graham Building (old part) 2, Brown Cafeteria 258,679 8,504 Dodson Cafeteria 297,087 9,766 Camp Building 52,556 1,728 Old Student Union Hinds University Center 505,829 16,628 Scott Residence Hall 1,095,129 36,000 Harrill Residence Hall 422,588 13,892 Walker Residence Hall 491,143 16,145 Jordan-Phillips Field House 10, University Book Store 3, Ramsey Activity Center 281,622 9,258 NCCAT Main Core Bldg 39,759 1,307 NCCAT Residence Hall A 15, NCCAT Residence Hall B 17, Central Drive Residence Hall 334,580 10,999 Village Residence Hall 911,700 29,970 Norton Residence Hall 197,500 6,492 Total Existing 8,136, ,460 This metered water usage data for the various structures has been utilized to define demands within the WaterCAD model. Demand data has been extrapolated from the metered structures to the un-metered structures, based on the function each structure serves and the size of the structure. The remaining un-metered demands were then allocated to nodes within the WaterCAD model to simulate the Campus water system average daily in-session conditions. A drawing of the water system model is included in Appendix A for reference. Data tables for 24 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

29 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN demand nodes, pipes, and tanks within the water model are included in Appendix A for reference Existing Fire Flow Demands As previously discussed, a record of fire hydrant flow tests that was performed in June 2005 was provided. Static pressures ranged from 50 to 155 psi (pounds per square inch) and hydrant flow rates during the tests ranged from approximately 750 to 1,500 gpm with residual pressures ranging from approximately 40 to 145 psi. This data was utilized to calibrate the water model and available fire flows were then evaluated using the WaterCAD model. A number of structures on Campus currently have sprinkler systems. In addition, as existing structures are renovated and new structures are built, sprinkler systems are being included with the construction. It is expected that within 10 years every structure on Campus will be sprinkled. Typical required fire flows for Campus buildings range from 500 to approximately 3,000 gpm for non-sprinkled structures. The Hunter Library is the only structure on Campus with a calculated required fire flow greater than 3,000 gpm. Required fire flow for sprinkled structures is 500 gpm, which is considerably less than that required for non-sprinkled structures. Therefore, the system fire flow demand will be reduced as sprinkler systems are added to existing buildings. Required fire flows for existing and future buildings are based on the Insurance Services Office (ISO) Needed Fire Flow documents. The ISO procedure for calculating required fire flows is based on the type of construction; structure contents; building area; and the proximity to, and communication with adjacent buildings. The procedure calculates the required exterior hose flow. A fire flow simulation was run with the WaterCAD model and has been utilized to determine available fire flows around Campus. Currently, WCU does not have any fire hydrants located on water lines smaller than 4 inches. Therefore, fire flows were not calculated for nodes located on water lines smaller than 4 inches. Based on the model output, and maintaining a minimum residual pressure of approximately 40 psi, the available fire flows range from approximately 500 to over 3,000 gpm. The calculated fire flow demands and the modeled available fire flows at the various buildings on Campus are summarized in Table 3-3 Existing Fire Flow Demand Summary. 25 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

30 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Table 3-3 Existing Fire Flow Demand Summary Building Calculated Required Fire Flow (GPM) Modeled Available Fire Flow (GPM) Albright-Benton Residence Hall* Buchanan Residence Hall* Madison Residence Hall* Moore Building* Reynolds Residence Hall* Robertson Residence Hall* Helder Residence Hall Leatherwood Residence Hall Hunter Library Stillwell Building* Hoey Auditorium* McKee Building* Reid Gym (Fitness Center, Pool) Breese Gym (Dance, Pool) Bird Health and Counseling Grounds Maintenance/Paint Shop Graham Building Chancellors Residence Brown Cafeteria Dodson Cafeteria Killian Ed & Psy Building Camp Building/Annex/Gym* Old Student Union Triplex Apartments Young Drive Faculty Apartments Hinds University Center* Killian Annex* Scott Residence Hall* Print Shop Forsyth Building Belk Building (Art Complex) Harrill Residence Hall* Walker Residence Hall* Facilities Management Jordan Phillips Field House Natural Science Building* Coulter Building Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

31 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Building Calculated Required Modeled Available Fire Flow (GPM) Fire Flow (GPM) Bird Alumni House* Robinson Admin Building Jenkins House University Club University Book Store Ramsey Activity Center* Central Stores/Warehouse* NCCAT Core NCCAT Residence Hall A* NCCAT Residence Hall B* Center of Applied Technology* Fine & Performing Arts Center* Central Drive Residence Hall* Village Student Housing* Norton Road Residence Hall* Note 1: * Indicates a sprinkled structure Note 2: Bolded entries indicate that the current fire flow requirements are not being met by the available fire flows. As indicated above in Table 3-3, fire flows are generally very good around Campus. However, there are some areas that do not meet the calculated fire flow requirements or generally have lower available fire flows. These areas include areas served by small diameter (less than 6- inch) water lines, areas at higher elevations, and areas that are somewhat hydraulically remote from the main part of the water distribution system. The modeled available fire flows indicated in Table 3-3 are based on a model run with the 200,000-gallon round tank half full, the 1.0-mg square tank full, and no pumps running at the water treatment plant. The fire flow simulation was run in conjunction with average daily insession system demands and the minimum residual pressure was set at 40 psi. The modeled available fire flows for buildings that are sprinkled was taken at the face of the building. The available fire flows for non-sprinkled structures were taken at the single nearest available hydrant based on the water system mapping provided by WCU. The fire flows listed are the available flows at the hydrant. The structures, for which the modeled available fire flow is less than the calculated required fire flow, are indicated by red circles in Figure 3-2 Inadequate Available Fire Flows. 27 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

32 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Figure 3-2 Inadequate Available Fire Flows In some cases, the nearest hydrant to a building may not provide the required fire flow for that building independently. In these cases, additional nearby hydrants could be utilized to increase the available fire flow during a fire event. For example, the available fire flow listed for Leatherwood Residence Hall is from Hydrant #22. The flow from this hydrant does not satisfy the required fire flow for this building independently. However, there are other hydrants nearby, including Hydrant #23 and Hydrant #24 that could also be utilized during a fire event at Leatherwood Hall. The available fire flow values listed in Table 3-3 are based only on the single nearest available hydrant to the building. In other cases, the listed available fire flow is considerably higher than the flow that could realistically be delivered to a particular structure due to the location of the nearest hydrant. For example, the available fire flow listed for the Chancellors Residence is based on Hydrant #4, which is located approximately 500 feet north of the building, at a much lower elevation than the building. In this case, the lower elevation at the hydrant location results in increased pressure and available flow at the hydrant location. This value does not reflect what could be delivered through a fire hose from the hydrant to the building, without the aid of additional pressure such as could be supplied by a pumper type fire truck. 28 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

33 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Detailed fire flow calculation sheets are included for each structure listed in Appendix A for reference. A model output table of available fire flows at individual nodes in the model is included in Appendix A for reference Irrigation Water Usage Irrigation water for the University s athletic facilities (ball fields) is currently taken from the water distribution system. This water usage makes up a large percentage of the water used by the athletic department. According to staff, during dry periods, irrigation of the various athletic fields is a significant demand on the water treatment and distribution system. This usage is not currently metered, but has been estimated so that it can be accounted for in the water model. Irrigation demands likely typically peak during the dryer late summer and early fall months of the year when students are back on Campus. However, irrigation demands will also take place as needed year round to maintain the various athletic fields and landscaped areas. 3.3 FUTURE REQUIREMENTS General Information The Campus Master Plan lists buildings and additions that are planned for construction in future years. These buildings and additions are assumed to be supplied water service from WCU s water distribution system for domestic service and fire flow demands. Therefore, the condition and capacity of the water system must be examined in this context. A computer model has been developed that includes the addition of these future demands in order to examine the adequacy of the current distribution system to serve the future needs of the Campus. This section will describe the anticipated future needs of the Campus and make recommendations for necessary improvements Water System Capacity The Campus development Master Plan that was recently completed calls for construction of new facilities, including classrooms, private space, housing, dining, and other auxiliary buildings, to meet the projected Campus needs as the University expands enrollment. Water demands have been estimated for the future buildings based on the projected size and intended use of the various buildings and the existing demands for similar type buildings currently served by the Campus water system. Table 3-4 provides a list of the new buildings included in the Master Plan and their estimated water demands. 29 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

34 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Building Number Table 3-4 Master Plan New Building Water Demands Summary New Building Name/Use Neighborhood Estimated Water Use (gpd) Estimated Model Water Use (gpm) B New Classroom C New Classroom K Private Space J New Student Housing Beds 7 11, I New Student Housing Beds 7 26, C New Steam Plant Services E 66, H New Private Space G Reid Addition 8 17, J Student Housing Beds 8 26, I New Dining Hall 8 15, E Student Housing Beds 9 29, D Hospitality Management Shops/Restaurants/Commercial Town Center E 42, Office/Private Town Center E Mountain Heritage Museum Town Center E Total 239, Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

35 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN The Master Plan also calls for the demolition of certain existing facilities that have exceeded their useful life. The existing water demands that are associated with the buildings to be demolished are included below in Table 3-5. Table 3-5 Master Plan Existing Building Demolition Water Demands Summary Building Number Existing Building Name/Use (To be Demolished) Neighborhood Estimated Water Use (gpd) Estimated Model Water Use (gpm) 2 Buchanan Res Hall 6 8, Brown Dining Hall 6 10, Triplex Apartments 6 1, Young Drive Faculty Apartment 6 1, Young Drive Faculty Apartment Bird Alumni House Jenkin's House Ground / Maintenance/Paint Steam Plant 7 43, Helder Res Hall Beds 8 20, Leatherwood Res Hall Beds 8 21, Dodson Dining Hall 8 11, Camp Building Town Center E 2, Total 122, The projected water use associated with the new buildings exceeds the existing water use that will be removed from the system when the existing buildings are demolished. The projected increase in water use is estimated to be approximately 116,000 gpd (81 gpm). Adding this demand to the existing average day in-session demand of 0.42 mgd yields a projected future average day in-session demand of 0.54 mgd. The current peak day flows in each month have a peaking factor of 1.0 to 2.0 over the average daily in-session flows during the last three years. The peak factors were calculated by dividing the monthly peak day demand by the average day in-session demand. Utilizing the highest historical peaking factor of 2.0, the projected future peak day demand would be approximately 1.08 mgd. The Campus Master Plan includes proposed locations for the structures listed in Table 3-5. The majority of the proposed structures are located adjacent to or near existing Campus water lines. 31 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

36 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN However, the location of the proposed steam plant on the east side of Old Cullowhee Road across from the old Campus entrance does not currently have water service available. A water line extension will be required from the existing distribution system to serve the proposed steam plant. An 8-inch diameter water line was added to the water system model along with the updated demands to reflect demolition and construction described in the Campus Master Plan and to evaluate adequacy of the distribution system to provide service to these structures Fire Flow The water system model was utilized to evaluate the adequacy of the distribution system to provide fire flow demands, as well as domestic service, to the proposed structures. It is assumed that all new structures will be provided with sprinkler systems for fire protection. Available fire flows are listed in Table 3-6 for each of the proposed structures. Table Master Plan New Building Available Fire Flow Summary Building Number New Building Name/Use Neighborhood Available Fire Flow (gpm) B New Classroom C New Classroom K Private Space J New Student Housing Beds I New Student Housing Beds C New Steam Plant Services E 2860 H New Private Space G Reid Addition J Student Housing Beds I New Dining Hall E Student Housing Beds D Hospitality Management Shops/Restaurants/Commercial Town Center E 2430 Office/Private Town Center E 2430 Mountain Heritage Museum Town Center E 2430 The American Waterworks Association (AWWA) Manual M5, Water Utility Management, contains guidelines for the required duration of fire flows based on the required fire flow rates. The highest typical calculated fire flows for structures on Campus are 3,000 gpm. However, the majority of structures on Campus have fire flows less than 2,500 gpm. For required fire flows of 2,500 gpm and less the required duration is 2 hours and for required fire flows of 3,000 gpm the 32 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

37 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN required duration is 3 hours. Required fire flow storage for 3 hours of 3,000-gpm fire flow is equal to 540,000 gallons Treatment and Storage As previously discussed, there is approximately 1.2 mg of storage in two concrete tanks located at the top of the hill roughly in the center of Campus. Additionally, there is 1.1-mg of pump suction storage located in a tank and clearwell at the water treatment plant. Subtracting fire flow storage from the total storage volume available yields 1.76-mg of storage available for domestic demands. Therefore, the existing 2.3-mg storage in the water system provides approximately 3 days of finished water storage at the projected average daily flow rate and 1.5 days of storage at the projected peak day flow rate. There is an emergency power generator at the water treatment plant that allows the full 1.1-mg pump suction storage at the water treatment plant to be available to the water system at all times. Although the projected peak daily flow to serve the future expanded Campus exceeds the 1.0-mgd water treatment plant capacity there is adequate storage within the water system to meet the projected peak day demands. Therefore, the water treatment plant and finished water storage capacity are adequate to serve the projected future Campus demands. As the population increases, the water treatment plant will have to be operated in a more continuous manner to keep up with daily demands. Average and peak daily demands should continue to be monitored by water plant personnel so that as demands approach the existing water treatment capacity planning can begin for expansion of the water treatment plant. In addition, measures such as installation of low-flow fixtures in new and renovated structures can be taken to reduce the per student demand. Any water saving measures that can be implemented will increase the service life of the existing water treatment plant Distribution System In addition to the water line extension to serve the proposed steam plant, there are additional water line extensions that could be made to improve the overall reliability of the water distribution system. The existing distribution system has a number of dead-end water line extensions serving various areas of Campus, including: a 6-inch water line extending north from Memorial Drive along Norton Road that serves the Village student housing area at the north end of Campus; a 6-inch water line extending northwest from Memorial Drive to serve the NCCAT area; a 10-inch line extending southwest along University Way to serve the Camp Building area; and an 8-inch water line extending southwest from the 1.0-mg water tank to serve the Ramsey Regional Activity Center and baseball field areas at the south end of Campus. 33 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

38 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Also, there are a number of structures located between Centennial Drive and Memorial Drive from Hoey Auditorium to Reid Gym that are served by a 10-inch water line extending from Centennial Drive. Service to these areas of Campus can be improved with the construction of water lines to loop these dead-end areas. These water line loops will provide secondary water supply routes to maintain service to these areas during peak demand times, improve available fire flows in these areas, improve system reliability, and improve water quality by eliminating stagnant zones within the dead-end pipes. Four 8-inch diameter water line extensions are proposed to interconnect the dead-end lines described above. The proposed water lines will create loops between the Village and NCCAT water lines, the Camp Building and Ramsey Regional Activity Center water lines, the Ramsey Regional Activity Center and Centennial Drive water lines, and the Memorial Drive and Centennial Drive water lines. These proposed water lines are indicated by heavy blue lines in Figure 3-3 Proposed Water Line Extensions. In addition, the new 8-inch line described in Section that is required to serve the proposed steam plant site is also indicated in Figure 3-3 as a heavy blue line. 34 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

39 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Figure 3-3 Proposed Water Line Extensions 35 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

40 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN 3.4 WATER SYSTEM SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations An evaluation of Western Carolina University s water system was made by visual inspection during a Campus visit. These facilities include raw water intake facilities, a 1.0-mgd rated water treatment plant, three concrete storage tanks with a total capacity of 2.2-mg storage, and a distribution system comprised of 2- to 12-inch diameter lines. Based on this evaluation and information provided by WCU staff, a number of recommendations can be made. Raw Water Intake (1.) The existing raw water intake pump station is not equipped with an emergency back-up power supply. The University does have a portable generator for this facility that can be wired into the main power disconnect panel by hand. It is recommended that an electrical quick-connect receptacle and manual transfer switch be installed to facilitate connection of the portable generator. Conditions that would cause an extended power outage at the intake pump station would most likely be due to inclement weather. Installation of a quick-connect receptacle and transfer switch would facilitate connection of the generator so that hands-on work within the electrical panel would not be required to connect the generator and restore service to the intake pump station. (2.) There are three existing raw water pumps. Pump No. 2 has a capacity of 0.8 mgd and Pump Nos. 1 and 3 have a combined capacity of approximately 1.0 mgd when operated concurrently. It is recommended that Pump Nos. 1 and 3 be replaced with pumps rated at 1.0 mgd each, matching the capacity of the treatment plant, to provide a more reliable raw water delivery to the treatment plant. Raw Water Mixing (3.) The existing vertical-axis paddle-type mixer is a single speed unit. It is recommended that the flash mixer motor/drive unit be replaced with a variable speed drive unit to improve control of mixing and flocculation. A variable speed mixer would allow water plant personnel to control the amount of mixing based on the influent water quality and chemical feed rates. (4.) The existing flocculation basin is a concrete flume with baffling provided by wooden baffles inserted into the flow path. These wooden baffles provide a vertical serpentine flow path to promote flocculation. The baffles located near the water surface are 36 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

41 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN showing signs of deterioration. It is recommended that the wooden baffles be replaced with new wooden or aluminum baffles. Sedimentation (5.) The existing sedimentation basin walls are showing some signs of cracking and spalling. It is recommended that these areas be monitored and concrete repaired as needed to minimize deterioration of the concrete surface. Maintenance of the existing basin walls will lengthen the useful life of the existing treatment facility. (6.) The existing handrail around the flocculation and sedimentation basins is not equipped with kick plates. Without kick plates, there is a danger during icy conditions of falling and sliding under the handrail into the basins. In addition, these kick plates would provide some protection from tools or other items being dropped or kicked accidentally into the basins. When the basins are in service, any items dropped into them would be difficult to retrieve. When the basins are taken out of service for maintenance activities, there is a danger of items falling onto any person who may be working in the basins. It is recommended that kick plates be installed along all existing hand rails located around the flocculation and sedimentation basins. (7.) The existing ladders extending from the walkways into the sedimentation basins are in poor condition. According to plant personnel, these existing ladders have not been used for quite some time and access into the basins to perform maintenance activities requires the use of portable ladders. It is recommended that new ladders be mounted in the sedimentation basins to provide safe access for maintenance activities and also to provide exit locations for anyone who may accidentally fall into the basins. Chlorine Feed (Raw and Finished) (8.) Plant personnel reported that the chlorine cylinder scale does not function well during cold weather. It is recommended that the chlorine cylinder scale be replaced. Soda Ash (Raw and Finished Water) (9.) The soda ash system is still working well but the equipment is old and replacement parts are difficult to find. It is recommended that the soda ash feed system be replaced with a new dry chemical hopper, feeder, and solution tank system in the same location as the existing equipment. This would allow continued feeding of dry soda ash into the feeder hopper located on the first floor. A second option would be to replace the dry soda ash 37 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

42 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN feed system with a liquid caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) feed system. Plant personnel discussed this alternative with the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and it was recommended by DENR that soda ash continue to be used at this plant due to corrosion and lead level issues that have been reported with the use of caustic soda. Water Plant Wastewater (10.) The existing sludge dewatering facility involves a labor intensive and time consuming process of bagging sludge for dewatering, which is difficult for the limited number of water plant staff. It is recommended that WCU enter into negotiations with TWSA to allow the discharge of the WWTP plant and domestic waste into the TWSA wastewater collection system. It is our understanding that some conversations have been had with TWSA over the years to discuss this issue. This would allow WCU to abandon the existing sludge handling facility and septic tank drainfield that are currently being utilized. Finished Water and Backwash Water Pumps (11.) There are four existing finished water pumps and one existing filter backwash pump. Two of the finished water pumps were installed when the plant was expanded in 1973 and have rated capacities of 700-gpm, approximately matching the rated capacity of the plant. The other two finished water pumps are original plant equipment. It is recommended that three of these pumps (Pump Nos. 1, 3, and 4) be replaced with new finished water pumps with capacities of at least 700-gpm each. It is further recommended that the other pump (Pump No. 2) should be converted to a filter backwash pump. This could be accomplished with minor discharge piping modifications in the pump room and would provide pump redundancy for the filter backwashing operation. With the current single filter backwash pump, if the pump were to fail, there would be no means of backwashing the filters until the pump is replaced. The combination of replacing the finished water pumps and providing a backup filter backwash pump will increase the pumping capacity and reliability of the plant. General Building Improvements (12.) According to plant personnel, the existing plant boiler has operation and maintenance problems and is not reliable. In addition, the boiler is fed by a buried oil tank located adjacent to the water plant. It is recommended that HVAC improvements be made to the plant building that would include the removal of the existing buried tank and replacement of the boiler with a new gas or electric boiler. In addition, a number of other 38 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

43 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN general building improvements could be made, including glass partition walls between the filter console gallery and the filters and pump gallery, laboratory upgrades, and security cameras at the remote pumping and storage sites with display at the plant. Photo 22 Glass Partitions at WTP Filters (Harrisonburg, VA) Water Storage Facilities (13.) It is recommended that a detailed inspection of the existing 200,000-gallon tank be performed to determine if the tank should continue being utilized. The tank overflow elevation is well above that of the adjacent 1.0-mg tank, which causes operational issues when utilizing the tank. Also, according to WCU personnel, the tank has cracks in the walls that leak when the water level in the tank is too high, reducing its usable capacity. Water plant personnel have suggested demolishing this tank and replacing it with a new 500,000-gallon tank at this site. This alternative should be explored pending the results of the detailed evaluation of the existing 200,000-gallon tank. (14.) There is an existing 1.0-mg square concrete tank located on top of the hill, roughly in the center of Campus. This tank was constructed in the early 1970s. The concrete roof of this tank is weathered and spalled. In addition, previous repairs to the roof are spalling and delaminating from the concrete surface. It is recommended that the roof be evaluated to verify that it is structurally sound. If the roof is sound it can then be repaired by clearing the roof of all loose concrete material, building up and leveling the surface, and covering the tank roof with a membrane roofing system. This type of repair will significantly increase the useful life of the existing tank. (15.) Plant personnel reported problems with the inlet valve and operator on the existing 1.0- mg clearwell located adjacent to the plant. It is recommended that this valve and operator be replaced to improve operational control of the existing clearwell. 39 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

44 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Water Distribution System (16.) According to WCU personnel, improvements are being made around Campus to the water distribution system as well as fire protection systems within individual structures as buildings are being constructed and renovations are taking place. It is recommended that sprinkler systems be installed in all new and renovated structures, and that they be considered for retrofitting existing structures that are not scheduled for major renovation in the near future. Sprinkler systems reduce the fire flow demands of individual structures and provide a safer environment for the students, faculty, and staff, as well as protect valuable Campus assets. (17.) A number of existing structures are served by small diameter water service lines, 2-inch diameter or less in size. Many additional structures are served by 3-inch diameter water service lines. It is also recommended that, as structures are constructed or renovated, that water service lines supplying these structures be upsized from the structure back to the water distribution mains. This will improve pressure and flow within the structures during peak demand times. (18.) There are a number of water distribution lines around Campus that are 3- to 4-inch diameter lines of varying ages. It is recommended that, as construction activities take place on Campus, that these lines be replaced with minimum 6-inch diameter water lines, and any of these lines that are main lines should be replaced with minimum 8-inch diameter lines. This will improve the ability of the distribution system to meet peak domestic and fire flow demands. In addition, the location of existing water lines in the vicinity of Joiner Plaza may not be well documented. There is a history, including a recent repair, of undocumented water lines being uncovered in this area. Consideration should be given to replacing the water lines in this area and properly documenting the lines. (19.) The existing 3-inch diameter service lines to Reynolds and Robinson Residence Halls have experienced a number of leaks due to corrosion problems. It is recommended that these service lines be replaced with 6-inch service lines. In addition, the existing 6-inch diameter service line to Brown Cafeteria has leaking valves located in sections of old pitcast piping. It is recommended that the service line and valves be replaced. (20.) There are a number of dead-end water line extensions that have been made as the Campus has expanded. These are described in Section Water line extension to 40 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

45 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN create loops between these dead-end lines are recommended to provide secondary water supply routes to maintain service to these areas during peak demand times, improve available fire flows in these areas, improve system reliability, and improve water quality by eliminating stagnant zones within the dead-end pipes. The recommended water lines are indicated in Figure 3-3 by heavy blue lines. (21.) Irrigation water for the University s athletic facilities (ball fields) is currently taken from the water distribution system. This water usage makes up a large percentage of the water used by the athletic department. According to staff, during dry periods, irrigation of the various athletic fields is a significant demand on the water treatment and distribution system. It is recommended that a raw water source be developed to serve these irrigation needs and remove these demands from the finished water distribution system. A small creek runs through the west side of Campus near the majority of the athletic fields that are irrigated. Developing a pond or other aesthetically pleasing water feature to provide irrigation storage at the north end of Campus near the Village student housing area should be considered Proposed Implementation Schedule The recommendations described above have been divided into two categories. Near-term improvements are those that are recommended to be performed within the next 3 years, and long-term improvements are those recommended to be performed within the next 10 years. Recommendations classified as near-term include items necessary to maintain safe and effective operation of the water treatment, storage, and distribution system in order to serve the existing Campus. Long-term improvements are those that will improve the overall reliability of the water system and enable it to meet future Campus demands, as well as improve the efficiency of the system. These include Recommendation Nos. 17, 18, and 20, which are all related to distribution system improvements to be made as construction activities take place around Campus. Table Summary of Implementation Timeframe categorizes the above-described recommendations into near- or long-term. 41 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

46 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Table Summary of Implementation Timeframe No. Recommendations Timeframe 1 Raw Water Intake electrical quick-connect Near-term 2 Raw Water Intake raw water pumps Near-term 3 Raw Water Mixing flash mixer motor/drive unit Near-term 4 Raw Water Mixing wooden baffles Long-term 5 Sedimentation concrete repair Long-term 6 Sedimentation handrail kickplate Near-term 7 Sedimentation basin ladders Near-term 8 Chlorine Feed cylinder scale Near-term 9 Soda Ash dry feed system Near-term 10 Wastewater negotiate with TWSA Long-term 11 Plant Pumps replace finished water, re-pipe backwash pump Near-term 12 General Building Improv. HVAC, lab, glass partition, security Long-term 13 Water storage detailed inspection of 200,000-gal tank Long-term 14 Water Storage repair roof 1.0-mg tank Near-term 15 Water Storage 1.0-mg clearwell inlet valve and operator Near-term 16 Distribution sprinkler systems during renovations Long-term 17 Distribution service lines during renovations Long-term 18 Distribution main replacement (renovations, Joyner Plaza) Long-term 19 Distribution service line replacement Near-term 20 Distribution water line loops Long-term 21 Distribution irrigation water source development Long-term Opinion of Probable Cost An opinion of probable cost for each of the recommendations described has been prepared and is summarized in Table Summary of Opinion of Probable Costs. Detailed cost estimates are included in Appendix A for reference. The total estimated costs for near-term and long-term recommendations are approximately $735,000 and $3,330,000, respectively. 42 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

47 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Table Summary of Opinion of Probable Costs No. Near-Term Recommendations Cost 1 Raw Water Intake electrical quick-connect $8,500 2 Raw Water Intake raw water pumps $62,000 3 Raw Water Mixing flash mixer motor/drive unit $9,500 6 Sedimentation handrail kickplate $11,050 7 Sedimentation basin ladders $10,920 8 Chlorine Feed cylinder scale $11,800 9 Soda Ash replace feed system $146, Plant Pumps replace finished water, re-pipe backwash pump $173, Water Storage repair roof 1.0-mg tank $154, Water Storage 1.0-mg clearwell inlet valve and operator $7, Distribution service line replacement $140,000 Near-Term Sub-total $734,570 No. Long-Term Recommendations Cost 4 Raw Water Mixing wooden baffles $11,560 5 Sedimentation concrete repair $32, Wastewater negotiate with TWSA See Note 3 12 General Building Improv. HVAC, lab, glass partition, security $204, Water storage detailed inspection of 200,000-gal tank $35, Distribution sprinkler systems during renovations See Note 2 17 Distribution service lines during renovations See Note 2 18 Distribution main replacement (renovations, Joyner Plaza) $491, Distribution water line loops $1,270, Distribution irrigation water source development $1,285,000 Long-Term Sub-Total $3,329,745 Note 1: Total cost for individual item shown in the above table includes 40 percent markup for engineering and contingencies. Note 2: Implementation of this recommendation is currently underway by WCU staff. Therefore, a cost estimate has not been prepared for this item. Note 3: The cost of this item will be determined by the cost of service from TWSA and will be based on negotiations with TWSA. Therefore, a cost estimate has not been prepared of this item. 43 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

48 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN 4 STEAM SYSTEM 4.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS General Description The steam plant is the primary steam generating facility on Campus. Part of the plant was built during the 1920s, and most of the equipment is reaching the end of its useful life. Significant portions of the steam and condensate distribution systems are also old and in need of replacement, especially the condensate lines. The plant has four boilers, whose total capacity has decreased from 141,000 pounds per hour (pph) of steam to approximately 107,000 pph primarily due to de-rating of Boiler No. 1. The boilers are equipped to burn either natural gas or No. 6 fuel oil. Oil has been less expensive to burn recently and is currently the primary fuel. During cold weather, the plant burns approximately 7,000 gallons of No. 6 fuel oil per day. Summer usage is approximately 3,000 gallons per day. Photo 23 View from Steam Plant Similar to most of the other equipment in the plant, the electrical switchgear is very old. This makes replacement parts hard to find and decreases the reliability of the plant Plant Capacity The steam plant has four boilers rated at 141,000 pph (actual reliable capacity is 107,000 pph). Each boiler s rated capacity is as follows 4: Boiler No. 1: Boiler No. 2: Boiler No. 3: Boiler No. 4: 35,000 pph (10,000 pph reliable capacity) 40,000 pph (39,000 pph reliable capacity) 22,000 pph (22,000 pph reliable capacity) 44,000 pph (36,000 pph reliable capacity) 4 Reliable capacity ratings and comments on equipment condition were obtained in discussions with Mr. Mike Hoyle, Steam Plant Supervisor, in interviews on February 7 and 8, Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

49 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN All boilers have the capability of being fired with either natural gas or No. 6 fuel oil. The ages of the boilers range from 33 years to 55 years old. More detailed information on the boilers is presented in the next section of this report Steam Generating Equipment The steam plant has four boilers for producing steam. All boilers are Babcock & Wilcox. Boiler No. 1 is brick-set and the other three are D-type package boilers. The boilers are all fueled with natural gas and No. 6 fuel oil. Boiler No. 1 and two additional boilers are required to meet the normal Campus steam demand during cold weather. Boiler Nos. 2, 3, and 4 are all required to meet the peak Campus demand of 101,000 pph. Boiler No. 1 was built in 1951 and, per the nameplate, has a nominal capacity of 35,000 pph at a pressure of 180 psi at saturation temperature. Its present reliable capacity is 10,000 pph. The boiler, originally coal-fired, was converted in 1966 to accommodate natural gas and No. 6 fuel oil. Seventeen of its tubes are plugged, and additional tube failures continue to be a concern. Tube locations near the mud drum have external pitting, which make them susceptible to failure. The boiler is base-loaded at low loads, and boiler loads are changed slowly in order to reduce the chances of additional tube failures due to stress. Controls for Boiler No. 1 are very old and outdated and the boiler has to be lit off manually. If any control component fails to the point where parts are needed, the boiler must be taken off-line until replacement parts can be obtained or complete new control devices are obtained, if the University feels the investment is justified. Due to age and obsolescence some parts almost certainly will not longer be available. A steam flow meter used on the boiler is mercury filled which carries the risk of a spill and a difficult and expensive cleanup. Boiler No. 2 was built in 1966 and, per the nameplate, has a nominal capacity of 40,000 pph at 406 degrees F and 250 psi with 3,850 square feet of heating surface. Its present reliable capacity is 39,000 pph. This boiler has new controls and a new burner. The economizer for this boiler has been gutted and is no longer used. There are minor burner problems when oil is used, but no major problems. 45 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

50 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Boiler No. 3 was built in 1969 and, per the nameplate, has a nominal capacity of 22,000 pph at 406 degrees F and 250 psi with 2,503 square feet of heating surface. This boiler also has new controls and a new burner. There is a small breaching leak, but no major problems. Boiler No. 4 was built in 1973 and, per the nameplate, has a nominal capacity of 44,000 pph at 406 degrees F and 250 psi with 3,850 square feet of heating surface. Its present capacity is 36,000 pph. The gas burner on Boiler No. 4 is designed to be fueled with propane and is not very efficient when burning natural gas. The cost to replace the burner with one designed for efficient operation on natural gas is more than the University is willing to invest. The boiler operates efficiently using No. 6 fuel oil. Boiler No. 4 has new controls and was re-tubed in There is a small breaching leak but no major problems. Photo 24 Boiler No Fuel and Storage The primary fuels for the plant are natural gas and No. 6 fuel oil. These are burned alternately, based on cost and availability. Fuel oil is stored in three 75,000-gallon storage tanks, located inside a concrete containment wall with a gravel floor. The oil tanks are steam-heated to 150 degrees F and further heated to 200 degrees F inside the plant before being distributed to the boilers. Natural gas is supplied by PSNC, a local gas distribution company. A limited amount of propane is stored in a tank near the main fuel tanks and is provided for use only for pilots in the event that natural gas is unavailable. During cold weather, the plant burns approximately 7,000 gallons of No. 6 fuel oil per day. In the summertime, usage drops to approximately 3,000 gallons per day. Photo 25 Fuel Oil Storage Photo 26 Feedwater Pumps 46 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

51 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Auxiliary Equipment A single Cochrane deaerator and 2,095-gallon storage tank, serves the plant s feedwater system. A turbine-driven pump and two electric pumps serve as feedwater pumps. At the time of the survey, only the steam-driven feedwater pump was running to serve the three operating boilers. A single condensate receiver and three electric condensate pumps comprise the condensate collection system of the plant. At the time of the survey, only two of the pumps were running. Photo 27 Water Softeners Two water softeners, which appeared to be approximately 15 cubic feet each, were installed in 1998 and provide make-up water to the deaerator. A single 4-inch water line serves the plant s make-up water needs. During very high steam loads, it is necessary to partially bypass the softeners to obtain adequate make-up water. This high load on the make-up water system is due to the low amount of condensate being returned to the plant from the Campus system. Photo 28 Condensate Tank Two air compressors in a duplex arrangement serve the plant. Only one compressor is needed to handle the plant s compressed air needs with the other compressor serving as a standby. Chemicals that are currently being used to treat the water system at the plant are as follows: 560 sodium hydroxide (for ph) IS100 oxygen scavenger NA701 blend of amines (for condensate treatment) SP531 polymer sludge conditioner CL361 Chelant Photo 29 Chemical Treatment 47 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

52 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Small amounts of Chelant are being used in Boiler No. 4 only to clean up some minor deposits in the tubes. The use of Chelant will be discontinued after the remaining chemical on hand is used up. A tabulation of chemical usage for 2005 obtained from Rosie Greenwood (WCU) is included in the Appendix. The current chemical treatment contractor is G. E. Betz, but a decision has been made to switch to AJ Chemical. The three newest boilers (2, 3, and 4) have Kentube economizers installed in their exhaust ducts; however, the economizer for Boiler 2 has been gutted. These economizers are used to preheat feedwater from the deaerator Distribution System Saturated steam is distributed at 120 psi to most of the Campus. Low pressure steam (30 psi) is distributed from the plant to serve Hoey Auditorium, Breeze Gym, Graham Building, Albright-Benton Dorm, and Harrill Dorm. Steam is sent to Upper Campus through an 8-inch line located in a walkable tunnel that is approximately 4 feet wide by 6-feet high. This tunnel is approximately 570 feet in length. The lines are in tiles between manholes after leaving the tunnel. Takeoffs in this tunnel distribute steam to buildings on the Upper Campus. A pressurereducing station in Brown provides 30-psi steam through some of the old steam distribution system to Albright-Benton and Harrill Dorms Photo 30 Tunnel to which are the only two buildings on Upper Campus still using low Upper Campus pressure steam. A 4-inch condensate return line is also located in this tunnel and serves as a header for bringing condensate from the Campus back to the steam plant from a combination pumped and gravity return system. Steam is sent to Lower Campus through both an 8-inch high pressure (120 psi) line leaving the steam plant and running along the sidewalk on the north side of Central Drive and a low pressure line running through a small tunnel (LP Tunnel), running from the steam plant to the McKee Building mechanical room. Low pressure steam serves the Hoey Auditorium, Breeze Gym, and Graham Building on Lower Campus. Condensate returns from the Lower Campus buildings through two lines (6 inch and 3 inch) running in the LP Tunnel into the steam plant. 48 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

53 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN The Center for Applied Technology is heated using hot water supplied from heat exchangers in Belk. This is the only building that is heated using hot water from another building. Over the years, condensate lines have frequently failed, with the primary cause of the failures being corrosion due to oxygen pitting and carbonic acid being present in the condensate. Steam lines have also had some problems but to a much lesser extent than the condensate system. Data from a water meter on the make-up water system confirms this steady degradation. Table 4-1 shows usage data and also illustrates how the required amount of make-up water has steadily increased over the past 3 years of operation. Table 4-1 Year Totals (2003, 2004, and 2005) Calendar Year Total Steam Produced, Pounds 140,126, ,319, ,775,225 Total Make-up Water, Pounds 48,228,201 64,983,163 92,156,456 Percent Make-up 34% 45% 65% For the 3 years listed, the amount of steam produced remains relatively constant, between 140 million pounds and 145 million pounds annually. Make-up water for these years, however, has almost doubled. This is due to a failing condensate system that is unable to return condensate back to the plant. The costs associated with this failure include the cost of the make-up water, the cost of heating up the make-up water to the temperature of condensate (~180 ºF), and the cost of chemical treatment. During the site visit, University personnel indicated particular condensate lines that have recurring leakage problems. These problems are summarized in the following table: 49 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

54 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Table 4-2 Problems Areas on Steam and Condensate Distribution System Line Description Description of Problem Dodson Cafeteria Manhole 122 outside Scott Dorm Manhole 117 to Manhole 119 Leaking badly; Manhole 121 (located in this line) had a significant amount of steam flowing through and steam vapor coming out of the manhole and nearby storm drains in the shrubbery Water present in manhole; steam vapors coming out of the manhole and from the roof downspout nearby Bad pipe leaks; line has been cut and capped with a temporary direct-buried steel line installed; corrosion on original pipe occurred externally where pipe support rollers were made using galvanized pipe over all thread rods instead of using proper rollers Manhole 114 to Manhole 115 This section of piping has leaks. Lines from Manhole 114 to Coulter also leak. Manhole 115 was flooded and had steam vapors coming out. Manhole 108 Manholes 108 and 109 Manhole 101 Manhole 102 Water infiltrates into the tile between manhole 108 and Hinds University Center. Will be relocated due to the building demolition and replacement projects in the area. The condensate line between Manhole 101 and the Steam Plant is eaten up and has been abandoned. The condensate return has been re-routed from Manhole 104 through the low pressure steam tunnel back to the Plant. Both steam and condensate lines from Manhole 102 to Bird are direct buried. These are in bad shape and need replacing from manhole 102 to 142 and Bird. Stillwell will have a new steam service from manhole 102 as part of the renovation project underway Manhole 104 All steam to lower Campus goes through manhole 104. The lines in this manhole are not accessible and the manhole needs replacing. The main condensate line runs 50 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

55 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Line Description Description of Problem into the low pressure steam tunnel from the vicinity of manhole 104 back to the steam plant. It is possible to crawl through this small tunnel. Only an 8 steam line runs from manhole 102 to 104. Manhole 104A Manhole 104A has stubs for running steam and condensate lines up the road to tie in to the upper Campus system but this has not been done. The manhole was installed around Manhole 116 Manhole 126 Manhole 117 Manhole 137 Installation of a loop from manhole 116 to 123 should be considered. The lines from manhole 126 run under Breese Gym to Graham Building and they need replacing. These need replacing and upgrading from the present LPS to HPS. The condensate line from manhole 117 to 119 is cut and capped and needs replacing. Manhole 137 is an old and was constructed of rock. This manhole remains in service with old 30 psi steam and condensate lines active Operation The steam plant is the primary source for Campus heating and is therefore operated continuously, with only a short three-day outage for maintenance occurring in May. This outage was originally a two-week period, but over time, it has been shortened, compressing the timeframe in which needed maintenance can occur. Most maintenance of individual boilers is possible on a single boiler at a time, and most auxiliary systems in the steam plant have backup equipment. The main requirement for a complete shutdown of the steam plant and steam system is to do maintenance on the distribution system. The minimal size of the operating and maintenance staff would seem to severely limit the amount of maintenance that can be accomplished on idle equipment while the steam plant is still in operation. A shutdown of the steam plant for less than a week seems short, considering the time required for systems to cool sufficiently to allow maintenance, and considering the small maintenance staff. 51 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

56 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Currently, five boiler operators and one supervisor operate and maintain the plant. Aside from the tasks associated with steam plant operation, these individuals also must serve as the switchboard operators for the Facilities Management Department after normal office hours 5 p.m. until 8 a.m.). During holidays, these steam plant personnel serve as the switchboard operators for the entire Campus. In addition, plant personnel serve as dispatch for emergency personnel during fire alarms and other trouble signals. The motor pool is also managed by plant personnel. Even with the added responsibilities, the steam plant office does not have , internet, or computer communications with the rest of the Campus. Data has been obtained from Western Carolina University 5 that shows the amount of steam generated by each of the four boilers located at the plant. This data for the most recent full calendar year is shown in Figure 4-1. Figure 4-1 Total Steam Generation (2005) 2005 Steam Generation 20,000,000 18,000,000 16,000,000 14,000,000 12,000,000 Pounds 10,000,000 8,000,000 6,000,000 Boiler 4 Boiler 3 Boiler 2 Boiler 1 4,000,000 2,000,000 0 January February March April May June July August September October November December 5 Data on steam and water production and usage as well as cost data in this report was obtained from various reports provided by Ms. Rosie Greenwood in the WCU Facilities Department. 52 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

57 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN According to this graph, Boiler Nos. 2 and 4 are used to produce most of the steam for the Campus, with Boiler No. 3 following close behind. Boiler No. 1, which is only used during periods of high steam demand, shows steam production in January only for this particular year. This is due to the poor condition of Boiler No. 1. Costs for operating the plant, not including personnel cost, was also obtained from the University. This is shown in Figure 4-2 for the year This figure illustrates some key factors in how the Campus steam system is operating. Electric power and make-up water are fairly minor costs compared to the fuel cost. Also, this figure shows that the costs of oil and natural gas are fairly equal over the course of the year. As mentioned previously, the choice of fuel is determined by the cost to operate on that fuel. What is not shown in this figure is the true cost of make-up water with respect to heat input and chemical treatment. Instead, this figure only shows the cost to produce the make-up water. If the total cost of the make-up water is taken into account, then some of the cost attributed to fuel would be shifted to the make-up water cost. In other words, the high amount of make-up water needed at the plant becomes an unnecessarily high steam load for the plant causing the plant to be extremely inefficient. If the amount of make-up water was reduced to a reasonable level, then the cost of fuel would decrease also for every month shown in Figure 4-2. Annually, this savings would be approximately 9,787 million Btu s, or roughly 9.8 million cubic feet of natural gas. At $7.00 per thousand cubic foot of natural gas, the savings would be approximately $68,500 annually. 53 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

58 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Figure 4-2 Steam Plant Operating Costs (2005) 2005 Itemized Costs 250, , , Dollars 100, Electric Power Make-Up Water Oil Natural Gas 50, January February March April May June July August September October November December 54 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

59 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN 4.2 CAMPUS STEAM REQUIREMENTS Individual Building Steam Consumption The metering of steam allows for the total Campus consumption to be known on an annual basis but not an hourly basis so as to give peak steam demands for individual buildings. In order to properly analyze the steam distribution system, the peak hourly steam load would need to be known. Based upon historical weather data for Asheville, NC, a day in the heating season was selected where the peak heating load would most likely occur. Data from the boilers was collected for this day, along with data for the day before and the day after. This data was collected for 3 years (2004, 2005, and 2006) for January 26, 27, and 28. According to this data, the peak steam production is approximately 100,000 pph. Since the peak heating demand of the Campus is approximately 100,000 pph; and, since the plant sees the Campus load through the effect of diversity, diversity must be assumed. Dividing the maximum steam demand as seen by the plant (100,000 pph), results in the total Campus load. Assuming a diversity of 80 percent, which is typical of similar universities, the total Campus steam load is 125,000 pph. Actual steam load factors compiled by the U.S. Department of Energy were used as a basis to correlate this maximum steam load to individual building loads. The resulting distribution of Campus steam demand per building based upon building size and use is shown in Table 4-3. The steam usage per square foot of gross building area for the entire Campus, including the boiler plant loads, is PPH/sq.ft. This is higher than a typical Campus of similar size where a range of to PPH/sq.ft. would be expected. On an annual basis, WCU uses approximately 68 MBH/SF of steam. According to data from the Department of Energy, this is over 7 percent higher than the average building located in an area with more than 7000 annual heating degree days such as Cullowhee, NC. The higher steam usage per square foot indicates that there may be significant opportunity for energy savings by making changes within the buildings. If the steam usage could be reduced by 7 percent, then annual savings could be nearly $70,000 per year, assuming a rate of $0.007/CF for natural gas. An energy audit could be performed to identify projects that would result in energy savings. In addition, a project could be implemented where sub-meters are installed on buildings to record energy usage (steam, electricity, or both) on a per building basis in order to identify buildings with excessive energy usage. A detailed energy audit could then be conducted on the buildings where payoff in the form of energy savings would be the most significant. 55 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

60 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Table 4-3 Existing Building Steam Loads Pounds per Hour, (PPH) Gross Building Area, (sq.ft.) Steam Load Factor, (PPH/sq.ft) Name Albright-Benton Residence Hall 4,642 92, Buchanan Residence Hall 2,125 40, Madison Residence Hall 1,269 24, Moore Building 3,017 56, Reynolds Residence Hall 2,902 55, Robertson Residence Hall 1,637 31, Helder Residence Hall 4,034 80, Leatherwood Residence Hall 4,037 80, Hunter Library 7, , Stillwell Building 5, , Hoey Auditorium 1,112 18, McKee Building 2,667 49, Reid Gym 6,509 99, Bird Building , Steam Plant 12,541 13, Graham Building 644 9, Brown Cafeteria 2,507 30, Dodson Cafeteria 3,365 40, Killian Building 2,657 51, Old Student Union 378 6, Hinds University Center 2,469 44, Killian Annex 1,557 31, Scott Residence Hall 7, , Forsyth Building 3,183 62, Belk Building 5, , Harrill Residence Hall 3,497 71, Walker Residence Hall 3,491 71, Natural Sciences Building 3,708 73, Coulter Building 3,718 74, Fine & Performing Arts 7, , H.F. Robinson Admin Bldg 3,612 72, Central Drive Residence Hall 5, , Church 1,376 1, Grounds Maintenance/ Paint Shop 2,096 34, Total 124,905 2,098, Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

61 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN 4.3 FUTURE REQUIREMENTS General Information The Campus Master Plan lists buildings and additions that are planned for construction in future years. These buildings and additions are assumed to utilize steam for their heating needs. Therefore, the condition and capacity of the plant must be examined in this context. A computer model has been developed that includes the addition of these future loads in order to examine the adequacy of the current steam plant and distribution system to serve the future needs of the Campus. This section will describe the anticipated future needs of the Campus and make recommendations for necessary improvements Future Building Steam Loads Based upon the latest Campus Master Plan, the new buildings and additions that will be served by the Campus steam system have been listed in Table 4-4. These buildings are assumed to be served by high pressure steam (120 psig). Building Number Table 4-4 Master Plan New Building Steam Demands Summary New Building Name/Use Neighborhood Estimated Steam Use (pph) Estimated Gross Area (sq.ft.) B New Classroom 6 6, ,000 C New Classroom 6 6, ,000 K Private Space 6 3,443 67,500 J New Student Housing Beds 7 2,550 50,000 I New Student Housing Beds 7 6, C New Steam Plant Services E 17,300 20,000 H New Private Space 8 3,417 67,000 G Reid Addition 8 4,831 73,200 J Student Housing Beds 8 6, ,000 I New Dining Hall 8 4,307 51,890 E Student Housing Beds 9 6, ,000 Shops/Restaurants/Commercial Town Center E 5, ,480 Office/Private Town Center E 2,007 38,600 Mountain Heritage Museum Town Center E ,500 Total 75,751 1,104, Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

62 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Also indicated by in the Campus Master Plan are plans for existing buildings that are currently served by the Campus Steam Plant to be demolished. These buildings are shown in Table 4-5. Table 4-5 Master Plan Existing Building Demolition Steam Demands Summary Building Number Existing Building Name/Use (To be Demolished) Neighborhood Estimated Model Steam Use (pph) 2 Buchanan Res. Hall 6 2, Brown Dining Hall 6 2, Grounds Maintenance / Paint Shop 7 2, Steam Plant 7 12,541 7 Helder Res. Hall Beds 8 4,034 8 Leatherwood Res. Hall Beds 8 4, Dodson Dining Hall 8 3,365 Total 30,705 The net increase in steam demand as a result of the changes proposed by the Campus Master Plan is 45,045 pph. A computer model was developed to simulate how the existing steam piping distribution system would react to this increase in load and to develop recommendations for improving the ability of this system to handle future loads. Further discussion of the output of these models is in Section Future Steam Distribution Requirements Aside from the condition of the steam distribution system, the sizes and routing of the existing system are adequate for supplying steam to the various buildings that consume steam. As future steam loads are added, the capacity of the existing steam distribution system will be utilized more. A computer model was developed using Pipe2000 software in order to simulate how the existing steam distribution system would respond to the planned future increases in steam demand. Additional models were developed in order to evaluate the options for improving the existing steam distribution system. Since some proposed buildings are to be located in areas without existing steam piping, new steam lines were added in the model to allow for distribution of steam to the newer buildings, especially in the southwestern portion of the Campus. The exact route of the steam piping is subject to change due to factors regarded by WCU, but is representative for this analysis. 58 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

63 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Future Steam Loads with Existing Lines Sizes This model represents the present steam system with the inclusion of all future loads. The high pressure system supports all low pressure loads associated with the lower Campus due to the Campus decision to convert all low pressure loads to become high pressure loads. This and all of the following future models, reflect all low pressure system main piping as abandoned. Low pressure building piping ties into existing high pressure main piping by way of pressure reducing stations. The steam plant will be demolished to provide space for Building J and a new steam plant will be located further north across from the main entrance with the addition of a 12-inch high pressure line that connects to the existing 8 high pressure piping east of the new Building J. The 12-inch high pressure line from the plant also connects to the Upper Campus via a new 8 line that meets at the curve in the road above the new Building J (see Figure 4-3). Figure Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

64 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN The result is that major existing steam lines are undersized for the new proposed loads. Figure 4-4 illustrates this. Steam lines shown in red indicate pipe in which velocities exceed 200 feet per second. Associated detailed output data and an enlarged drawing of the model will be located in the Appendix. Figure 4-4 The steam lines where these velocities are a major problem are shown in the following Figures. 60 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

65 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Figure 4-5 In Figure 4-5, the red lines indicate pipes whose velocities exceed the recommended maximum velocity of 200 fps. After examining the layout of the steam piping system, pipe P-34 was suspected to be a bottleneck in the system that was constricting flow to the lower parts of the Campus. By increasing the size of that line (P-34), the velocity within the pipe should be decreased below 200 fps, thereby allowing more flow to pipes that are downstream and also lower the operating velocities of those downstream pipes. Table 4-6, which follows, lists the recommended size for this pipe (P-34). 61 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

66 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Figure 4-6 In Figure 4-6, the red lines indicate pipes whose velocities exceed the recommended maximum velocity of 200 fps. This is the main high pressure line that leaves the existing steam plant and serves the majority of the Campus. The excessive velocity causes excessive pressure drops in the line, thereby making less pressure available to the downstream piping. After evaluating the computer model, it was determined that by increasing the size of the main steam line (pipes P- 98, P-18, P-24, P-21, P-26, and P-19), much of the high velocity issues could be alleviated. Table 4-6, which follows, lists the recommended size for this main. 62 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

67 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Future Steam Loads with New Line Sizes In order to avoid high operating velocities and resulting high pressure losses in steam lines, existing pipe sizes would need to be increased and/or additional piping would be required. Another model was developed in which existing pipe sizes were increased in order to reduce the velocities in the piping to be below 200 fps. In order to achieve this, changes listed in Table 4-6 were made. In the previous model (Future Steam Loads with Existing Lines Sizes), some new pipes added for distribution of steam to new buildings show up as red (high velocity) due to high pressure losses in existing lines that are upstream. By making the changes listed in Table 4-6, the velocities in these lines decreased to be below 200 fps, which is within desirable limits. Pipe 2006 Label(s) P-98, P-18, P-24, P-21, P-26, P-19 Table 4-6 Modifications to Existing Steam Piping Approximate Location Current Size (inches) New Size (inches) Approximate Length (feet) Steam Plant to Manhole P-34 Manhole 114 to Manhole Future Steam Loads with New Line Sizes and Redundancy No existing redundancy is provided to the southwestern area of the Campus. If Pipe P-34 failed, then steam would be cut off from all steam consumers located downstream of this line. This model provides a 10-inch line for redundancy, called Pipe P-73, which connects from the wye upstream of Scott Residence Hall to the wye upstream of Reid Gym. This model operates under the assumption that Pipe P-34 has failed and is unable to deliver steam. The entire load for this region in this model is being handled by the new 10-inch line. Table 4-7 Additional Steam Line for Redundancy Pipe 2006 Label P-73 Approximate Location Between Manhole 117 and Manhole 121 Size (inches) Approximate Length (feet) Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

68 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Table 4-8 lists the new piping that will be required to supply future buildings with steam. If installed, the actual routing of steam lines may differ from the routing that was used to estimate piping lengths in this report; however, for the purposes of this report, this estimation is seen as valid. Pipe 2006 Label Table 4-8 Proposed New Steam Lines Approximate Location Size (inches) Approximate Length (feet) P-17 Southwest of Manhole P-61 Connection to P-17 & P P-91 Connection to P P-92 Connection to P-61 & P /2 95 P-78 Connection to P-92 & P /2 115 P-88 Connection to P-92 & P /2 70 P-82 Bldg 62 to Bldg H P-81 Bldg 62 to Bldg I 6 95 P-60, P-95, & P-79 Steam Main Near Church to New Steam Plant P-62 South Side of Bldg J to connect with P-60 & P Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

69 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Future Steam Plant Requirements The age of the steam plant is such that much of the plant equipment is outdated and replacement parts are not always readily available. Since the reliable capacity of the plant is now roughly equivalent to the Campus steam demand, an outage of a boiler could mean that the Campus steam load will not be satisfied. The chance of an extended outage or failure which is not economically feasible to repair is highly probable for Boiler No. 1, which already has issues with multiple tube failures. Expanding and updating the present steam plant to meet Campus steam demands of the existing or future Campus is not practical due to the advanced age and design of the building and equipment. 4.4 STEAM SYSTEM SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations The condensate return lines should be repaired. This will reduce the amount of condensate that is lost between the individual buildings and the central steam plant. Replacing the lost condensate with treated make-up water is significantly increasing the cost to produce steam. From records provided by WCU, it can be estimated that the current make-up water accounts for 65 percent of the total steam output. A reasonable expectation would be that a system of this type would require 25 percent make-up water. With a 40 percent reduction in make-up water, the excess amount of condensate currently being lost from the system is approximately 6.85 million gallons per year. Based upon the cost of water, fuel and chemicals as provided by WCU personnel, the annual cost of this additional make-up water is approximately $100,000. The energy associated with this condensate loss equates to approximately 6.6 percent of the total energy from the central steam plant. Reducing the make-up requirement to the central steam plant will effectively reduce the load on the water treatment facilities and eliminate the need for water bypass of the existing water softeners. A cost analysis was undertaken to estimate the payback of repairing the condensate return system to eliminate the current leaks. The cost to replace the affected condensate lines is estimated and compared with the annual savings in make-up water, boiler fuel and chemicals, and a simple payback was calculated. The cost analysis is discussed in Section Opinion of Probable Cost on page 70, and detailed calculations are contained in the Appendix Section B. Since the central steam plant is currently operating at or above the maximum reliable capacity, additional capacity is required, or future steam demand must be maintained at current levels. Some additional steam capacity will be gained when the condensate 65 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

70 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN return system is improved; however, this gain is not sufficient to allow future Campus expansion and improvement. Adding additional capacity to the existing steam plant is not recommended, as the age of the existing boilers and ancillary equipment are nearing the end of their useful life. Replacement of the existing steam generating capacity would be advisable. At the direction of WCU, a cost analysis was undertaken to evaluate the economic feasibility of replacing the existing steam plant with a new steam plant, as well as replacing the existing steam plant with individual electric steam boilers per building. The complete analysis is contained in the Appendix Section B. Electric boilers would require a significant increase in the electric power service available to the WCU Campus. Approximately 46 MW of additional service would be required to power boilers in all of the buildings currently served by the central steam plant and future buildings that are currently planned. The cost to WCU for this additional service has not been evaluated since this was not in the scope of this study; however, it is typical for a large commercial power consumer to incur a portion of the expenses in adding or upgrading electric infrastructure in order to use this amount of power. It would be expected that a new service or the addition of a substation to the existing service would be required to add this amount of electrical capacity to WCU. The availability of space to add boilers and associated equipment was assumed and any necessary building modifications were not included in the cost estimates. Excluding the upgrade of the electrical service, the addition of electric boilers to each building is not recommended. The cost analysis performed indicates that when compared with a traditional gas-fired steam plant, individual electric boilers would cost more in annual energy, and likely require more initial capital expense to install, as shown in Table Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

71 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Table 4-9 Estimated Costs of Heating Plant Options Type of Heating Plant(s) Initial Installation Cost Annual Operating Cost Electric Boilers $11,529,740 6 $2,229,362 Natural gas-fired Central Plant Distribution system to new buildings Total Central Plant Option $12,134,000 $2,519,000 $14,653,000 $1,646,476 The estimated cost for the new steam plant is based on a single-story 5,400 square foot building. The building will be constructed of structural steel with a brick exterior, CMU interior partition walls and a built-up roof. The building will include a maintenance/parts storage area, office, and toilet/locker facilities. Three packaged, D-type natural gas/number two fuel oil fired watertube boilers are included. Each boiler will be designed for 250 psig and will produce saturated steam at approximately 120 psig. The boilers will have a combination low excess air/low NOx burner with a variable speed forced draft fan. One feedwater pump will be turbine driven as requested by WCU. The boiler furnace will have a positive pressure with flue gas leaving the boiler and first passing through a stack economizer and then exiting through a stub stack. The stack economizer will utilize heat in the flue gas to preheat feedwater prior to entering the boiler. A boiler blowdown heat exchanger will be utilized to maximize fuel efficiency. Each boiler will have a steam generating capacity of 70,000 pph of steam for a total plant capacity of 210,000 pph. This size selection will enable two boilers to meet the peak steam demands for the future Campus and allow one unit to be out of service for repair or maintenance. Fuel oil storage tanks (3 at 30,000 gallons) will provide capacity for full load operation of 5 days. An emergency generator will provide adequate power to allow full load operation of the complete boiler plant during a power outage. 6 Does not include cost of an additional electrical substation or power company feeders, or building renovations to accommodate boiler equipment if required. 67 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

72 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Another advantage of the central steam plant option which should be of significant importance to Western Carolina is the redundancy provided by standby boiler capacity in the steam plant. This will allow the heating load to be picked up with no disruption to the Campus during most failure scenarios. No such redundant boilers were assumed nor included in the cost estimates for the electric boilers in individual buildings. With electric, gas, and oil prices currently changing, various gas and electric rates were used to determine at what point electric boilers would become a no-cost option to WCU. The electric boilers per building would be a break-even life cycle cost if electric rates fall to $0.033/kWh with gas remaining at $.007/CF, or if gas rates increase to $.0097/CF with electric rates remaining at $.047/kWh. Typically, however, increases in electric rates correspond to an increase in fuel rates. The EIA forecasts for electricity and gas indicate that through the year 2030, gas pricing for large commercial power consumers will increase only 0.1 percent from the base price in The EIA also predicts that electricity will decrease in price by 0.1 percent in the large commercial segment, over the same term. See Appendix Section B for full report. While these percentage changes are certainly open for interpretation, the trend is that gas and electricity prices will remain relatively competitive, with respect to one another. There is not a large increase predicted for one utility versus the other. Using this logic, it is reasonable to assume that the electric rate changes and gas rate changes for WCU will remain proportional to one another. Therefore, it is recommended that the existing steam plant be replaced with a new steam generating plant consisting of new combination gas/oil boilers. These boilers will be housed in a new facility, and would tie-in to the existing steam distribution system. New ancillary equipment and storage tanks will also be replaced with new equipment at the new steam plant facility Proposed Implementation Schedule Based on the economic analysis performed, the repair work required for the existing condensate return lines should be undertaken immediately. Otherwise, the cost of not performing the repair work is estimated at approximately $100,000 annually. The existing steam plant should be utilized as required until a new steam plant can be constructed. It is recommended that the University begin the process of obtaining funding and initiating the construction of the new steam plant immediately to minimize the risk of not being able to provide adequate heating of Campus buildings caused by possible outages of existing steam plant equipment. Adequate reserve capacity does not exist at the present steam plant. The new steam plant will be constructed and the new boilers installed in phases to allow a 68 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

73 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN changeover period of 2 years as new boilers are brought on-line, and existing boilers are taken out of service. The existing steam boilers will be removed when the new steam plant is capable of meeting the full peak demand of the WCU distribution loop. Table 4-10 Summary of Implementation Time Frame No. Recommendations Time Frame 1 Repair sections of existing steam and condensate lines Near-term 2 Construct new steam plant Near-term 3 Install additional line to SW Campus for redundancy Near-term 4 Distribution - install new steam lines during building construction projects Long-term 69 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

74 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN Opinion of Probable Cost As shown in Appendix B, repair of the leaking sections of the condensate return system and the steam lines in the same areas is estimated to cost approximately $1,758,000. These repairs are estimated to save 6.8 million gallons of water per year, equating to just under $100,000 per year in operating costs which includes the cost of water, fuel and chemicals. The total estimated costs for near-term and long-term recommendations are $16,306,000 and $2,519,000, respectively. Table 4-11 Summary of Opinion of Probable Costs No. Near-Term Recommendations Cost 1 Upsize sections of existing steam lines $1,981,000 Replace leaking sections of existing condensate and $1,758,000 2 associated steam lines 3 Construct new steam plant and connect to distribution system $12,134,000 4 Install additional line to SW Campus for redundancy $433,000 Near-Term Sub-total $16,306,000 No. Long-Term Recommendations Cost 5 Distribution - Install new steam and condensate lines during building construction projects $2,519,000 Long-Term Sub-Total $2,519, Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

75 STEAM AND WATER UTILITY MASTER PLAN 5 APPENDIX A. WATER SYSTEM B. STEAM SYSTEM 71 Steam and Water Utility Master Plan Western Carolina University Comm. No

76 Year Month Western Carolina University - Water Treatment Plant Summary Total Water Production (MGD) Days WTP In Operation Average Day (MGD) Hours WTP In Operation Average Operational Hours Per Day Operated Average WTP Flow When In Operation (MGD) Max Day Flow per Month (MGD) Hours WTP In Operation on Max Day Min Day Flow per Month (MGD) Hours WTP In Operation on Min Day 2003 January February March April May June July August September October November December Totals Average January February March April May June July August September October November December Totals Average January February March April May June July August September October November December Totals Average Year Average In-Session 3-year Average

77 Western Carolina University - Water Meter Data for Academic and Auxiliary Structures Date Steam Plant Brown Dodson Dodson NCCAT Old Student Graham Bird Book & Hinds Hinds Hinds Camp Outreach Jordan Liston Liston Cafeteria Cafeteria Food Mart Main Core Union (old part) Building Supply University University Center Center Phillips Ramsey Ramsey Liston Act Ctr Jan-06 1,307, , ,600 15,780 55, ,940 8, , ,710 38,600 7, ,170 21, ,170 Dec-05 1,589,800 92, ,300 7,280 32, ,500 1, , ,260 28,600 5, ,070 17, ,070 Nov-05 1,182, , ,400 17,080 38, ,710 1, , ,350 71,500 11, ,270 23, ,270 Oct , , ,000 20,100 44, ,700 1, , ,890 23,000 17, ,580 36, ,580 Sep , , ,700 31,340 34, ,100 3, , ,430 60,000 95, ,950 33, ,950 Aug , ,700 9,850 35, ,140 3, , ,990 49,400 69, ,570 52, ,570 Jul , ,900 34, , ,760 1, , ,020 50,600 28, ,260 11, ,260 Jun , , , , ,800 5,250 1, , , ,840 64,400 6, ,720 27, ,720 May-05 84, ,000 4,900 34, ,530 2, , , ,200 56,500 6, ,350 23, ,350 Apr , ,400 37,600 37, ,500 1, , , ,440 9, ,050 30, ,050 Mar , ,100 31,020 46, ,000 5,260 1, , , ,470 96,500 11, ,430 24, ,430 Feb ,300 30,930 44, , , , ,580 49,900 7, ,340 19, ,340 Jan ,800 18,130 26, , , , ,920 42,700 10, ,120 13, ,120 Dec ,200 14,020 30, , , , ,910 33,000 10, ,820 18, ,820 Nov ,900 24,780 36, , , , ,370 44,300 5, ,450 24, ,450 Oct ,400 33,510 44, ,600 1, , , ,750 51,500 14, ,090 38, ,090 Sep ,700 25,580 30, ,600 2, , , ,300 55,100 14, ,580 27, ,580 Aug ,900 6,120 36, ,000 4, , , ,550 43,500 25, ,340 28, ,340 Jul ,000 39, ,700 2, , , ,580 39,500 13, ,160 12, ,160 Jun , ,100 38, ,600 2, , , ,390 51,600 5, ,940 17, ,940 May , ,000 8,530 26, , , , ,890 36,200 3, ,760 23, ,760 Apr , ,800 17,310 37, , , , ,170 46,000 8, ,450 15, ,450 Mar , ,300 82,000 20,970 45, , , , ,460 57,800 8, ,850 27, ,850 Feb , , ,000 16,880 40, , ,800 93, ,340 84,100 12, ,990 24, ,990 Jan , , ,700 7,670 36, , ,800 99, ,030 17,100 7, ,810 14, ,810 Dec , , ,900 4,300 27, , , , ,080 25, ,900 95,040 12, ,040 Nov , , ,800 12,430 33, , , , ,120 45, ,050 77, ,050 Oct , , ,200 13,240 67,500 1,120 6, , ,940 38, ,420 35, ,420 Sep , , ,100 20,930 31, , , ,560 57, ,730 39, ,730 Aug , , ,100 6,100 30, , , ,300 48, ,220 44, ,220 Jul , ,800 4,900 41, , , ,310 37, , ,000 1,179,110 Jun , ,000 6, , , , ,050 60, ,700 30, ,700 Average Monthly (gallons) 667, , ,947 15,814 40, ,493 6,763 3, ,319 48,535 21, ,668 Average Daily (gallons) 21,942 8,021 7, , ,395 1, ,180 School In-session Average Monthly 1,105, , ,764 22,324 39, ,457 7,854 3, ,829 52,556 10, ,622 (gallons) School In-session Average Daily (gallons) 36,329 8,504 9, , ,628 1, ,258 Modeled Average Daily Demand (gpm) Square Foot 13,192 30,239 40,656 45,511 6,604 9,378 14,655 23,520 44,300 34,048 78,348 55,618 10,430 Total General Facilities Average Monthly (gallons) 2,042,884 Total General Facilities In-Session Average Monthly (gallons) 2,565,769 Legend Total General Facilities Average Daily (gallons) 67,156 Total General Facilities In-Session Average Daily (gallons) 84,345 In-Session Months Total General Facilities Modeled Average Daily Demand (gpm) Data value not included in In-Session calcs

78 Western Carolina University - Water Meter Data for Housing Structures Date Albright- Harrill High Robertson Reynolds Reynolds Reynolds Madison Walker High Scott High NCCAT Res NCCAT Res Helder Leatherwood Buchanan Central Greek Norton Road Benton Rise Dorm Hall Eff. Dorm Dorm Total Hall Rise Hall Rise Dorm Hall 1 Hall 2 Dorm Dorm Dorm Drive Dorm Village Residence Jan , ,000 92, , , ,900 41, ,800 17,800 21, , , , , , ,900 Dec , ,000 77, ,700 71, ,000 31, ,300 14,200 11, , , , , , ,000 Nov , ,000 80, , , ,300 47, ,100 18,500 14, , , , , , ,400 Oct , ,000 98, , , ,100 54, ,600 16,900 21, , , , , , ,600 Sep , , , , , ,055 58,400 1,011,400 12,800 14, , , , , ,000 Aug , , , , ,300 45, ,000 12,900 17, , ,200 88, , ,000 Jul ,000 55, , , ,400 26, ,500 17,100 16,700 70, ,500 34, , ,000 Jun ,100 54,000 95, ,300 68, ,600 26,300 90, ,800 18,900 20,900 69, ,900 28, , ,000 May , , , , ,900 26, , ,100 10,500 13, , ,600 53, , ,000 Apr , ,000 65, , ,800 41, , ,700 19,500 17, , , , ,300 1,015,000 Mar , , , , ,000 48, , ,900 18,600 25, , , , ,800 1,158,000 Feb , , , , ,200 46, , ,600 21,300 23, , , , ,200 1,011,000 Jan , ,000 52, , ,400 43, , ,700 17,100 17, , , , ,300 1,090,000 Dec , ,000 49, , ,500 35, , ,500 13,600 14, , , , ,800 1,174,000 Nov , ,000 54, , ,300 50, ,000 1,223,400 17,800 16, , , ,100 1,037,000 Oct , ,000 53, , ,500 60, ,000 1,147,200 20,400 19, , , , ,000 Sep , ,000 45, , ,800 58, ,000 1,169,300 13,200 18, , , , ,000 Aug , , , , ,400 81, , ,800 10,500 14, , , , ,000 Jul ,800 96,000 36,700 75,100 75,100 21,900 96, ,100 15,900 19,400 77, ,100 Jun , ,000 42, ,500 64, ,900 30,400 48, ,800 18,800 20,500 54, ,700 1,600 May-04 99,300 56, ,700 48, ,600 18, , ,100 10,000 6, , ,900 71,700 Apr , , , , , ,000 60, ,000 1,089,700 15,000 17, , , ,400 Mar , , , , , ,700 52, ,000 1,390,500 14,200 27, , , ,800 Feb , , , , , ,400 59, ,000 1,264, , , ,400 Jan , , , , ,400 38, , , , , ,300 Dec , ,000 55,000 82,000 62, ,700 29, , ,500 4,500 4, , , ,400 Nov , , , , , ,200 54, ,000 1,266,100 3, , , ,900 Oct , , , , , ,700 66, ,000 1,325,500 32,400 7, , , ,700 Sep , , , , , , , ,000 1,438,500 67,500 7, , , ,100 Aug , ,000 91,100 88,800 85, ,800 31, , ,300 6,700 62, , , ,200 Jul ,800 87, ,000 49,800 40,400 90,200 16,200 36, ,300 19,000 15, , ,000 14,300 Jun-03 37,300 64, ,500 52,800 71, ,900 40,800 18, ,700 20,800 21, , ,100 22,500 Average Monthly (gallons) 267, , , ,608 46, , ,369 17,320 18, , , , , , ,975 Average Daily (gallons) 8,786 10,305 3,724 8,238 1,513 11,483 26, ,150 14,620 4,917 9,430 28,401 5,916 School In-session Average Monthly 341, , , ,074 57, ,143 1,095,129 15,891 17, , , , , , ,500 (gallons) School In-session Average Daily (gallons) 11,228 13,892 4,028 9,831 1,875 16,145 36, ,665 18,007 6,873 10,999 29,970 6,492 Modeled Average Daily Demand (gpm) Square Foot 92,730 71,072 31,360 55,248 24,448 71, ,790 10,441 10,441 80,144 80,144 40, ,852 71,068 Total Residential Average Monthly (gallons) 4,473,595 Total Residential In-Session Average Monthly (gallons) 5,570,360 Legend Total Residential Average Daily (gallons) 147,061 Total Residential In-Session Average Daily (gallons) 183,115 In-Session Months Total Residential Modeled Average Daily Demand (gpm) Data value not included in In-Session calcs

79

80 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Steady State Analysis Junction Report Label Elevation (ft) Type Base Flow (gpm) Calculated Hydraulic Grade (ft) Pressure Pressure (psi) Head (ft) ADMIN 2, Demand , ALBRIGHT 2, Demand , BASEBALL 2, Demand , BASEBALL TOILETS 2, Demand , BELK ART 2, Demand , BENTON 2, Demand , BIRD ALUMNI 2, Demand , BIRD HEALTH 2, Demand , BOOKSTORE 2, Demand , BREESE GYM 2, Demand , BROWN CAFETERIA 2, Demand , BUCHANAN 2, Demand , C.A.T. 2, Demand , CENTRAL DRIVE RES HALL 2, Demand , CHANCELLORS HOUSE 2, Demand , COULTER 2, Demand , DODSON CAFETERIA 2, Demand , DUGOUT 2 2, Demand , FACILITY APT. 6 2, Demand , FACULTY APT. 1 2, Demand , FACULTY APT. 2/3 2, Demand , FACULTY APT. 4 2, Demand , FACULTY APT. 5 2, Demand , FOOTBALL 2, Demand , FORSYTH 2, Demand , GARAGE 2, Demand , GRAHAM BUILDING 2, Demand , GREENHOUSE 1 2, Demand , GREENHOUSE 2 2, Demand , HARRILL 1 2, Demand , HARRILL 2 2, Demand , HELDER 2, Demand , HINDS 1 2, Demand , HINDS 2 2, Demand , HOEY 1 2, Demand , HOEY 2 2, Demand , HYDRANT 1 2, Demand , HYDRANT 2 2, Demand , HYDRANT 3 2, Demand , HYDRANT 4 2, Demand , HYDRANT 6 2, Demand , HYDRANT 7 2, Demand , HYDRANT 9 2, Demand , HYDRANT 10 2, Demand , HYDRANT 12 2, Demand , HYDRANT 13 2, Demand , HYDRANT 14 2, Demand , HYDRANT 15 2, Demand , HYDRANT 16 2, Demand , HYDRANT 17 2, Demand , HYDRANT 18 2, Demand , HYDRANT 20 2, Demand , HYDRANT 21 2, Demand , HYDRANT 22 2, Demand , WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 1 of 6

81 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Steady State Analysis Junction Report Label Elevation (ft) Type Base Flow (gpm) Calculated Hydraulic Grade (ft) Pressure Pressure (psi) Head (ft) HYDRANT 23 2, Demand , HYDRANT 24 2, Demand , HYDRANT 25 2, Demand , HYDRANT 26 2, Demand , HYDRANT 27 2, Demand , HYDRANT 28 2, Demand , HYDRANT 29 2, Demand , HYDRANT 30 2, Demand , HYDRANT 31 2, Demand , HYDRANT 32 2, Demand , HYDRANT C 2, Demand , IRRIGATION BASEBALL 2, Demand , IRRIGATION SOCCER 2, Demand , J-1 2, Demand , J-3 2, Demand , J-4 2, Demand , J-5 2, Demand , J-9 2, Demand , J-10 2, Demand , J-12 2, Demand , J-14 2, Demand , J-16 2, Demand , J-18 2, Demand , J-19 2, Demand , J-24 2, Demand , J-27 2, Demand , J-29 2, Demand , J-30 2, Demand , J-31 2, Demand , J-32 2, Demand , J-33 2, Demand , J-37 2, Demand , J-41 2, Demand , J-42 2, Demand , J-44 2, Demand , J-48 2, Demand , J-51 2, Demand , J-52 2, Demand , J-56 2, Demand , J-59 2, Demand , J-60 2, Demand , J-61 2, Demand , J-63 2, Demand , J-64 2, Demand , J-66 2, Demand , J-67 2, Demand , J-68 2, Demand , J-69 2, Demand , J-70 2, Demand , J-71 2, Demand , J-72 2, Demand , J-73 2, Demand , J-74 2, Demand , J-75 2, Demand , WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 2 of 6

82 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Steady State Analysis Junction Report Label Elevation (ft) Type Base Flow (gpm) Calculated Hydraulic Grade (ft) Pressure Pressure (psi) Head (ft) J-77 2, Demand , J-78 2, Demand , J-79 2, Demand , J-84 2, Demand , J-86 2, Demand , J-88 2, Demand , J-91 2, Demand , J-93 2, Demand , J-103 2, Demand , J-104 2, Demand , J-105 2, Demand , J-106 2, Demand , J-107 2, Demand , J-108 2, Demand , J-112 2, Demand , J-113 2, Demand , J-120 2, Demand , J-127 2, Demand , J-128 2, Demand , J-131 2, Demand , J-134 2, Demand , J-136 2, Demand , J-137 2, Demand , J-138 2, Demand , J-141 2, Demand , J-144 2, Demand , J-146 2, Demand , J-151 2, Demand , J-154 2, Demand , J-155 2, Demand , J-158 2, Demand , J-159 2, Demand , J-160 2, Demand , J-166 2, Demand , J-167 2, Demand , J-168 2, Demand , J-176 2, Demand , J-181 2, Demand , J-183 2, Demand , J-187 2, Demand , J-190 2, Demand , J-191 2, Demand , J-195 2, Demand , J-203 2, Demand , J-205 2, Demand , J-206 2, Demand , J-207 2, Demand , J-208 2, Demand , J-209 2, Demand , J-210 2, Demand , J-247 2, Demand , J-249 2, Demand , J-250 2, Demand , J-251 2, Demand , WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 3 of 6

83 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Steady State Analysis Junction Report Label Elevation (ft) Type Base Flow (gpm) Calculated Hydraulic Grade (ft) Pressure Pressure (psi) Head (ft) J-254 2, Demand , J-256 2, Demand , J-257 2, Demand , J-258 2, Demand , J-259 2, Demand , J-261 2, Demand , J-264 2, Demand , J-266 2, Demand , J-267 2, Demand , J-270 2, Demand , J-272 2, Demand , J-273 2, Demand , J-274 2, Demand , J-275 2, Demand , J-276 2, Demand , J-277 2, Demand , J-278 2, Demand , J-280 2, Demand , J-281 2, Demand , J-282 2, Demand , J-283 2, Demand , J-284 2, Demand , J-285 2, Demand , J-286 2, Demand , J-287 2, Demand , J-288 2, Demand , J-289 2, Demand , J-291 2, Demand , J-292 2, Demand , J-293 2, Demand , J-294 2, Demand , J-295 2, Demand , J-296 2, Demand , J-297 2, Demand , J-298 2, Demand , J-299 2, Demand , J-300 2, Demand , J-301 2, Demand , J-302 2, Demand , J-303 2, Demand , J-304 2, Demand , J-305 2, Demand , J-309 2, Demand , J-310 2, Demand , J-311 2, Demand , J-312 2, Demand , J-313 2, Demand , J-317 2, Demand , J-323 2, Demand , J-G-211 2, Demand , J-G-212 2, Demand , J-G-213 2, Demand , J-G-214 2, Demand , J-G-217 2, Demand , WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 4 of 6

84 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Steady State Analysis Junction Report Label Elevation (ft) Type Base Flow (gpm) Calculated Hydraulic Grade (ft) Pressure Pressure (psi) Head (ft) J-G-218 2, Demand , J-G-219 2, Demand , J-G-220 2, Demand , J-G-221 2, Demand , J-G-222 2, Demand , J-G-223 2, Demand , J-G-224 2, Demand , J-G-225 2, Demand , J-G-226 2, Demand , J-G-307 2, Demand , JENKINS 2, Demand , JP FIELD HOUSE 2, Demand , KILLIAN 1 2, Demand , KILLIAN 2 2, Demand , LEATHERWOOD RES HALL 2, Demand , LIBRARY 1 2, Demand , LIBRARY 2 2, Demand , MADISON HALL 2, Demand , MAINTENANCE 2, Demand , MCKEE 2, Demand , MOORE BUILDIONG 2, Demand , N1 2, Demand , N2 2, Demand , N3 2, Demand , N4 2, Demand , N5 2, Demand , N6 2, Demand , N7 2, Demand , N8 2, Demand , N9 2, Demand , N10 2, Demand , N11 2, Demand , N Demand , , , N13 2, Demand , NATURAL SCIENCES 2, Demand , NCCAT 2, Demand , NCCAT 1 2, Demand , NCCAT 2 2, Demand , NORTON HALL 2, Demand , OLD STUDENT UNION 2, Demand , OUTREACH 1 2, Demand , OUTREACH 2 2, Demand , OUTREACH ANNEX 2, Demand , PERFORMING ARTS CENTER 2, Demand , PRINT SHOP 2, Demand , RAMSEY CENTER 2, Demand , REID GYM 1 2, Demand , REID GYM 2 2, Demand , REYNOLDS 1 2, Demand , REYNOLDS 2 2, Demand , ROBERTSON 2, Demand , SCOTT 1 2, Demand , SCOTT 2 2, Demand , SCOTT 3 2, Demand , WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 5 of 6

85 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Steady State Analysis Junction Report Label Elevation (ft) Type Base Flow (gpm) Calculated Hydraulic Grade (ft) Pressure Pressure (psi) Head (ft) STEAM PLANT 2, Demand , STILLWELL 2, Demand , TRIPLEX APARTMENTS 2, Demand , VILLAGE 101-A 2, Demand , VILLAGE 101-B 2, Demand , VILLAGE 104 2, Demand , VILLAGE 106 2, Demand , VILLAGE 112 2, Demand , VILLAGE 114 2, Demand , VILLAGE 116 2, Demand , VILLAGE 118 2, Demand , WALKER 1 2, Demand , WALKER 2 2, Demand , WAREHOUSE 2, Demand , WATER PLANT 2, Demand , WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 6 of 6

86 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Steady State Analysis Pipe Report Label Length (ft) DiameterControl (in) Status P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P-32 1, Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 1 of 6

87 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Steady State Analysis Pipe Report Label Length (ft) DiameterControl (in) Status P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 2 of 6

88 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Steady State Analysis Pipe Report Label Length (ft) DiameterControl (in) Status P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 3 of 6

89 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Steady State Analysis Pipe Report Label Length (ft) DiameterControl (in) Status P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 4 of 6

90 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Steady State Analysis Pipe Report Label Length (ft) DiameterControl (in) Status P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 5 of 6

91 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Steady State Analysis Pipe Report Label Length (ft) DiameterControl (in) Status P Open P Open P Closed P Open P Closed P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Open P Closed WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 6 of 6

92 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Steady State Analysis Tank Report Label Zone Base Elevation (ft) Minimum Elevation (ft) Initial HGL (ft) MaximumInactive Tank Elevation Volume Diameter (ft) (gal) (ft) Inflow (gpm) Current Status Calculated Hydraulic Grade (ft) Calculated Percent Full (%) 1 MG TANK Zone 2, , , , N/A Steady 2, MG TANK Zone 2, , , , Draining 2, WTP CLEAR WE Zone 2, , , , N/A Filling 2, WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 1 of 1

93 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building Helder Residence Hall Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - INSTITUTIONS: State or Federal Penitentiaries, Libraries, Museums, Art Galleries or Police Stations Height-Stories 4 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 50,090 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 3250 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 2 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): X Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 3000 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 Helder-Leatherwood ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

94 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area Number of Stories 4 2nd Floor Area rd Floor & above Effective Area Edition 2: 5/01/02 Helder-Leatherwood ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

95 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building Hunter Library Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS: Paper in rolls, Books, Greeting Cards, Maps, Sheet Music, Stationery Height-Stories 5 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 93,240 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 4500 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 3 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): X Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 4500 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 Hunter ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

96 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area Number of Stories 5 2nd Floor Area rd Floor & above Effective Area Edition 2: 5/01/02 Hunter ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

97 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building Reid Gym Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - RECREATION: Health Studios, Health Clubs, Archery, Gun Clubs, Fraternal and Social Clubs and Lodges Height-Stories 3 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 66,224 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 3750 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 2 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): X Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 3000 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 Reid Gym ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

98 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area Number of Stories 3 2nd Floor Area rd Floor & above Effective Area Edition 2: 5/01/02 Reid Gym ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

99 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building Breese Gym Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - RECREATION: Health Studios, Health Clubs, Archery, Gun Clubs, Fraternal and Social Clubs and Lodges Height-Stories 2 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 15,450 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 1750 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 2 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): X Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 1500 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 Breese Gym ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

100 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area Number of Stories 2 2nd Floor Area rd Floor & above Effective Area Edition 2: 5/01/02 Breese Gym ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

101 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building Garage/Maintenance Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - INSTITUTIONS: Municipal Garages, Maintenance Buildings, Repair Shops or Municipal Storage Buildings (Other auxiliary to Recreation Property) Height-Stories 1 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 13,443 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 1750 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 3 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): X Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 1750 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 Garage-Maintenance ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

102 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area 8962 Number of Stories 1 2nd Floor Area 3rd Floor & above Effective Area Edition 2: 5/01/02 Garage-Maintenance ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

103 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building Brown Cafeteria Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - FOOD AND BEVERAGE SERVICE OCCUPANCIES: Restaurants, Beverage dispensing, Bars, Taverns, Salad Bars, Ice Cream Parlors, Coffee Houses, Sandwich Shops, Bakeries (Sales only, no Baking) Height-Stories 3 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 20,160 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 2000 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 3 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): X Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 2000 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 Brown Cafeteria ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

104 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area Number of Stories 3 2nd Floor Area rd Floor & above Effective Area Edition 2: 5/01/02 Brown Cafeteria ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

105 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building Dodson Cafateria Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - FOOD AND BEVERAGE SERVICE OCCUPANCIES: Restaurants, Beverage dispensing, Bars, Taverns, Salad Bars, Ice Cream Parlors, Coffee Houses, Sandwich Shops, Bakeries (Sales only, no Baking) Height-Stories 3 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 27,104 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 2250 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 3 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): X Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 2250 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 Dodson ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

106 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area Number of Stories 3 2nd Floor Area rd Floor & above Effective Area Edition 2: 5/01/02 Dodson ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

107 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building Killian Building Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - INSTITUTIONS: Educational Institutions maintaining academic curricula, Commercial Training Institutions, (Occupancies and ) Height-Stories 3 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 34,184 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 2750 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 2 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): X Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 2250 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 Killian Building ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

108 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area Number of Stories 3 2nd Floor Area rd Floor & above Effective Area Edition 2: 5/01/02 Killian Building ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

109 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building Print Shop Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - PRINTING AND ALLIED INDUSTRIES: Electrotyping, Lithographing, and Photoengraving Shops, Bookbinders, and Job Printers, Height-Stories 1 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 7,209 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 1250 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 3 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): X Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 1250 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 Print Shop ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

110 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area 4806 Number of Stories 1 2nd Floor Area 3rd Floor & above Effective Area 7209 Edition 2: 5/01/02 Print Shop ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

111 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building Forsyth Building Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - INSTITUTIONS: Educational Institutions maintaining academic curricula, Commercial Training Institutions, (Occupancies and ) Height-Stories 4 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 39,260 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 2750 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 2 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): X Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 2250 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 Forsyth Building ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

112 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area Number of Stories 4 2nd Floor Area rd Floor & above Effective Area Edition 2: 5/01/02 Forsyth Building ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

113 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building Belks Art Complex Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - INSTITUTIONS: Educational Institutions maintaining academic curricula, Commercial Training Institutions, (Occupancies and ) Height-Stories 4 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 67,390 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 3750 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 2 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): X Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 3000 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 Belk Building ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

114 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area Number of Stories 4 2nd Floor Area rd Floor & above Effective Area Edition 2: 5/01/02 Belk Building ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

115 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building Physical Plant Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - INSTITUTIONS: Municipal Garages, Maintenance Buildings, Repair Shops or Municipal Storage Buildings (Other auxiliary to Recreation Property) Height-Stories 1 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 13,500 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 1750 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 3 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): X Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 1750 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 Physical Plant ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

116 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area 9000 Number of Stories 1 2nd Floor Area 3rd Floor & above Effective Area Edition 2: 5/01/02 Physical Plant ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

117 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building Jordan-Phillips Field House Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - RECREATION: Health Studios, Health Clubs, Archery, Gun Clubs, Fraternal and Social Clubs and Lodges Height-Stories 2 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 7,823 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 1250 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 2 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): X Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 1000 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 Jordan-Phillips Field House ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

118 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area 5215 Number of Stories 2 2nd Floor Area rd Floor & above Effective Area Edition 2: 5/01/02 Jordan-Phillips Field House ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

119 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building Coulter Building Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - INSTITUTIONS: Educational Institutions maintaining academic curricula, Commercial Training Institutions, (Occupancies and ) Height-Stories 4 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 46,638 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 3000 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 2 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): X Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 2500 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 Coulter Building ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

120 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area Number of Stories 4 2nd Floor Area rd Floor & above Effective Area Edition 2: 5/01/02 Coulter Building ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

121 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building H.F. Robinson Administration Building Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - INSTITUTIONS: Educational Institutions maintaining academic curricula, Commercial Training Institutions, (Occupancies and ) Height-Stories 6 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 42,291 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 3000 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 2 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): X Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 2500 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 H.F. Robinson Admin. Bldg. ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

122 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area Number of Stories 6 2nd Floor Area rd Floor & above Effective Area Edition 2: 5/01/02 H.F. Robinson Admin. Bldg. ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

123 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building University Bookstore Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - PAPER AND PAPER PRODUCTS: Paper in rolls, Books, Greeting Cards, Maps, Sheet Music, Stationery Height-Stories 2 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 17,640 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 2000 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 3 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = 330A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 2000 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 University Bookstore ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

124 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area Number of Stories 2 2nd Floor Area rd Floor & above Effective Area Edition 2: 5/01/02 University Bookstore ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

125 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. NEEDED FIRE FLOW 300 Date May-2006 Fire Flow Number Community Western Carolina University State NC Building NCCAT Core Dist Area County Risk I.D. Address Nearest 2 Intersecting Sts. PFX Low # High # Dir. Thoroughfare Name Type Occupancy Non MFG - INSTITUTIONS: Educational Institutions maintaining academic curricula, Commercial Training Institutions, (Occupancies and ) Height-Stories 2 Const. Class 4 Effective Area* 34,125 Sq. ft.; From Table (Ci) 2750 gpm 310 Occupancy (Building) Combustibility Factor 2 Occupancy factor (Oi) Factor for Exposure (Xi): X Non Chargeable Exposure Charge from SCOPES = X = Xi = A Factor for Communication (Pi): X Non Chargeable Communication charge from SCOPES = Pi = B Exposures (Xi) and Communication (Pi) Factors: X X ** = Wood Shakes Present (check for Yes - adds 500 gpm when the roof has a wood shingle covering) Comments: NEEDED FIRE FLOW (NFFi) = 2250 gpm 340 NFF Batch Report Residential Manual Override Hydrant Distribution total = * If the building has not been surveyed on SCOPES, use the other side. Edition 2: 5/01/02 NCCAT Core ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

126 INSURANCE SERVICES OFFICE, INC. EVALUATION OF HYDRANT DISTRIBUTION HDi Hydrant Distribution Adequate: Hydrant Location Large Diameter Hose credited: No. Outlets Distance *Max 0' - 300' 301' - 600' 601' ' Credit 4 or 4½ 2½ Credit gpm 1000 gpm 670 gpm 250 gpm gpm * Pumper (4" or 4½") outlet GPM Total = 614 = Two or more hose (2½") outlets only GPM One hose (2½") outlet only GPM If the building has not been surveyed on the SCOPES: Fire area considered: Basement? If yes, used? Construction Class 4 Yes Yes Class of Floor Openings No No X X u/p Ground Floor Area Number of Stories 2 2nd Floor Area rd Floor & above Effective Area Edition 2: 5/01/02 NCCAT Core ISO Properties, Inc., 2001

127 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Fire Flow Analysis Fire Flow Report Label Zone Needed Fire Flow (gpm) Available Fire Flow (gpm) Total Flow Needed (gpm) Total Flow Available (gpm) Residual Calculated Calculated Pressure Residual Minimum (psi) Pressure (psi) Zone Pressure (psi) Minimum Zone Junction ADMIN Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 ALBRIGHT Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 BASEBALL No Fire J-16 J-16 BASEBALL TOILETS No Fire J-16 J-16 BELK ART No Fire J-16 J-16 BENTON Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 BIRD ALUMNI No Fire J-278 J-278 BIRD HEALTH Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 BOOKSTORE Zone , , J-205 J-16 BREESE GYM Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 BROWN CAFETERIA Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 BUCHANAN Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 C.A.T. Zone , , J-108 J-16 CENTRAL DRIVE RES Zone HYDRANT 4 J-16 CHANCELLORS HOUSNo Fire J-16 J-16 COULTER Zone HYDRANT 4 J-16 DODSON CAFETERIA Zone J-277 J-16 DUGOUT 2 No Fire J-16 J-16 FACILITY APT. 6 No Fire J-16 J-16 FACULTY APT. 1 No Fire J-16 J-16 FACULTY APT. 2/3 No Fire J-16 J-16 FACULTY APT. 4 No Fire J-16 J-16 FACULTY APT. 5 No Fire J-16 J-16 FOOTBALL Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 FORSYTH No Fire J-16 J-16 GARAGE Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 GRAHAM BUILDING No Fire J-16 J-16 GREENHOUSE 1 Zone GREENHOUSE J-16 GREENHOUSE 2 Zone GREENHOUSE J-16 HARRILL 1 Zone , , CENTRAL DRIVJ-16 HARRILL 2 Zone CENTRAL DRIVJ-16 HELDER Zone , , N2 J-16 HINDS 1 Zone HYDRANT 4 J-16 HINDS 2 Zone , , KILLIAN 1 J-16 HOEY 1 No Fire J-16 J-16 HOEY 2 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 HYDRANT 1 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 HYDRANT 2 Zone , , WAREHOUSE J-16 HYDRANT 3 Zone , , WAREHOUSE J-16 HYDRANT 4 Zone , , J-9 J-16 HYDRANT 6 Zone , , J-19 J-16 HYDRANT 7 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 HYDRANT 9 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 HYDRANT 10 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 HYDRANT 12 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 HYDRANT 13 Zone , , CENTRAL DRIVJ-16 HYDRANT 14 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 HYDRANT 15 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 HYDRANT 16 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 HYDRANT 17 Zone , , HYDRANT 18 J-16 HYDRANT 18 Zone , , J-48 J-16 HYDRANT 20 Zone , , KILLIAN 1 J-16 Minimum System Junction WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 1 of 6

128 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Fire Flow Analysis Fire Flow Report Label Zone Needed Fire Flow (gpm) Available Fire Flow (gpm) Total Flow Needed (gpm) Total Flow Available (gpm) Residual Calculated Calculated Pressure Residual Minimum (psi) Pressure (psi) Zone Pressure (psi) Minimum Zone Junction Minimum System Junction HYDRANT 21 Zone J-251 J-16 HYDRANT 22 Zone J-277 J-16 HYDRANT 23 Zone N4 J-16 HYDRANT 24 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 HYDRANT 25 Zone , , J-195 J-16 HYDRANT 26 Zone , , J-195 J-16 HYDRANT 27 Zone , , J-176 J-16 HYDRANT 28 Zone , , J-168 J-16 HYDRANT 29 Zone , , OUTREACH 1 J-16 HYDRANT 30 Zone , , J-151 J-16 HYDRANT 31 Zone , , J-313 J-16 HYDRANT 32 Zone , , J-131 J-16 HYDRANT C Zone J-G-211 J-16 IRRIGATION BASEBALZone HYDRANT 4 J-16 IRRIGATION SOCCER No Fire J-16 J-16 J-1 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-3 No Fire , , J-16 J-16 J-4 No Fire CHANCELLORSCHANCE J-5 No Fire CHANCELLORSCHANCE J-9 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-10 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-12 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-14 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-16 No Fire , , CHANCELLORSCHANCE J-18 Zone , , TRIPLEX APAR J-16 J-19 Zone , , J-18 J-16 J-24 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 J-27 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-29 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 J-30 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 J-31 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 J-32 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 J-33 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 J-37 Zone , , MOORE BUILD J-16 J-41 Zone , , HYDRANT 18 J-16 J-42 Zone , , HYDRANT 18 J-16 J-44 Zone , , HYDRANT 18 J-16 J-48 Zone , , NATURAL SCIEJ-16 J-51 Zone , , STILLWELL J-16 J-52 Zone , , HYDRANT 15 J-16 J-56 Zone , , BIRD HEALTH J-16 J-59 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 J-60 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 J-61 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-63 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 J-64 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 J-66 Zone , , KILLIAN 1 J-16 J-67 Zone , , KILLIAN 1 J-16 J-68 Zone , , KILLIAN 1 J-16 J-69 Zone , , BOOKSTORE J-16 J-70 Zone , , BOOKSTORE J-16 J-71 Zone , , BOOKSTORE J-16 WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 2 of 6

129 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Fire Flow Analysis Fire Flow Report Label Zone Needed Fire Flow (gpm) Available Fire Flow (gpm) Total Flow Needed (gpm) Total Flow Available (gpm) Residual Calculated Calculated Pressure Residual Minimum (psi) Pressure (psi) Zone Pressure (psi) Minimum Zone Junction Minimum System Junction J-72 Zone , , BOOKSTORE J-16 J-73 Zone , , BOOKSTORE J-16 J-74 Zone , , BOOKSTORE J-16 J-75 Zone , , BOOKSTORE J-16 J-77 Zone , , J-195 J-16 J-78 Zone , , J-195 J-16 J-79 Zone , , J-195 J-16 J-84 Zone , , KILLIAN 1 J-16 J-86 Zone , , KILLIAN 1 J-16 J-88 Zone , , KILLIAN 1 J-16 J-91 Zone , , KILLIAN 1 J-16 J-93 Zone , , KILLIAN 2 J-16 J-103 Zone , , J-112 J-16 J-104 Zone , , J-105 J-16 J-105 Zone , , J-304 J-16 J-106 Zone , , J-296 J-16 J-107 Zone , , C.A.T. J-16 J-108 Zone , , C.A.T. J-16 J-112 Zone , , J-134 J-16 J-113 Zone , , J-134 J-16 J-120 Zone , , J-168 J-16 J-127 Zone , , FOOTBALL J-16 J-128 Zone , , FOOTBALL J-16 J-131 Zone , , HYDRANT 32 J-16 J-134 Zone , , J-136 J-16 J-136 Zone , , J-137 J-16 J-137 Zone GREENHOUSE J-16 J-138 Zone GREENHOUSE J-16 J-141 Zone IRRIGATION BAJ-16 J-144 Zone HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-146 No Fire BASEBALL BASEBA J-151 Zone , , HYDRANT 30 J-16 J-154 Zone , , J-168 J-16 J-155 Zone , , OUTREACH 1 J-16 J-158 No Fire J-160 J-160 J-159 No Fire J-160 J-160 J-160 No Fire J-16 J-16 J-166 Zone , , J-168 J-16 J-167 Zone , , J-168 J-16 J-168 Zone HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-176 Zone , , HYDRANT 27 J-16 J-181 Zone , , ADMIN J-16 J-183 Zone , , SCOTT 1 J-16 J-187 Zone , , WALKER 2 J-16 J-190 Zone , , J-195 J-16 J-191 Zone J-195 J-16 J-195 Zone HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-203 Zone , , BOOKSTORE J-16 J-205 Zone , , BOOKSTORE J-16 J-206 Zone , , J-208 J-16 J-207 Zone , , J-208 J-16 J-208 Zone , , J-292 J-16 WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 3 of 6

130 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Fire Flow Analysis Fire Flow Report Label Zone Needed Fire Flow (gpm) Available Fire Flow (gpm) Total Flow Needed (gpm) Total Flow Available (gpm) Residual Calculated Calculated Pressure Residual Minimum (psi) Pressure (psi) Zone Pressure (psi) Minimum Zone Junction Minimum System Junction J-209 Zone , , J-210 J-16 J-210 Zone , , J-G-211 J-16 J-247 No Fire J-16 J-16 J-249 Zone HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-250 Zone , , HYDRANT 21 J-16 J-251 Zone HYDRANT 21 J-16 J-254 No Fire HOEY 1 HOEY 1 J-256 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-257 Zone , , CENTRAL DRIVJ-16 J-258 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-259 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-261 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-264 Zone , , CENTRAL DRIVJ-16 J-266 Zone , , CENTRAL DRIVJ-16 J-267 Zone , , CENTRAL DRIVJ-16 J-270 Zone , , CENTRAL DRIVJ-16 J-272 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-273 No Fire J-278 J-278 J-274 No Fire J-278 J-278 J-275 No Fire J-16 J-16 J-276 No Fire J-16 J-16 J-277 Zone HYDRANT 22 J-16 J-278 No Fire J-16 J-16 J-280 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 J-281 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 J-282 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 J-283 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 J-284 Zone , , J-286 J-16 J-285 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-286 Zone , , J-284 J-16 J-287 Zone , , MOORE BUILD J-16 J-288 Zone , , MOORE BUILD J-16 J-289 Zone , , KILLIAN 1 J-16 J-291 Zone , , J-286 J-16 J-292 Zone , , J-208 J-16 J-293 Zone , , MOORE BUILD J-16 J-294 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-295 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 J-296 Zone , , J-106 J-16 J-297 Zone , , J-181 J-16 J-298 No Fire J-16 J-16 J-299 Zone N9 J-16 J-300 No Fire FACULTY APT. FACULTY J-301 Zone , , J-181 J-16 J-302 Zone J-299 J-16 J-303 Zone J-302 J-16 J-304 Zone , , J-105 J-16 J-305 Zone , , J-292 J-16 J-309 Zone , , J-195 J-16 J-310 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 J-311 No Fire J-312 J-312 J-312 No Fire J-16 J-16 WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 4 of 6

131 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Fire Flow Analysis Fire Flow Report Label Zone Needed Fire Flow (gpm) Available Fire Flow (gpm) Total Flow Needed (gpm) Total Flow Available (gpm) Residual Calculated Calculated Pressure Residual Minimum (psi) Pressure (psi) Zone Pressure (psi) Minimum Zone Junction J-313 Zone , , N1 J-16 J-317 Zone , , CENTRAL DRIVJ-16 J-323 Zone , , J-195 J-16 J-G-211 Zone HYDRANT C J-16 J-G-212 Zone VILLAGE 114 J-16 J-G-213 Zone VILLAGE 114 J-16 J-G-214 Zone VILLAGE 114 J-16 J-G-217 Zone VILLAGE 114 J-16 J-G-218 Zone VILLAGE 114 J-16 J-G-219 Zone VILLAGE 114 J-16 J-G-220 Zone VILLAGE 112 J-16 J-G-221 Zone VILLAGE 112 J-16 J-G-222 Zone VILLAGE 114 J-16 J-G-223 Zone VILLAGE 114 J-16 J-G-224 Zone VILLAGE 116 J-16 J-G-225 Zone VILLAGE 118 J-16 J-G-226 Zone VILLAGE 118 J-16 J-G-307 Zone J-G-220 J-16 JENKINS No Fire J-16 J-16 JP FIELD HOUSE No Fire J-16 J-16 KILLIAN 1 Zone HYDRANT 4 J-16 KILLIAN 2 Zone , , J-93 J-16 LEATHERWOOD RES No Fire J-16 J-16 LIBRARY 1 Zone HYDRANT 4 J-16 LIBRARY 2 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 MADISON HALL Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 MAINTENANCE Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 MCKEE Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 MOORE BUILDIONG Zone , , J-288 J-16 N1 Zone , , J-313 J-16 N2 Zone , , HELDER J-16 N3 Zone HYDRANT 22 J-16 N4 Zone HYDRANT 23 J-16 N5 Zone , , BOOKSTORE J-16 N6 Zone , , BOOKSTORE J-16 N7 Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 N8 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 N9 Zone J-299 J-16 N10 Zone , , HYDRANT 18 J-16 N11 Zone , , J-48 J-16 N12 Zone , HYDRANT 4 J-16 N13 Zone , , J-168 J-16 NATURAL SCIENCES Zone , , J-48 J-16 NCCAT Zone J-195 J-16 NCCAT 1 No Fire J-16 J-16 NCCAT 2 No Fire J-16 J-16 NORTON HALL Zone HYDRANT C J-16 OLD STUDENT UNION Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 OUTREACH 1 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 OUTREACH 2 No Fire J-16 J-16 OUTREACH ANNEX No Fire J-16 J-16 PERFORMING ARTS CZone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 Minimum System Junction WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 5 of 6

132 Scenario: WCU Current Campus Fire Flow Analysis Fire Flow Report Label Zone Needed Fire Flow (gpm) Available Fire Flow (gpm) Total Flow Needed (gpm) Total Flow Available (gpm) Residual Calculated Calculated Pressure Residual Minimum (psi) Pressure (psi) Zone Pressure (psi) Minimum Zone Junction PRINT SHOP Zone , , J-210 J-16 RAMSEY CENTER Zone , , HYDRANT 32 J-16 REID GYM 1 No Fire J-16 J-16 REID GYM 2 No Fire J-16 J-16 REYNOLDS 1 No Fire J-16 J-16 REYNOLDS 2 No Fire J-16 J-16 ROBERTSON No Fire J-16 J-16 SCOTT 1 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 SCOTT 2 Zone HYDRANT 4 J-16 SCOTT 3 Zone , , SCOTT 1 J-16 STEAM PLANT Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 STILLWELL Zone , , HYDRANT 6 J-16 TRIPLEX APARTMENT Zone , , N9 J-16 VILLAGE 101-A Zone VILLAGE 114 J-16 VILLAGE 101-B Zone VILLAGE 114 J-16 VILLAGE 104 Zone VILLAGE 114 J-16 VILLAGE 106 Zone J-G-220 J-16 VILLAGE 112 Zone J-G-221 J-16 VILLAGE 114 Zone J-G-222 J-16 VILLAGE 116 Zone J-G-224 J-16 VILLAGE 118 Zone J-G-225 J-16 WALKER 1 Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 WALKER 2 Zone , , J-187 J-16 WAREHOUSE Zone , , HYDRANT 3 J-16 WATER PLANT Zone , , HYDRANT 4 J-16 Minimum System Junction WCU Water Model Comm # Project Engineer: DENNIS KNIGHT WaterCAD v7.0 [ ] July 2006 Bentley Systems, Inc. Haestad Methods Solution Center Watertown, CT USA Page 6 of 6

133 Western Carolina University Water System Recommendations - Preliminary Opinion of Probable Costs No. Description Unit Unit Price Quantity Total Near-Term Long-Term 1. Raw Water Intake add electrical quick-connect receptacle/trasfer switch LS $8, $8,500 $8, Raw Water Intake replace raw water pumps No. 1 and 3 EA $31, $62,000 $62, Raw Water Mixing replace flash mixer motor/drive unit LS $9, $9,500 $9, Raw Water Mixing replace wooden baffles SF $ $11,560 $11,560 5a. Sedimentation concrete repair - linear crack grout injection LF $ $22,500 $22,500 5b. Sedimentation concrete repair - wall top weathering concrete cap patching LF $ $9,500 $9, Sedimentation add handrail kickplate - 4" tall, 1/4" thick LF $ $11,050 $11, Sedimentation replace basin ladders with aluminum VF $ $10,920 $10, Chlorine Feed replace cylinder scale (digital, 1000# platform) LS $11, $11,800 $11, Soda Ash Alt 1. replace dry feed system (elevator + 2 solution tank feeders) LS $146, $146,600 $146, Wastewater negotiate with TWSA See Note 3 See Note 3 11a. Plant Pumps replace finished water pumps No. 1, 3, & 4 with 700-gpm pumps EA $35, $105,900 $105,900 11b. Plant Pumps repipe and replace finished water pump No. 2 with backwash pump EA $67, $67,100 $67,100 12a. General Building Improv. HVAC LS $50, $50,000 $50,000 12b. General Building Improv. lab LS $71, $71,500 $71,500 12c. General Building Improv. glass partition SF $ $57,960 $57,960 12d. General Building Improv. security LS $25, $25,000 $25, Water storage detailed inspection of 200,000-gal tank LS $35, $35,000 $35, Water Storage repair roof 1.0-mg tank with EPDM membrane LS $154, $154,000 $154, Water Storage 1.0 mg clearwell inlet valve and operator LS $7, $7,200 $7, Distribution sprinkler systems during renovations See Note 2 See Note Distribution service lines during renovations See Note 2 See Note 2 18a. Distribution replace small mains during renovations with 6-inch diameter pipe LF $ $291,725 $291,725 18b. Distribution 8" water lines - Joyner Plaza LF $ $200,000 $200, Distribution - service line replacement LF $ $140,000 $140,000 20a. Distribution 8" water line loop - Village to NCCAT LF $ $248,000 $248,000 20b. Distribution 8" water line loop - Outreach Center to Ramsey LF $ $346,000 $346,000 20c. Distribution 8" water line loop - Ramsey to Centennial Drive LF $ $228,000 $228,000 20d. Distribution 8" water line loop - Memorial Drive LF $ $258,000 $258,000 20e. Distribution 8" water line extension to new steam plant site LF $ $190,000 $190, Distribution irrigation water source development LS $1,285, $1,285,000 $1,285,000 Totals $4,064,315 $734,570 $3,329,745 Note 1: Total cost for individual item shown in the above table include 40% markup for engineering and contingencies. Note 2: Implementation of this recommendation is currently underway by WCU staff. Therefore, a cost estimate has not been prepared for this item. Note 3: The cost of this item will be determined by the cost of service from TWSA and will be based on negotiations with TWSA. Therefore, a cost estimate has not been prepared of this item.

134 1 Present Western Carolina Steam.txt *** STEAM2000 *** STEAM DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS VERSION June 1999 COPYRIGHT - J. E. FUNK, D. J. WOOD, Present Western Carolina Steam INPUT DATA FILE NAME FOR THIS CASE = P:\2005PR~1\205204~1\CALCUL~1\Mech\PIPE20~1\Runs\1_Presen.DAT OUTPUT FILE NAME FOR THIS CASE = P:\2005PR~1\205204~1\CALCUL~1\Mech\PIPE20~1\Runs\1_Presen.OT2 DATE FOR THIS COMPUTER RUN NUMBER OF PIPES = 76 NUMBER OF JUNCTION NODES = 75 STEAM CONDITIONS - SATURATED VAPOR SPECIFIED STEAM LOAD UNITS = LB/HR GLOBAL LOAD FACTOR = 0.8 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE = 14.7 PSIA REFERENCE PRESSURE = 125 PSIG REFERENCE DENSITY = LB/ft^3 **** SUMMARY OF INPUT DATA *** PIPE NODE NODE LENGTH DIAM. ROUGHNESS SUM-M NO. #1 #2 (feet) (in.) (millifeet) FACT. P-1 J-4 J P-10 J-12 J P-11 J-14 J P-12 J-12 J P-13 J-14 J P-14 J-15 J P-15 O-RV-1 J P-16 O-RV-2 J P-17 J-19 J P-18 J-35 J P-19 J-23 J P-2 J-4 J P-20 J-23 J P-21 J-22 J P-22 J-25 J P-23 J-28 J P-24 J-28 J P-25 J-30 J P-26 J-30 J P-27 J-32 J P-28 J-32 J P-29 J-33 J P-3 J-4 J P-30 J-33 J P-31 J-36 J P-32 J-35 J P-33 J-30 J P-34 J-39 J P-35 J-39 J P-36 J-39 J P-37 J-36 J Page 1

135 1 Present Western Carolina Steam.txt P-38 J-41 J P-39 J-44 J P-4 J-16 J P-40 J-44 J P-41 J-45 J P-42 J-46 J P-43 J-47 J P-44 J-47 J P-45 J-49 J P-46 J-49 J P-47 J-20 J P-48 J-51 J P-49 J-51 J P-5 J-8 J P-50 J-52 J P-51 J-55 J P-52 J-55 J P-53 J-46 J P-54 J-38 J P-55 J-38 J P-56 J-58 J P-57 J-58 J P-58 J-61 J P-59 J-61 J P-6 J-9 J P-60 Stm Plt J P-61 Stm Plt J P-62 Stm Plt J P-63 Stm Plt I-RV P-64 J-6 I-RV P-65 J-16 J P-66 J-62 J P-67 J-62 J P-68 J-64 J P-69 J-64 J P-7 J-8 J P-70 J-67 J P-71 J-67 J P-72 J-69 J P-73 Stm Plt J P-8 J-10 J P-9 J-10 J Junction Node Title Load FPN-Pres. Node No. ( LB/HR ) (psig) J-1 Harrill Residence Hall 3497 J-10 0 J-11 Madison Residence Hall 1269 J-12 0 J-13 Moore Building 3017 J-14 0 J-15 0 J-16 0 J-17 Buchanan Residence Hall 2125 J-18 Church 1373 J-19 0 J-2 Albright-Benton Residence Hall 2321 J-20 0 J-21 Grounds Maint/Paint Shop Page 2

136 1 Present Western Carolina Steam.txt 2096 J-22 0 J-23 0 J-24 Hoey Auditorium 1112 J-25 0 J-26 Graham Bldg 644 J-27 Hunter Library 7507 J-28 0 J-29 Natural Science Building 3708 J-3 Alright-Benton Residence Hall J-30 0 J-31 Killian Annex 1557 J-32 0 J-33 0 J-34 McKee Building 2667 J-35 0 J-36 0 J-37 Bird Bldg 728 J-38 0 J-39 0 J-4 0 J-40 Coulter Building 3718 J-41 0 J-42 Forsyth Building 3183 J-43 Hinds University Center 2469 J-44 0 J-45 0 J-46 0 J-47 0 J-48 Leatherwood Residence Hall 4037 J-49 0 J-5 Robertson Residence Hall 1637 J-50 Reid Gym 6509 J-51 0 J-52 0 J-53 Belk Building 5453 J-54 Helder Residence Hall 4034 J-55 0 J-56 Killian Building 2657 J-57 Fine & Performing Arts 7905 J-58 0 J-59 Scott Residence Hall 7103 J-6 Brown Cafeteria 2507 J-60 Walker Residence Hall 3491 J-61 0 J-62 0 J-63 H.F. Robinson Admin Bldg 3612 J-64 0 J Bed Residence 5697 J-66 Reynolds Residence Hall 2902 J-67 0 J-68 Dodson Cafeteria 3365 J-69 Stillwell Bldg 5762 J-7 Old Student Union 378 J-71 Plant Load J-8 0 J-9 0 I-RV-1 0 Page 3

137 1 Present Western Carolina Steam.txt O-RV-2 0 Stm Plt Steam Plant O-RV-1 0 I-RV-2 0 THERE IS A PRV IN LINE RV-1 U/S NODE = I-RV-1 SET PRESSURE = 30 PSIG THERE IS A PRV IN LINE RV-2 U/S NODE = I-RV-2 SET PRESSURE = 30 PSIG ================================================================================ **** THE RESULTS FOR THIS CASE FOLLOW **** Convergence Accuracy = 0 Pipe Results: PIPE NODE NODE FLOW LOSS VELOCITY DENSITY FRICTION AREA NO. #1 #2 (LB/HR) (PSI) (FT/S) (LB/CU FT) FACTOR RATIO P-1 J-4 J P-10 J-12 J P-11 J-14 J P-12 J-12 J P-13 J-14 J P-14 J-15 J P-15 O-RV-1 J P-16 O-RV-2 J P-17 J-19 J P-18 J-35 J P-19 J-23 J P-2 J-4 J P-20 J-23 J P-21 J-22 J P-22 J-25 J P-23 J-28 J P-24 J-28 J P-25 J-30 J P-26 J-30 J P-27 J-32 J P-28 J-32 J P-29 J-33 J P-3 J-4 J P-30 J-33 J P-31 J-36 J P-32 J-35 J P-33 J-30 J P-34 J-39 J P-35 J-39 J P-36 J-39 J P-37 J-36 J P-38 J-41 J P-39 J-44 J P-4 J-16 J P-40 J-44 J P-41 J-45 J P-42 J-46 J P-43 J-47 J P-44 J-47 J Page 4

138 1 Present Western Carolina Steam.txt P-45 J-49 J P-46 J-49 J P-47 J-20 J P-48 J-51 J P-49 J-51 J P-5 J-8 J P-50 J-52 J P-51 J-55 J P-52 J-55 J P-53 J-46 J P-54 J-38 J P-55 J-38 J P-56 J-58 J P-57 J-58 J P-58 J-61 J P-59 J-61 J P-6 J-9 J P-60 Stm Plt J P-61 Stm Plt J P-62 Stm Plt J P-63 Stm Plt I-RV P-64 J-6 I-RV P-65 J-16 J P-66 J-62 J P-67 J-62 J P-68 J-64 J P-69 J-64 J P-7 J-8 J P-70 J-67 J P-71 J-67 J P-72 J-69 J P-73 Stm Plt J P-8 J-10 J P-9 J-10 J RV-1 I-RV-1 O-RV RV-2 I-RV-2 O-RV Stm Plt Stm Plt Stm Plt Node Results: Junction Node Load Load Pressure Pressure Density No. Title (LB/HR) M-BTU/HR (PSIA) (PSIG) (LB/ft^3) J-1 Harrill Residence Hall J J-11 Madison Residence Hall J J-13 Moore Building J J J J-17 Buchanan Residence Hall J-18 Church J J-2 Albright-Benton Residence Hall J J-21 Grounds Maint/Paint Shop Page 5

139 1 Present Western Carolina Steam.txt J J J-24 Hoey Auditorium J J-26 Graham Bldg J-27 Hunter Library J J-29 Natural Science Building J-3 Alright-Benton Residence Hall J J-31 Killian Annex J J J-34 McKee Building J J J-37 Bird Bldg J J J J-40 Coulter Building J J-42 Forsyth Building J-43 Hinds University Center J J J J J-48 Leatherwood Residence Hall J J-5 Robertson Residence Hall J-50 Reid Gym J J J-53 Belk Building J-54 Helder Residence Hall J J-56 Killian Building J-57 Fine & Performing Arts J J-59 Scott Residence Hall J-6 Brown Cafeteria J-60 Walker Residence Hall J J J-63 H.F. Robinson Admin Bldg J J Bed Residence J-66 Reynolds Residence Hall J J-68 Dodson Cafeteria J-69 Stillwell Bldg Page 6

140 1 Present Western Carolina Steam.txt J-7 Old Student Union J-71 Plant Load J J I-RV O-RV Stm Plt Steam Plant O-RV I-RV * adjacent to density column designates the use of default density in low pressure region THE NET SYSTEM LOAD = LB/HR SUMMARY OF INFLOWS(+) AND OUTFLOWS(-) PIPE NO. MASS FLOW (LB/HR) FPN LABEL FPN TITLE Stm Plt Stm Plt Stm Plt Regulating Valve Results: RV Set Status U/S D/S Flow Name Pressure Pressure Pressure Rate RV-1 30 Open RV-2 30 Open MAXIMUM MACH NUMBER = IN LINE NO. P-34 ******* END OF THIS CASE ******* Page 7

141 *** STEAM2000 *** STEAM DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ANALYSIS VERSION June 1999 COPYRIGHT - J. E. FUNK, D. J. WOOD, 1999 INPUT DATA FILE NAME FOR THIS CASE = P:\2005PR~1\205204~1\CALCUL~1\Mech\PIPE20~1\Runs\5_Future.DAT OUTPUT FILE NAME FOR THIS CASE = P:\2005PR~1\205204~1\CALCUL~1\Mech\PIPE20~1\Runs\5_Future.OT2 DATE FOR THIS COMPUTER RUN NUMBER OF PIPES = 95 NUMBER OF JUNCTION NODES = 93 STEAM CONDITIONS - SATURATED VAPOR SPECIFIED STEAM LOAD UNITS = LB/HR GLOBAL LOAD FACTOR = 0.8 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE = 14.7 PSIA REFERENCE PRESSURE = 125 PSIG REFERENCE DENSITY = LB/ft^3 CLOSED LINES - PIPE NOS: P-34 **** SUMMARY OF INPUT DATA *** PIPE NODE NODE LENGTH DIAM. ROUGHNESS SUM-M NO. #1 #2 (feet) (in.) (millifeet) FACT. P-1 J-4 J P-10 J-12 J P-11 J-14 J P-12 J-12 J P-13 J-14 J P-14 J-15 J P-15 J-19 J P-16 O-RV-2 J P-17 J-19 J P-18 J-35 J P-19 J-22 J P-2 J-4 J P-20 J-20 J P-21 J-23 J P-22 J-25 J P-23 J-28 J P-24 J-28 J P-25 J-30 J P-26 J-30 J P-27 J-32 J P-28 J-32 J P-29 J-33 J P-3 J-4 J P-30 J-33 J P-31 J-36 J P-32 J-35 J

142 P-33 J-30 J P-34 J-39 J P-35 J-39 J P-36 J-39 J P-37 J-36 J P-38 J-41 J P-39 J-44 J P-4 J-16 J P-40 J-44 J P-41 J-45 J P-42 J-46 J P-43 J-47 J P-44 J-47 J P-45 J-49 J P-46 J-49 J P-47 J-20 J P-48 J-51 J P-49 J-51 J P-5 J-8 J P-50 J-52 J P-51 J-55 J P-52 J-55 J P-53 J-46 J P-54 J-38 J P-55 J-38 J P-56 J-58 J P-57 J-58 J P-58 J-61 J P-59 J-61 J P-6 J-9 J P-60 J-91 J P-61 J-71 J P-62 J-15 J P-63 R-1 J P-64 J-6 I-RV P-65 J-16 J P-66 J-62 J P-67 J-62 J P-68 J-64 J P-69 J-64 J P-7 J-8 J P-70 J-67 J P-71 J-67 J P-72 J-69 J P-73 J-47 J P-74 J-6 J P-75 J-72 J P-76 J-72 J P-77 J-62 J P-78 J-21 J P-79 R-1 J P-8 J-10 J P-80 J-77 J P-81 J-77 J P-82 J-77 J P-83 J-79 J P-84 J-79 J

143 P-85 J-82 J P-86 J-82 J P-87 J-84 J P-88 J-21 J P-9 J-10 J P-91 J-87 J P-92 J-87 J P-95 J-92 J P-97 J-24 J P-98 J-94 J Junction Node Title Load FPN-Pres. Node No. ( LB/HR ) (psig) J-1 Harrill Residence Hall 3497 J-10 0 J-11 Madison Residence Hall 1269 J-12 0 J-13 Moore Building 3017 J-14 0 J-15 0 J-16 0 J-17 Buchanan Residence Hall 0 J-18 Church 1373 J-19 0 J-2 Albright-Benton Residence Hall 2321 J-20 0 J-21 0 J-22 0 J-23 0 J-24 Hoey Auditorium 1112 J-25 New Student Housing-200 Beds 2550 J-26 Graham Bldg 644 J-27 Hunter Library 7507 J-28 0 J-29 Natural Science Building 3708 J-3 Alright-Benton Residence Hall J-30 0 J-31 Killian Annex 1557 J-32 0 J-33 0 J-34 McKee Building 2667 J-35 0 J-36 0 J-37 Bird Bldg 728 J-38 0 J-39 0 J-4 0 J-40 Coulter Building 3718 J-41 0 J-42 Forsyth Building 3183

144 J-43 Hinds University Center 2469 J-44 0 J-45 0 J-46 0 J-47 0 J-48 Leatherwood Residence Hall 0 J-49 0 J-5 Robertson Residence Hall 1637 J-50 Reid Gym J-51 0 J-52 0 J-53 Belk Building 5453 J-54 New Dining Hall 4307 J-55 0 J-56 Killian Building 2657 J-57 Fine & Performing Arts 7905 J-58 0 J-59 Scott Residence Hall 7103 J-6 0 J-60 Walker Residence Hall 3491 J-61 0 J-62 0 J-63 H.F. Robinson Admin Bldg 3612 J-64 0 J Bed Residence 5697 J-66 Reynolds Residence Hall 2902 J-67 0 J-68 Dodson Cafeteria 0 J-69 Stillwell Bldg 5762 J-7 Old Student Union 378 J-70 New Classroom B 6240 J-71 0 J-72 0 J-73 New Classroom C 6240 J-74 Private Space 3443 J-77 0 J-78 New Student Housing-400 Beds 6120 J-79 0 J-8 0 J-80 New Private Space 3417 J-81 Student Housing-400 Beds E 6885 J-82 0 J-83 Student Housing-400 Beds 6120 J-84 0 J-87 0 J-88 Shops/Restaurants/Commercial 5745 J-89 Mountain Heritage Museum 546 J-9 0 J-90 Office/Private 2007

145 J-91 0 J-92 0 J-94 0 J-95 New Steam Plant Load R-1 New Steam Plant O-RV-2 0 I-RV-2 0 THERE IS A PRV IN LINE RV-2 U/S NODE = I-RV-2 SET PRESSURE = 30 PSIG ================================================================================ **** THE RESULTS FOR THIS CASE FOLLOW **** Convergence Accuracy = 0 Pipe Results: PIPE NODE NODE FLOW LOSS VELOCITY DENSITY FRICTION AREA NO. #1 #2 (LB/HR) (PSI) (FT/S) (LB/CU FT) FACTOR RATIO P-1 J-4 J P-10 J-12 J P-11 J-14 J P-12 J-12 J P-13 J-14 J P-14 J-15 J P-15 J-19 J P-16 O-RV-2 J P-17 J-19 J P-18 J-35 J P-19 J-22 J P-2 J-4 J P-20 J-20 J P-21 J-23 J P-22 J-25 J P-23 J-28 J P-24 J-28 J P-25 J-30 J P-26 J-30 J P-27 J-32 J P-28 J-32 J P-29 J-33 J P-3 J-4 J P-30 J-33 J P-31 J-36 J P-32 J-35 J P-33 J-30 J LINE NO.P-34 IS SHUT OFF P-35 J-39 J P-36 J-39 J P-37 J-36 J

146 P-38 J-41 J P-39 J-44 J P-4 J-16 J P-40 J-44 J P-41 J-45 J P-42 J-46 J P-43 J-47 J P-44 J-47 J P-45 J-49 J P-46 J-49 J P-47 J-20 J P-48 J-51 J P-49 J-51 J P-5 J-8 J P-50 J-52 J P-51 J-55 J P-52 J-55 J P-53 J-46 J P-54 J-38 J P-55 J-38 J P-56 J-58 J P-57 J-58 J P-58 J-61 J P-59 J-61 J P-6 J-9 J P-60 J-91 J P-61 J-71 J P-62 J-15 J P-63 R-1 J P-64 J-6 I-RV P-65 J-16 J P-66 J-62 J P-67 J-62 J P-68 J-64 J P-69 J-64 J P-7 J-8 J P-70 J-67 J P-71 J-67 J P-72 J-69 J P-73 J-47 J P-74 J-6 J P-75 J-72 J P-76 J-72 J P-77 J-62 J P-78 J-21 J P-79 R-1 J P-8 J-10 J P-80 J-77 J P-81 J-77 J P-82 J-77 J P-83 J-79 J P-84 J-79 J P-85 J-82 J P-86 J-82 J P-87 J-84 J P-88 J-21 J P-9 J-10 J

147 P-91 J-87 J P-92 J-87 J P-95 J-92 J P-97 J-24 J P-98 J-94 J R-1 R-1 R RV-2 I-RV-2 O-RV Node Results: Junction Node Load Load Pressure Pressure Density No. Title (LB/HR) M-BTU/HR (PSIA) (PSIG) (LB/ft^3) J-1 Harrill Residence Hall J J-11 Madison Residence Hall J J-13 Moore Building J J J J-17 Buchanan Residence Hall J-18 Church J J-2 Albright-Benton Residence Hall J J J J J-24 Hoey Auditorium J-25 New Student Housing-200 Beds J-26 Graham Bldg J-27 Hunter Library J J-29 Natural Science Building J-3 Alright-Benton Residence Hall J J-31 Killian Annex J J J-34 McKee Building J J J-37 Bird Bldg J J J J-40 Coulter Building J

148 J-42 Forsyth Building J-43 Hinds University Center J J J J J-48 Leatherwood Residence Hall J J-5 Robertson Residence Hall J-50 Reid Gym J J J-53 Belk Building J-54 New Dining Hall J J-56 Killian Building J-57 Fine & Performing Arts J J-59 Scott Residence Hall J J-60 Walker Residence Hall J J J-63 H.F. Robinson Admin Bldg J J Bed Residence J-66 Reynolds Residence Hall J J-68 Dodson Cafeteria J-69 Stillwell Bldg J-7 Old Student Union J-70 New Classroom B J J J-73 New Classroom C J-74 Private Space J J-78 New Student Housing-400 Beds J J J-80 New Private Space J-81 Student Housing-400 Beds E J J-83 Student Housing-400 Beds J J

149 J-88 Shops/Restaurants/Commercial J-89 Mountain Heritage Museum J J-90 Office/Private J J J J-95 New Steam Plant Load R-1 New Steam Plant O-RV I-RV * adjacent to density column designates the use of default density in low pressure region THE NET SYSTEM LOAD = LB/HR SUMMARY OF INFLOWS(+) AND OUTFLOWS(-) PIPE NO. MASS FLOW (LB/HR) FPN LABEL FPN TITLE R R-1 R-1 Regulating Valve Results: RV Set Status U/S D/S Flow Name Pressure Pressure Pressure Rate RV-2 30 Open MAXIMUM MACH NUMBER = IN LINE NO. P-25 ******* END OF THIS CASE *******

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152 Economic Analysis of Condensate Line Repair Base Option #2 Existing CR Repair CR Option Cost $ - $ 434,617 Net Cost $ - $ 434,617 M/U water #/yr 92,803,896 35,693,806 M/U water energy (btu) 15,905,262,047 6,117,408,480 M/U water energy $ $ 111,337 $ 42,822 M/U water (gal/yr) 11,135,277 4,282,799 M/U water $ $ 34, $ 13, M/U chemicals $ 16,369 $ 6,296 Annual Op Cost $ 162,225 $ 62,394 Energy savings (btu/yr) 9,787,853,568 % energy savings (vs total) 6.56% Yearly Operating Cost Savings Simple Payback in Years $ 99, Data: 142,775,225 Current steam production 0.65 Current M/U % 0.25 Future M/U % $/kwh for electricity $/CF for gas 70 % Gas boiler efficiency lb/ft3 water density at 60F 3.1 $/1000 gal for water 1.47 $/1000 gal for chem Western Carolina University Steam & Water Master Plan Wiley & Wilson Comm. No

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160 H F-XC A N GE H F-XC A N GE N y bu to k lic c u-tr a c k November 1, 2006 Comm. No Base Case Existing Connected Loads.d o m w.c o Western Carolina University Utility Master Plan Steam Production and Distribution C m.c o.d o w w w w w C lic k to bu y N O W! PD O W! PD c u-tr a c k