LEED HCFC Stakeholder Meeting February 17, 2004

Transcription

1 LEED HCFC Stakeholder Meeting February 17, 2004 John Mandyck, Vice President Government & International Relations Pavan Bharteey, PE Product Manager, Water Cooled Chillers 1

2 Status of Ozone Depletion Single day loss record 47.3M lost tons of ozone Source: NASA Website "The ozone hole is getting larger, deeper, and is lasting longer World Meteorological Association, October

3 Refrigerant Ozone Depletion Ozone Depletion Potential Market Offerings HCFC-22 HCFC-123 HFC-410a HFC-407c HFC-404a HFC-134a 3

4 Status of Ozone Depletion U.S. Clean Air Act Requirements 1996 CFCs 2010 HCFC-22 in new equipment 2020 HCFC-22 production HCFC-123 in new equipment 2030 HCFC-123 production HCFC-123 will be banned in U.S. already banned in Europe 4

5 EPA HCFC-123 Phaseout Confirmation EPA has not discussed, nor plans on discussing, an extension or elimination of the current phaseout date for HCFC

6 Ozone Protection is an Environmental Priority Energy Credit 1: Appropriately reflects energy efficiency beyond ASHRAE Energy Credit 4: Is the only one out of 69 credits that specifically focuses on ozone protection; at least ten other points can be attained directly for energy efficiency. 6

7 HFC Chiller Market All chiller manufacturers offer HFC-134a Equipment Available at All chillers are covered by Energy Credit 4, not just watercooled centrifugals as the report suggests 7

8 Ozone Protection is an Environmental Priority As stated in Executive Summary, E.3.: An objective and complete comparison between ozone depletion and global warming is beyond this report s scope, indeed beyond the current state of knowledge. The current LEED structure addresses this fact by having independent credits for ozone depletion and improved energy performance. As stated in Executive Summary, E.4.: However, because the energy usage of the chiller as a proportion of the total building energy consumption is small, the energy-efficient HCFC-123 chiller does not contribute a whole LEED point s worth of benefit. Exactly! 8

9 LEED-EB: Replacing CFC-11 Refrigerant with R-123 it makes sense to encourage the retrofitting of existing chillers using CFC-11 to HCFC-123, which is significantly better in terms of its ODP impact (80x) and its GWP impact (38x) than CFC-11. HFC-134a has 850x less ozone depletion potential than HCFC-123 Older chillers have much higher leak rates and are not nearly as efficient as today s chillers. Dropping in HCFC-123 into an existing CFC-11 chiller will degrade the chiller s efficiency even further. Replacing an old CFC-11 chiller will greatly improve efficiency and greatly reduce the refrigerant leak rate. 9

10 Table 2: Inputs for EWI total and ODI Calculations Symbol CDF GWP L Chiller lifetime (yr) L A Annual loss/leakage rate, including both operating and intermittent losses (%/yr) L D ODP P Description CO2 produced per kw-hr generated (kg CO 2 /kwhr) EFL Equivalent full load of chiller operation (hr/yr) f i Fraction of power generated with fuel source j. 1 1 Global warming potential of a compound released into atmosphere (kg CO 2 equivalent/kg compound) Sum of initial and disposal loss/leakage rate, one-time events per chiller (%) Ozone depletion potential of a compound released into atmosphere (kg CFC-11 equivalent/kg compound) Chiller performance (kw/ton) HCFC Q Nominal chiller capacity (tons) R C Specific refrigerant fraction (kg/ton) HFC 134a

11 EWI total and ODI as Reported in Table 3 (page 10) Symbol Description HCFC 123 HFC 134a Percent Difference EWI total Total environmental warming index (kg CO2 equivalent) 209, , % ODI Ozone Depletion Index (kg/yr of equivalent CFC-11) ,749.7% Ozone Depletion Index grams/year equivalent CFC HCFC-123 HFC-134a 53,749.7% 11

12 Table 2. Inputs for EWI total and ODI Calculations Symbol CDF EFL f i GWP [4] L Chiller lifetime (yr) L A Annual 40 loss/leakage hours rate, X including 50 weeks both operating = and intermittent losses (%/yr) L D ODP [4] P Description CO2 produced per kw-hr generated (kg CO 2 /kwhr) Equivalent full load of chiller operation (hr/yr) Fraction of power generated with fuel source j. Global warming potential of a compound released into atmosphere (kg CO 2 equivalent/kg compound) Typical office building operates: Sum of initial and disposal loss/leakage rate, one-time events per chiller (%) Ozone depletion potential of a compound released into atmosphere (kg CFC-11 equivalent/kg compound) Chiller performance (kw/ton) HCFC Q Nominal chiller capacity (tons) R [6] C Specific refrigerant fraction (kg/ton) Equivalent Full Load Hours 1 76 HFC 134a

13 Table 2. Inputs for EWI total and ODI Calculations Symbol Description HCFC 123 HFC 134a CDF CO2 produced per kw-hr generated (kg CO 2 /kwhr) EFL Equivalent full load of chiller operation (hr/yr) f i Fraction of power generated with fuel source j. 1 1 GWP [4] Global warming potential of a compound released into atmosphere (kg CO 2 equivalent/kg compound) L Chiller lifetime (yr) L A Annual loss/leakage rate, including both operating and intermittent losses (%/yr) Reference Discrepancy [6] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Montreal Protocol on L D Sum of initial and disposal loss/leakage rate, one-time Substances that events Deplete per chiller the Ozone (%) Layer: 2002 Report of the Refrigeration, Air, Conditioning and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee, 2002 Assessment ODP P Ozone depletion potential of a compound released into instead of atmosphere (kg CFC-11 equivalent/kg compound) Chiller performance (kw/ton) [4] J. Calm, D. Wuebbles, and A. Jain, Impact on global ozone and climate from the use and emission of 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroehtane (HCFC-123), Climate Change, vol. 42, pp , Q Nominal chiller capacity (tons) R C Specific refrigerant fraction (kg/ton)

14 Table 2. Inputs for EWI total and ODI Calculations Symbol CDF EFL f i GWP L Chiller lifetime (yr) L A Annual loss/leakage rate, including both operating and intermittent losses (%/yr) L D ODP P Description CO2 produced per kw-hr generated (kg CO 2 /kwhr) Equivalent full load of chiller operation (hr/yr) Fraction of power generated with fuel source j. Global warming potential of a compound released into atmosphere (kg CO 2 equivalent/kg compound) Sum of initial and disposal loss/leakage rate, one-time events per chiller (%) Carrier s HFC-134a chillers have a leak rate of 0.1% Ozone depletion potential of a compound released into atmosphere (kg CFC-11 equivalent/kg compound) Chiller performance (kw/ton) HCFC Q Nominal chiller capacity (tons) R C Specific refrigerant fraction (kg/ton) HFC 134a ?

15 Table 2: Chiller Performance ARI RELEASED THE NEW STANDARD IN DECEMBER 1998 ARI WAS THE FIRST STANDARD TO STATE THAT FULL LOAD KW/TON IS NOT AN ACCURATE WAY TO EVALUATE CHILLER PERFORMANCE 1998 STANDARD for ARI AIR-CONDITIONING & REFRIGERATION INSTITUTE WATER CHILLING PACKAGES USING THE VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE Standard 550/ NORTH FAIRFAX DRIVE ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA

16 Table 2: Chiller Performance TYPICAL CHILLER OPERATION PER ARI STANDARD 550/ ARI Part Load Weighting Factors 1998 Revision RUN TIME % 1% 42% 45% 12% % LOAD 100% 75% 50% 25% 1992 Standard RUN TIME % 17% 39% 33% 11% % LOAD 100% 75% 50% 25% WEIGHTINGS FOR CURRENT ARI PART LOAD 16

17 Table 2: Chiller Performance WHY EVALUATE CHILLERS AT FULL LOAD ONLY? FOR 99% OF THE TIME, CHILLERS OPERATE AT PART LOAD PER ARI STANDARD 550/ % Full Load Part Load 99% 17

18 Table 2. Inputs for EWI total and ODI Calculations Symbol CDF EFL GWP L Chiller lifetime (yr) L A Annual loss/leakage rate, including both operating and Greater than 300 tons: intermittent losses (%/yr) L D ODP Description CO2 produced per kw-hr generated (kg CO 2 /kwhr) Equivalent full load of chiller operation (hr/yr) f ASHRAE i STANDARD Fraction of power generated with fuel source j. Global warming potential of a compound released into atmosphere (kg CO 2 equivalent/kg compound) Water Cooled, Electrically Operated, Centrifugal Chillers Sum of initial and disposal loss/leakage rate, one-time events per chiller (%) Minimum part load efficiency kw/ton (NPLV) Ozone depletion potential of a compound released into atmosphere (kg CFC-11 equivalent/kg compound) HCFC HFC 134a P Chiller performance (kw/ton) Q Nominal chiller capacity (tons) R C Specific refrigerant fraction (kg/ton)

19 Table 2: Inputs for EWI total and ODI Calculations Symbol CDF EFL f i GWP L Chiller lifetime (yr) L A Annual loss/leakage rate, including both operating and intermittent losses (%/yr) ODP Q kg/ton Nominal chiller capacity (tons) R C Description CO2 produced per kw-hr generated (kg CO 2 /kwhr) Equivalent full load of chiller operation (hr/yr) Fraction of power generated with fuel source j. Global warming potential of a compound released into atmosphere (kg CO 2 equivalent/kg compound) Typical Refrigerant Charge: 500 ton R-123 chiller Charge L D 1090 lbs kg/ton Sum of initial and disposal loss/leakage rate, one-time events per chiller (%) Ozone depletion potential of a compound released into atmosphere (kg CFC-11 equivalent/kg compound) 500 ton HFC-134a chiller P Charge 1050 lbs Chiller performance (kw/ton) Specific refrigerant fraction (kg/ton) HCFC HFC-134a

20 Revised EWI total and ODI Symbol Description HCFC-123 HFC- 134a Percent Difference EWI total Total environmental warming index (kg CO2 equivalent) 209, , , , % -0.1% ODI Ozone Depletion Index (kg/yr of equivalent CFC-11) ,749.7% 596,423.1% Ozone Depletion Index grams/year equivalent CFC HCFC-123 HFC-134a 596,423.1% 20

21 Refrigerant Effect on Performance Chiller efficiency is dependent on much more than the refrigerant HCFC-123 and HFC-134a chillers are designed differently Chiller operation depends on load and ambient conditions All chillers are unique to the design conditions specified VFDs provide substantial savings at part load conditions 21

22 Refrigerant Effect on Performance Full Load kw/ton Does Not Describe Reality by Ignoring Building Load Profiles Multiple Chillers Local Weather Data Variable Speed Drives Mixing Chillers Tower Efficiency..etc. 22

23 Full load ratings wrongly assume constant 85ºF condenser water and neglect real-world temperature conditions Seattle: 95% Toronto: 81% Detroit: 78% Chicago: 78% San Fran: 97% Condenser Water Hours Below 70ºF KC: 63% New York: 65% DC: 65% LA: 78% Charlotte: 78% Atlanta: 55% Utilizing condenser water below 85ºF improves efficiency Miami: 5%

24 Table 2: Specific Refrigerant Fraction Even if we assume full load of HCFC-123 chiller is 10% better than HFC-134a chiller System Solutions: 500 Ton Chiller Part Annual kwh/ IKW/TON Load OP Cost Year Constant Speed $31, ,832 Variable Speed $28, ,864 Variable Speed Drives Greatly Improve Part Load Efficiency! Not captured by full load 24

25 New HCFC-123 Toxicity Study Until recently, several users of HCFC-123 have been maintaining permissible exposure levels of either 10 or 50 ppm without apparent incident. Based on these (case study) results it would appear prudent to adopt an occupational exposure level of 10 ppm for HCFC- 123 American Industrial Hygienists Association Journal January/February 03 The modeled data, in conjunction with the health effects experienced by numerous employees, indicate that exposures to HCFC-123 at elevated levels even for short periods of time is unacceptable and that strict adherence to a 50-ppm limit, at a minimum, is necessary to protect worker health. 25

26 Conclusions Need for Ozone Protection ODP and GWP are Not Related Chiller Efficiency is a Function of Many Factors HCFC-123 Toxicity Flawed Analysis 26

27 Table 2: Is This a Sound Foundation? Symbol CDF GWP L D ODP P Description CO2 produced per kw-hr generated (kg CO 2 /kwhr) EFL Equivalent full load of chiller operation (hr/yr) f i Fraction of power generated with fuel source j. 1 1??? Annual loss/leakage rate, including both operating and Global warming potential of a compound released into atmosphere (kg CO 2 equivalent/kg compound) L Chiller lifetime (yr) L A intermittent losses (%/yr) Sum of initial and disposal loss/leakage rate, one-time events per chiller (%) Ozone depletion potential of a compound released into atmosphere (kg CFC-11 equivalent/kg compound) Chiller performance (kw/ton) HCFC Q Nominal chiller capacity (tons) R C Specific refrigerant fraction (kg/ton) HFC 134a

28 Recommendation Re-issue Report With New Information Maintain Energy Credit 4 Without Change 28