Hydroelectric: rivers. Hydroelectric: rivers. Hydroelectric: rivers 2. Pumped storage Pump water from low to high reservoir, 80% efficient

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1 20% world (776 GW) 12% US (95 GW) 73% WA 1. Diversion (run-of-the-river) dam: turbine off to the side Trap rivers behind concrete Release water as needed to turn turbines Niagara Falls Sir Adam Beck Generating Station 4.5 miles away (4 GW) 2. Pumped storage Pump water from low to high reservoir, 80% efficient peak times off peak times US large scale hydro (> 30 MW) 11% of dams, 92% of power US small hydro (100 kw - 30 MW) 89% of dams, 8% of power 1 / 9 China s power (85 billion kwh/yr) $25 billion US micro hydro (< 100 kw) 1

2 115 meters thick at the bottom, 40 m at the top temporary cofferdam, blocking water during construction, being removed five-chamber shiplock >1 million people relocated >1 million people relocated 2

3 2. Itaipu Dam, Brazil (1982) 14 GW, % electricity consumed in Paraguay 20% electricity consumed in Brazil Itaipu Binacional, split on power $18 billion 20 turbines at 700 MW 3. Guri Dam, Venezuela (1978) 10.2 GW, 530 Central Hidroelectrica Simon Bolivar 82% electricity to Venezuela Source: USGS 4. Grand Coulee Dam (1942) 6.5 GW, 550 Irrigation for 600,000 acres 5,000 long 1. Diversion tunnel 2. Lay dam foundation 3. Construct dam 4. Complete outlet valves to control release 5. Complete spillway to divert flood water WA: 10 GW potential Little room for expansion in the U.S. Already dammed 98% of suitable rivers 80,000 dams 1940: 3,100 hydropower plants 2000: 2,400 hydropower plants DOE aims for 10% growth 3

4 Little room for expansion in the U.S. Already dammed 98% of suitable rivers 80,000 dams 1940: 3,100 hydropower plants 2000: 2,400 hydropower plants Social/environmental consequences (Grand Coulee) Removed 1000 miles of salmon spawning ground upstream Flooded 21,000 acres Forced relocation Settlement of $52 million (plus annual $15 million) to Coleville Native American tribe Low Impact Hydropower Institute Non-profit certifying body Not all dams are green No pumped storage since pumping uses fossil fuels No new dams since they believe there shouldn t be any new dams, focus on improving the old ones 16 projects since 2005 Ross, Diablo, Gorge Dams (690 MW) Low Impact Hydropower Institute Non-profit certifying body 5-yr certification addresses Fish passage and protection Water quality Watershed protection, erosion control Threatened and endangered species protection Cultural resource protection Recreation Hydroelectric: ocean tides Dam the tides Store potential energy Release to generate power Hydroelectric: ocean tides Dam the tides La Rance, France 1960, 240 MW Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia Hydroelectric: ocean tides Tidal turbines Sea Gen 16 m blades 10 rpm 1.2 MW capacity 4

5 Hydroelectric: ocean tides Hydroelectric: ocean waves Tidal turbines East river, NY Merrimack river, MA wave park 10 MW over 30 acres Finavera: Aqua buoy CLIP: Hydroelectric: ocean waves Overtopping design Wave Dragon, up to 11 MW Hydroelectric: ocean waves Attenuator design OPD Pelamis CLIP: MW wave farm, Portugal Hydroelectric: ocean waves Oscillating Water Column Terminator Steam at the surface shows underground heat 5

6 Today: Pumping water to less than 3000 m (9000 feet) Tomorrow: Pumping water to 10,000 m (Petroleum industry: deepest drilling to 11,000 m) 1. Dry steam: water vapor w/ no water droplets (rare) 1. Dry steam: water vapor w/ no water droplets (rare) Geysers Geothermal Resource Area, CA 6

7 1. Dry steam: water vapor w/ no water droplets (rare) 2. Hot water reservoir: trapped in fractured/porous rock ºF water brought to the surface (most common) 1. Dry steam: water vapor w/ no water droplets (rare) 2. Hot water reservoir: trapped in fractured/porous rock ºF water brought to the surface (most common) 3. Binary cycle Japan 530 MW China 100 MW Philippines 2000 MW Indonesia 1300 MW New Zealand 600 MW US, 2400 MW Mexico, 900 MW Central America, 250 MW Iceland, 100 MW 25% electricity Russia, 11 MW Himalayas, 30 MW 40% Lhasa s electricity Electric Power Plants Alaska (1) 0.4 MW Idaho (1) 13 MW Utah (1) 25 MW Hawaii (1) 35 MW Nevada (16) 301 MW CA (45) 2600 MW Source: GeoEnergy Benefits? Benefits? Clean: no emissions Safe Domestic Small land area Reliable Flexible for new growth 7

8 Geothermal Heat Pump Heat stored in soil, rocks or fluids underground Few feet below the surface: 45-58F year round Geothermal Heat Pump Very little electricity for pumping 300,000 homes Agriculture Greenhouse heating Agriculture Greenhouse heating Aquaculture Warm water species Industry Pasteurize milk Agriculture Greenhouse heating Aquaculture Warm water species Industry Pasteurize milk Prawn, GeoHeat Center Oregon Institute of Technology Alligators in Idaho, geothermally heated water 8

9 Agriculture Greenhouse heating Aquaculture Warm water species Industry Pasteurize milk Space heating 18 in the US Geothermal and hydrogen... Iceland moves to hydrogen power for ships, cars Posted Wed Jan 23, :25pm AEDT The Elding will be transformed into the world's first hydrogenequipped commercial vessel. (Reuters: Kristin Arna Bragadottir ) At first glance, the red ship hardly looks like a herald of the future. Even its owner admits the hull needs a coat of paint and the interior some spit and pol Iceland phasing out fossil fuels for clean energy Thu September 20, 2007 Source: CNN 9