LC CHANGE / LAND USE EFFICIENCY IN EAST ASIA: THE LANGUAGE OF URBAN PLANNERS & ECONOMISTS

Transcription

1 LC CHANGE / LAND USE EFFICIENCY IN EAST ASIA: THE LANGUAGE OF URBAN PLANNERS & ECONOMISTS Professor Douglas Webster School of Geographical Sciences & Urban Planning Arizona State University LC/LU CHANGE SARI INTERNATIONAL REGIONAL SCIENCE MEETING CHIANG MAI JULY

2 Chiang Mai Element Map

3 The Question Does the usefulness of 2-D Remote Sensing Decline Drastically in Dense East Asian Metropolitan Environments? High rises residential & office norm; Densities of 100,000 per square kilometer not unusual China Norm: 10,000 Human dominated Environments Usefulness in non-urban environments clear

4 The Argument Transport (followed by thermal power & industry) often leading cause of GHG Emissions / Conventional Pollution, the Surface Characteristics of a City are of lessor importance A Road Arterial may cover little land, but its impact depends on #, technology, capacity utilization of vehicles, etc. Of Course, Reflective Characteristics, Carbon Uptake Matter BUT A Central Business District with each hi-rise housing 20,000 workers has a vastly different carbon footprint than a 5 story walkup High Rise Housing: FAR, Construction Materials, Avg Apartment Size, Inhabitants per Unit, etc.

5 The Argument (Cont) Some Surfaces, e.g., Green Space, may appear positive in terms of Atmospheric Impacts but can be very destructive land uses, e.g., green belts, large parks May be better to displace most green space out of city Classic Land Efficiency Studies use RS Imagery sparingly, More Concern with Land Activity, e.g., China Urban Land Use Efficiency Study, Alain Bertaud s WB Study: GHG Emissions, Urban Mobility and Efficiency of Urban Morphology: A Hypothesis IN SUM: Planners / Economists care more about land activity & dynamics not apparent surface use

6 Peripheral Form Land Readjustment: Urban Villages in Peri- Urban: 690K People; Mixed with Rollout Learned from Informal Land Readjustment Processes Compromise Between Market and Government Heavy Roll Out Model Webster Lincoln Wkshp 7

7 Chengdu s Major Development Corridors: Source: Schneider, Seto, Webster. 2003

8 Pudong, Shanghai, China

9 6th Ring Road 3rd Ring Road 4th Ring Road 5th Ring Road

10 Tianjin Population Density Map 2000 Source: Alain Bertaud

11 Transportation Matters Manufacturing has almost totally left cities in SEA & East Asia, making Transport increasingly relatively important in atmospheric impacts Best atmospheric metrics generally produced by electric trains (not walking or bicycle lanes) which are relatively invisible if underground (stations enable alignment)

12 Share of (Nominal) GDP by Sector, Beijing,

13 Webster & McElwee WB France Source: BMA, 2007

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15 Sustainability evaluation Performance categories GHG emissions from human transport (Normalized to CO 2 equivalent) Conventional air pollution from human transport Human time traveling Energy consumption by human transport Economic cost of human travel Operational indicators for Beijing - Total GHG emissions (especially CO 2 ) from human transport; - Contribution of human transport to GHG emissions (%); - GHG emissions per capita from human transport; - GHG emissions per passenger kilometer from human transport - Air pollution from human transport (index: API); - Total emissions of major air pollutants from human transport (SO 2, NO 2, PM 10, PM 2.5 ); - major air pollutants emission per capita; - major air pollutants emission per passenger kilometer - mean daily commuting time; - mean daily travel time; - mean waiting time at the stations/stops for public transport; - mean daily commuting and non-commuting trip time; - mean total daily time spent on traveling - Total energy consumption (common unit) by human transport; - Energy consumption per passenger kilometer; - Energy source mix; - Energy end use mix (e.g. diesel, electricity, LNG, petrol) - % of urban GDP spent on human transport; - Congestion cost in Beijing: 375 RMB per person per month - Road pricing: parking fee, congestion fee, etc.

16 Beijing s population and built-up area Total population (million person) Built-up area (km 2 ) Source: China Urban Statistical Yearbook 1987, 2001, 2006 Change of residents travel mode share in Beijing Year Bus MTR Taxi Private car Shuttle bus Bicycle Total % 0.36% 5.24% % 100% % 9.03% 23.96% % 100% % 5.70% 7.60% 29.80% 2.50% 30.30% 100% % 7.40% 33.60% % 1-4, % 8.20% 7.20% 33.90% % Source: Mao, 2008; Jinghua Times, Jul. 3 rd, 2009

17 Bogota

18 Road Overpass: Naples, FL Source: MCM

19 Toronto s Transit Oriented CBD: The City Goes Underground All Major Buildings are connected to subway stations by underground pathways lined with retailing, services FIRST CANADIAN PLACE SHOPPING CENTER CHINA Emulating by Decree

20 Green Space? Generally large patch green space regarded as inefficient, exempt signature parks, e.g., Lumpini Park in Bangkok, Central Park NYC Green belts are a no no Land inefficient, including GHG emissions because Leaping Over Effects Usually do not align with Ecological Systems Almost Impossible to Enforce Developing cities, particularly China, think green & blue surfaces create a sustainable city, manifest in free land industrial areas

21 Shahe / University Park Station Govt Plans Schools, Parks Near Station Rare Green Field MRT Line Heart of Community 1 km Away

22 Hsinchu Science Park

23 Innovation District ASIAURB TEAM

24 Quito: The Airport Case ASU February 2017 Source: PADECO, WB 2006

25 Wedge Green Space Chengdu ASU February 17

26 East Asian Urban Planning Requires Recognition that Cities are Human Dominated Environments Density, Nodality, Variation & Hierarchy in Nodality. Contiguity, Compactness, Necklace Form Electric Trains joining nodes, bicycle or electric feeder bus connections Shape, Location & Quality of Green Space Matter

27 Nodality and FAR Potential: Tianjin, China Source: Alain Bertaud

28 Driverless Buses in Helsinki Source: Wonder Discovery

29 Copenhagen Finger Plan Source: ce4710, SlideShare, Linkedln

30 Necklace Form Transit City Mixed Density Mixed Use Grid based Centralized Source: Jeff Kenworthy

31 HSR on Sanya Edge

32 Practical Implications An Urban Plan cannot be driven by (Vegetative) Surface Characteristics, e.g., carbon uptake, evapo-transpiration, etc. However these factors must be woven into plan E.g. Green Space Needs to be Interwoven into Urban Landscapes, e.g., treed roads, sides of buildings Porous & Reflective Surfaces Drainage Surfaces (Vietnam) Electric Trains joining nodes, bicycle or electric feeder bus connections

33 Practical Implications (2) A Cliché, but True: Planners, Urban Economists, City Builders (Developers, etc.), Remote Sensing Experts Need to Work Jointly Not Doing Each Others Work, but in Teams Increasingly Need to use Technologies that Provide 3-D View of City in Asian Cities, e.g., Radar Spatial Imagery Essential First Step in Urban Morphology Analysis, Non-High Rise Surfaces

34 THANK YOU

35 Chiang Mai Built-up Area