Compact city policies: a comparative assessment

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1 Compact city policies: a comparative assessment TADASHI MATSUMOTO 松本忠 Organisation for Economic Corporation and Development (OECD) March 12, 2012 US Department of Housing and Urban Development; Washington, DC

2 Aim of the study 1. To better understand the compact city concept and the implications of today s urban contexts 2. To better understand potential outcomes, particularly in terms of Green Growth 3. To develop indicators to monitor compact cities 4. To examine current compact city practices in OECD 5. To propose key compact city strategies

3 Compact City? At the metropolitan scale: Dense and proximate development patterns Urban land is intensively utilized Urban agglomerations are contiguous or close together Distinct border between urban and rural land use Public spaces are secured Urban areas linked by public transport systems Effective use of urban land Public transport systems facilitate mobility in urban areas Accessibility to local services and jobs Land use is mixed Most residents have access to local services either on foot or using public transport

4 Key findings

5 Five key urban trends 1. Urbanisation and the increasing need to conserve land resources 2. The threat of climate change to cities 3. The rise in energy prices 4. The challenge of sustainable economic growth 5. Declining population, ageing and smaller households in cities

6 Urban population keeps increasing OECD countries (left) and World (right) OECD urban OECD rural World urban World rural 100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 80% 70% 70% 60% 60% 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0%

7 Urban built-up area (in km2) Land is consumed at a faster rate OECD BRICs Rest of the world 700, , , , , , ,

8 Annual average total built-up area growth rate ( ) than population growth 1.8% 1.6% Ireland 1.4% Turkey Israel 1.2% Luxembourg 1.0% United States Mexico Australia Chile Canada 0.8% Portugal Norway New Zealand Finland 0.6% France Switzerland Netherlands Spain Greece Iceland Sweden 0.4% Austria United Kingdom Slovak Republic ItalyDenmark 0.2% Hungary Slovenia Germany Belgium 0.0% Korea Japan Estonia Czech Republic Poland -0.2% -0.6% -0.4% -0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1.0% 1.2% 1.4% Annual average total population growth rate ( )

9 Real index for Industry and Household Energy price affects location choice 150 Coal Electricity (kwh) Oil Products Total Energy

10 More demands for smaller houses Average household size

11 and urban living Percentage of one-person households

12 2. How can compact city policies contribute to urban sustainability and green growth?

13 6 sub-characteristics 1. shorter intra-urban travel distances 2. less automobile dependency 3. more district-wide energy utilisation and local energy generation 4. optimal use of land resources and more opportunity for urban-rural linkages 5. more efficient public services delivery 6. better access to a diversity of local services and jobs

14 per capita transport CO2 emissions in 2006 (kg CO2/ population) Environmental benefits CO 2 emissions per capita in transport and density in predominantly urban areas, ,000 6,000 United States 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 A Canada Australia New Zealand Ireland Finland Denmark Norway Belgium Italy France Greece Germany Portugal Japan Mexico Slovak Republic Poland Turkey B Austria Czech Republic Korea Hungary 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 Urban density in 2005 (population/ km2) C

15 Lower expenditure on public service Administrative cost in lowdensity urban areas Population density (X-axis) and cost of infrastructure maintenance per capita (Y-axis) Population density that meets the average cost (40 persons/ha ) Average cost per resident as a metropolitan region Source: "Toyama City Compact Urban Development Investigative Research Report"

16 % dwelings witnin 500m % dwelings witnin 500m Walkability Distanc e to the to nearest local medic service al fac ilities Distance to the nearest medical facilities 100% 80% 100% 80% 60% 40% Aichi Gifu Nagoya 60% 40% 20% 20% 0% 0% Source: Kaido and Kwon (2008) 0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 Population density (persons/ sq. Km.) 0

17 Mobility Affordability : compact city can achieve lower transport costs Higher mobility for people without access to a car

18 Concerns Potential adverse negative effects 1. Traffic congestion 2. Housing affordability 3. Quality of life (loss of open and recreational spaces, etc.) 4. Energy (urban heat islands, etc.) Lack of local balances Long-term policy effects

19 3. Measuring the performance of a compact city

20 The proposed 18 indicators Population and urban land growth Population density on urban land Retrofitting existing urban land Intensive use of buildings Housing form Trip distance Urban land cover :

21 3-D density map: Portland Source: OECD (2012), Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment, OECD, Paris.

22 3-D density map: Paris Source: OECD work with data from Landscan (2009) Source: OECD (2012), Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment, OECD, Paris.

23 3-D density map: Vancouver Source: OECD (2012), Compact City Policies: A Comparative Assessment, OECD, Paris.

24 Share of grid cells by density in urban land Share of grid cells by density level in urban land Density gradient graph Portland (US) Vancouver (Canada) 100% 100% 90% 90% 80% 80% 70% 70% 60% 60% 50% 50% 40% 40% 30% 30% 20% 20% 10% 10% 0% All Distance from the centre (km) 0% All Distance from the centre (km) High (>=5000 pop/km2) Medium (2,500-4,999 pop/km2) Low (0-2,499 pop/km2) High (>=5000 pop/km2) Medium (2,500-4,999 pop/km2) Low (0-2,499 pop/km2)

25 Urban land cover Athens (3.4 million) Atlanta (4.6 million)

26 Vancouver Toyama Population living close to transport stations/network Within 800 m of rail service 29.8% Within 400 m of bus service 63.7% Within 800 m of bus service 83.9% Within 800 m of rapid transit 13.8% Within 400 m of FTN 42.2% Within 400 m of bus service 97.7%

27 Matching local services and homes

28 Policy practices in use Regulatory / informative Master plan with explicit compact city goals / instruments Urban design guidelines Urban growth boundary / urban containment boundary Greenbelt Urban service boundary Agricultural / natural land reserve Minimum density requirement Mixed-use requirement Restriction on green-field development Restricting location of facilities causing high trip frequency Source: OECD compact city survey Fiscal Taxation of underdensity Congestion tax / fee / charges Subsidies for densification Tax incentives for promoting development near transit stations Location Efficient Mortgage Split-rate property tax Public investment / partnership Purchasing land for natural reserve Development agreement for dense/mixeduse development

29 The five key strategies 1. Set explicit compact city goals 2. Encourage dense and proximate development 3. Retrofit existing built-up areas 4. Enhance diversity and quality of life 5. Minimise adverse negative effects Establish a national urban policy framework that includes compact city policies Encourage metropolitan-wide strategic planning Increase effectiveness of regulatory tools Target compact urban development in green-field areas Set minimum density requirements for new development Establish mechanisms to reconcile conflicts of interests Strengthen urban-rural linkage Promote brown-field development Harmonise industrial policies with compact city policies Regenerate existing residential areas Promote transit-oriented development in built-up areas Encourage intensification of existing urban assets Promote mixed land use Improve the match between residents and local services and jobs Encourage focused investment in public space and foster a sense of place Promote a walking and cycling environment Counteract traffic congestion Encourage the provision of affordable housing Promote high-quality urban design to lower perceived density Encourage greening of built-up areas

30 30 Inner-city TOD (LRT, Toyama)

31 Transfer between the transport modes (LRT, Toyama)

32 Retrofitting built-up areas + housing affordability (Laneway Housing, Vancouver)

33 Urban design in contexts (Southeast False Creek, Vancouver)

34 Storm water + heat island + perceived density (green street, Portland)

35 Public and private green space (Paris)

36 Improving metropolitan governance A vision: region-wide, integrated, long-term Articulate the roles and responsibilities of all key actors and stakeholders in the vision Vertical and horizontal coordination Accountability, transparency and reporting

37 Next steps More case studies Fast-growing metropolitan areas (Asia) Shrinking metropolitan areas (US, Japan, Europe) Theme specific studies Housing and compact city Energy and compact city Indicators

38 Thank you

Compact city policies: a comparative assessment

Compact city policies: a comparative assessment TADASHI MATSUMOTO 松本忠 Organisation for Economic Corporation and Development (OECD) Presentation at the World Bank seminar, March 13 th, 2012, Washington