Africa: Hydropower & Sustainable Development

Transcription

1 Africa: Hydropower & Sustainable Development Dr Terry Moss, Eskom Holdings Ltd IHA Vice President Keynote Address: Hydropower Africa 2009 Johannesburg, South Africa 28 July 2009

2 Overview Setting the Scene Africa s Water, Energy, Climate Change, & Development Challenges Africa Energy Overview Hydropower Renewable Energy Source-Electricity (RES-E) Policy Regime Topical Developments Advancing Sustainable Hydropower

3 Water More Droughts & Floods Unreliable Potable & Irrigation Supply Low Levels of Reticulation Environmental Flow & Water Footprinting Climate Change Changing Sub-Regional Climates Faster, More Intense Hydrologic Cycle Wet Areas Wetter & Dry Areas Drier - Both Areas Contracting & Expanding Negative Ecosystem & Crop Impacts IWRM Hydropower UNFCCC/Kyoto CDM: RES & RES-E (Hydropower) Sustainable Development MDGs Hydropower IWRM Energy-Water & Water-Energy Security Energy Extreme Reliance on Traditional Biomass & Fossil Fuels Renewables Low Levels of Electrification Africa s Water, Energy, Climate Change, & Development Challenges : The Goals are Converging

4 Africa: Energy Overview (1) Table 1: Geographic Distribution of RES & Non-RES in Africa (2006) Sub-Region RES & Non-RES Africa s Share Type of World Total Western & Southern Uranium 19.0% Southern Coal 10.5% Central & Eastern Hydro 12.0% Northern, Western, & Central Oil 9.5% Northern, Western, & Central Gas 8.0% Eastern Geothermal Medium Deployment, NA Northern & Southern Wind Low Deployment, NA Sub-Saharan Modern Biomass Low Deployment, NA Whole of Africa Solar Low Deployment, NA Source: UN ECA, 2006

5 AFRICA: Energy Overview (2) Table 2: Geographic Distribution of RES & Non-RES by Predominant Consumption in Africa (2006) Sub-Region RES & Non-RES Type End Use Northern Oil & Gas Transportation & Power Sub-Saharan Traditional Biomass Cooking & Heating Southern Coal Power Generation Africa is more reliant on traditional biomass than any other world region Africa s energy profile still has a long way to go to modernise Source: Karekezi et al, 2007

6 Africa: Energy Overview (3) 547 TW h Electricity Production 2006 Most Electricity is from Fossil Fuels Hydropower is RES-E in Africa Source: EIA, 2009 (2006)

7 Africa: Energy Overview (4) Table 4: Top 10 Electricity Generating Countries of Africa (2006) Rank RES & Non-RES Type TWh Share of Africa Total - Total: Africa % 1 South Africa % 2 Egypt % 3 Algeria 33 6% 4 Libya 23 4% 5 Nigeria 22 4% 6 Morocco 22 4% 7 Mozambique 15 3% 8 Tunisia 13 2% 9 Zimbabwe 10 2% 10 Zambia 9 1% - Rest of Africa 63 12% Source: EIA, 2009

8 Africa: Energy Overview (5) Grid Relatively Small & Disconnected Access to Electricity 97%: Northern Africa 47%: Southern Africa 29%: West Africa 10%: East Africa <10%: Central Africa Source: WEC, 1999

9 Africa: Energy Overview (6) South Africa & Northern Africa Dominate Africa s Energy/Electricity Picture Huge Gulf Beyond That Large-Scale Economic & Sector Restructuring & Reform Over Past 10 Years Regional Networks & Power Pools Have Arisen to Counter Shortages & Irregularities Growing Appreciation of the Link Between Hydropower & Water Management (IWRM) Electricity Infrastructure & Services Development, Rural Electrification, & RES-E Deployment May Improve as a Result

10 Can someone please turn on the lights in Africa?

11 Africa: Energy Overview (6) South Africa & Northern Africa Dominate Africa s Energy/Electricity Picture Huge Gulf Beyond That Large-Scale Economic & Sector Restructuring & Reform Over Past 10 Years Regional Networks & Power Pools Have Arisen to Counter Shortages & Irregularities Growing Appreciation of the Link Between Hydropower & Water Management (IWRM) Electricity Infrastructure & Services Development, Rural Electrification, & RES-E Deployment May Improve as a Result

12 Africa: Hydropower (1) Hydropower: Top 10 Countries 1. Mozambique 2. Egypt 3. Zambia 4. Nigeria 5. Congo (Kinshasa) 6. Ghana 7. Zimbabwe 8. Cameroon 9. Kenya 10.Ethiopia Source: EIA, 2009 (2006)

13 Africa: Hydropower (2) Potential Best Prospects in Central & Eastern Africa Untapped Realistic Potential is about Twice Africa s Current Electricity Demand Source: WEC, 1999

14 Africa: RES-E Policy Regime No Coherent RES-E Regime to Speak of at Continental Level RES-E Development Barriers are Infrastructure Development Barriers (Inter/Intra Communal Cooperation) RES-E Development Strongly Influenced by External (Non- African) Forces RES-E Development Subsumed within Africa s Basic Human Development Challenges & Goals International Climate Change Frameworks May Help Lift RES-E Up the Policy& Investment Ladder (e.g. South Africa)

15 Africa: Topical Developments (1) REGIONAL POWER POOLS (RPPs) & REGIONAL RIVER BASIN ORGANISATIONS (RRBOs) RPPs Growing Stronger Led by Southern Africa RRBOs also Growing Stronger Hydropower Potential Remains Largely Untapped; RPPs& RRBOs Gradually Moving to Tap the Potential Improving Sustainability and MDG Delivery Remains a Key Challenge

16 Africa: Topical Developments (2) REGIONAL POWER POOLS (RPPs) Beginning to Alleviate the Burden in Power Asset Investment Enhancing Economies of Scale Energy Provision becoming More Reliable & Accessible During Peak Demand Rural Electrification Remains a Challenge Improving Sustainability and MDG Delivery Remains a Key Challenge

17 Africa: Topical Developments (3) REGIONAL RIVER BASIN ORGANISATIONS (RRBOs) Unreliable Water Access a Feature of Much of Africa Now Aggravated by Climate Change RRBOsFacilitate Intra-Regional Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) & Unlock Intra-Regional Hydropower Potential Significantly Increased Appreciation of Hydropower in Facilitating IWRM and Sustainable/Human Development RRBOshave Succeeded in Developing a few Regional Hydropower Projects for this Purpose Improving Sustainability and MDG Delivery Remains a Key Challenge

18 Africa: Topical Developments (4) SOUTH AFRICA S CARBON & RES-E POLICY 2002: Kyoto Protocol Adopted 2003: White Paper: 4% RES-E Target by : 15% RES-E Target by : Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariff (REFIT) RES-E Technology FIT in 2009 Wind Solar Landfill Gas Small Hydropower R1.25/kWh R2.10/kWh R0.90/kWh R0.94/kWh South Africa Leads the Way in Africa

19 Water More Droughts & Floods Unreliable Potable & Irrigation Supply Low Levels of Reticulation Environmental Flow & Water Footprinting Climate Change Changing Sub-Regional Climates Faster, More Intense Hydrologic Cycle Wet Areas Wetter & Dry Areas Drier - Both Areas Contracting & Expanding Negative Ecosystem & Crop Impacts IWRM Hydropower UNFCCC/Kyoto CDM: RES & RES-E (Hydropower) Sustainable Development MDGs Hydropower IWRM Energy-Water & Water-Energy Security Energy Extreme Reliance on Traditional Biomass & Fossil Fuels Renewables Low Levels of Electrification Africa s Water, Energy, Climate Change, & Development Challenges : The Goals are Converging

20 Advancing Sustainable Hydropower Globally, IHA is Facilitating a Range of Initiatives on Hydropower Sustainability, Including: Hydropower Sustainability Assessment Forum (HSAF) Reviewing/Enhancing IHA Sustainability Assessment Protocol (2006) Strategy for Moving Towards a Hydropower Sustainability Standard Capacity Building (Training) and Rewarding Excellence (IHA Blue Planet Prize) In Africa, IHA was Instrumental in Orchestrating the African Ministerial Conference on Hydropower and Sustainable Development 2006

21 African Ministerial Conference on Hydropower and Sustainable Development 2006 (1) 7-8 March 2006, Johannesburg 28 Ministers of Water and Energy plus business, academic/research, and civil society leaders The Conference adopted a Ministerial Declaration and Action Plan Committing to working together to unlock the hydropower potential of Africa as a major renewable energy option to promote sustainable development, regional integration, water and energy security, and poverty eradication in Africa

22 African Ministerial Conference on Hydropower and Sustainable Development 2006 (2) Summary Recommendations: A holistic and integrated development strategy to meet the growing demand for water and energy An accurate cost-benefit analysis which recognises the potential social, economic and political benefits Establishment of regional partnerships to develop, utilise, retain and exchange inter-basin/transboundary skills Improved institutional and legal frameworks to increase accessibility of finance from Multilateral Financial Institutions

23 Key Questions About Hydropower and Sustainable Development in Africa Now How far have we come since the Ministerial Conference of 2006? Where do we go from here?

24 Learn More: International Hydropower Association (IHA) Dr Terry Moss, Eskom Holdings Ltd IHA Vice President