Building Energy Research Research and development to support design, operation and retrofit of buildings

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1 Building Energy Research Research and development to support design, operation and retrofit of buildings Sang Hoon Lee, PhD Simulation Research Group Building Technology and Urban Systems Division Energy Technologies Area Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

2 Evolution of the Built Environment

3 Measured EUI (kbtu/ft 2 ) Low-Energy Buildings Problems Do Not Behave as Expected Measured=Design Design EUI (kbtu/ft 2 ) Source: Energy performance of LEED-NC buildings, NBI, 2008 Observations: 1. Various building types, ages, locations 2. Average over all projects is not bad 3. Max over-predict by 120% 4. Max under-predict by 65% 5. Almost all under-predicted for low energy designs (red triangle: EUI <= 40) EETD 2013 BTUS Annual Review Mary Ann Piette 3

4 Building Science Zero-Net-Energy Energy Systems Design/Operations/Retrofit Energy Performance Codes and Standards Rating and Labeling Data Science Value of Data Big Data Data Model Data Mining Analytics Behavior Science Human-Building Interaction Models and ontology Urban Science System of Systems Smart Infrastructure Sensors and IoT GIS & Visualization Real-Time Computing Urban Data Model Modeling Energy Modeling Uncertainty Hybrid Modeling Model Validation Software Development 4

5 Current Projects Urban Science Building Science Modeling Science Data Science Human Behavior Science (1) EnergyPlus, DOE,energyplus.gov Whole building energy simulation program for modeling energy and water use in buildings. (2) Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV), Daikin International Development of modeling algorithms and performance simulation and testing for Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV) systems. (3) SMB Toolkit, California Energy Commission, cbes.lbl.gov A software toolkit for building energy retrofit analysis for commercial buildings in California (4) Architecture 2030 Small Commercial Buildings Toolkit, DOE A whole-building performance tool to support energy retrofit assessment of small commercial buildings in the U.S. 5

6 Current Projects Urban Science Building Science Modeling Science Data Science Human Behavior Science (5) OpenStudio, DOE Development of DOE reference buildings in OSM models. Research and development of DenCity. (6) IEA EBC Annex 66, DOE, annex66.org Definition and simulation of occupant behavior in buildings. (7) Human Behavior, DOE Development and application of methods and tools to represent and model occupant energy behaviors in buildings. (8) Hybrid Modeling, DOE, BENEFIT FOA Development and validation of hybrid modeling methods (9) URBIS: A Data and Computing Platform for Urban Systems Development and demonstration of an integrated platform for urban systems 6

7 Design Education Retrofit Product design and optimization Building Performance Simulation Operation Performance ratings Incentive programs Code Compliance

8 EnergyPlus Background Started in 1998 to combine best capabilities of DOE-2.1E and BLAST, but added extensive new features. Free, open source Simulation engine only, interfaces developed separately A national development team from 12 institutes, supported by DOE Increasing use by researchers and practitioners Recently translated into C++ language to better use modern computer technologies

9 EnergyPlus Structure and Features Key Features: Heat and moisture balance calculations Integrated building loads/systems solution Sub-hourly time steps, down to 1 minute Configurable HVAC systems No surface, zone or system limits Energy Management System Links to other tools via cosimulation: CFD, CONTAM, Radiance For EnergyPlus it is still a real challenge to model large and complex building systems. 9

10 Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Systems Develop and implement EnergyPlus models to simulate performance of Daikin VRV systems Field test the VRV systems Use the measured data to verify VRV performance Enable code compliance credit and incentives Optimize product design and controls

11 CBES (Commercial Building Energy Saver) Toolkit 11

12 DEEP: Database of Energy Efficiency Performance Main Features 1. Covers 7 building types, 6 vintages, 16 California climate zones, and 100 ECMs 2. Provides the energy retrofit analysis with recommended ECMs, their energy savings, investment cost, and financial payback period 3. Evaluates the energy performance of diverse ECMs covering envelope, lighting, HVAC, plug-loads, and service hot water as well as packages of measures to consider interactive effects 4. DEEP contains results of: Monthly energy consumption breakdown into end uses such as lighting, cooling, heating, service hot water, electric equipment, fan and pump. Peak electrical demand and time of the year HVAC system capacities Energy (electricity and natural gas) costs Peak demand charges Retrofit investment costs and payback years 12

13 Operational Analysis: Smart Meter Data 13

14 Hybrid Modeling Infiltration (unknown input) Air Temperature (measured; input for hybrid model) Thermal Mass (unknown input) Hybrid Modeling replaces infiltration and thermal mass with easily measureable space air temperature for the simulation of existing buildings

15 Human Behavior Research 15

16 IEA EBC Annex 66: Definition and Simulation of Occupant Behavior in Buildings Jointly led by Da Yan, Tsinghua University, China Tianzhen Hong, LBNL, USA Participants 60+ institutions, 90+ individuals 20 countries ASHRAE, (IBPSA, CIBSE) Web site: annex66.org One-year preparation phase completed in October 2014 Three-year working phase started in November

17 Site EUI (kbtu/sf) Driving Energy Use from Standard to New Practice to Theoretical Limits Quantify uncertainty In retrofits of existing buildings Continue to drive down EUI of stock Other Cooking Refrigeration Water Systems Pumps Fans Interior Equipment Exterior Lighting Interior Lighting Cooling Heating CBECS_2003 ASHRAE90.1_2010 Theoretical Limit

18 URBIS: A Data and Computing Platform for Urban Systems ANALYTICS Guaranteed Energy Performance Integrated Systems District Energy Internet Building Operating System APPLICATIONS GIS, REAL-TIME VISUALIZATION Urban Data Model SENSORS & NETWORKS Super Computing Storage 18 TECHNOLOGIES

19 URBIS - From visualization to computation Urban data model o o Leveraging existing open standard (e.g., CityGML) Contribute to the standard and filling gaps needed to represents building energy systems 3D GIS Visualization o Integration of the data into a visualization platform Formal semantics o o Workflow automation Tool integration Open and industry supported standards o Integration of tools based on Functional Mockup Interface DER-CAM Distributed Resources CityBES Buildings Workflow automation Urban Data Model Visualization GIS Heat Island and Climate Tools Modelica Tools Grid, PV Other Tools UrbanSim CitySim

20 Energy Technologies Area Source: CityZenith

21 DER-CAM Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption Model Cost-optimal configuration of distributed generation technologies Cost-optimal operation of installed system

22 Microcosm of Energy Grid Global External Global Supplier Electricity Fuel Local Supplier PV Station BIPV DH, DC, CHP Consumer Building 22

23 Example Case Studies 23

24 FLEXLAB Whole building systems availability Discrete power monitoring at device and system level Energy, thermal and visual comfort studies 24

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26 Thank you! Sang Hoon Lee, PhD