Recirculating Aquaculture

Transcription

1 SUB Hamburg A/ tiquasiire CENTER- Recirculating Aquaculture 2nd Edition By MICHAELB. TIMMONSAND JAMES M. EBELING Cayuga Aqua Ventures 2010 USDA NRAC Publication No

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword Acknowledgements i v Chapter 1: Introduction to Recirculating Aquaculture Technology 1.0 Background The Optimistic View Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) RAS Advantages World Market Needs Market Dynamics Overview of Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) Can RAS Compete Is Aquaculture For You Some Quick Case Histories History Lesson on Failures Interactions Between Objectives, Resources, Business Strategy, and Design Terminology and nomenclature Websites for Reference Summary and the Cornell Short Course References 37 Chapter 2: Water Quality 2.0 Introduction Physical Properties Water Quantity Requirements Water Sources Water Quality Standards Water Quality Parameters Measurements 66 XI

3 xii Table of Contents Chapter 3: Mass Balances, Loading Rates and Fish Growth 3.0 Introduction Production Terms Water Quality Design Targets Fish Growth Design Examples References 115 Chapter 4: Culture Units 4.0 Introduction Culture Tanks Stocking Density Design Examples Culture Tank Engineering Tank Water Velocities Round Tanks Cornell Dual-Drain Design Raceways Carrying Capacity Issues Stock Management Issues Scale Issues Mechanisms To Remove Dead Fish References 170 Chapter 5: Solids Capture 5.0 Overview Solids Balance Basic Design Parameters for Round Tanks Solids Generation TSS Physical Characteristics Removal Mechanisms Design Example - Solids Capture References 234

4 Table of Contents xiii Chapter 6: Waste Management & Disposal 6.0 Introduction EPA Effluent Limitation Guidelines Waste Management Waste Characteristics Waste Management Overview Storage, Thickening, And Stabilization Utilization/Disposal Design Example - GeoBags References 283 Chapter 7: Biofiltration 7.0 Introduction Nitrification (Autotrophic Bacteria) Nitrification (Microbial Floe) Impact of Water Quality Factors on Nitrification Biofilters References 332 Chapter 8: Biofilter Design 8.0 Introduction Generalized Engineering Considerations Design Parameters: Where do you start? Design Example: Biofiltration Design Example: Trickling Tower Design Example: RBC Design Example - Floating Bead Biofilter Basic Design Concepts: Fluidized-Bed Sand Biofilter Design Example: Microbead Biofilter Design Example: Moving Bed BioReactor References 382

5 xiv Table of Contents Chapter 9: Denazification 9.0 Introduction Background Unit Processes for Denitrification Factors Controlling Denitrification Effect of Denitrification on Alkalinity Effect of Denitrification on Phosphate Removal Effluent versus On-line Treatment Types of Reactors MBBR Processes for Denitrification Design of Denitrification Reactors Design Example References 417 Chapter 10: Gas Transfer 10.0 Introduction Dissolved Gases -Fundamentals Gas Transfer Gas Transfer Options Degassing: Carbon Dioxide (Nitrogen) Design Example - Aeration/Oxygenation References 467 Chapter 11: Ozontion and UV-Irradiation 11.0 Introduction UV Irradiation Ozonation Factor Influencing Disinfection Effeciency Aquaculture Wastewater Characterization Inactivation Of Fish Pathogens Other Methods of Disinfection Design Example Influent Treatment Conclusions References 509

6 Table or Contents xv Chapter 12: Fluid Mechanics and Pumps 12.0 Fluid Mechanics Frictional Losses Fitting Losses Design Example: Head Loss Measurement of Flow Pumps and Pumping Airlift Pumps Design Example - Circulation References 561 Chapter 13: System Monitoring and Control 13.0 Introduction Parameters to Monitor Monitoring Sensors and Equipment Options Automatic Phone Dialers Backups Systems are not an Option! Computer Based Systems Design Example - Monitoring System Design and Maintenance Construction Hints 586 Chapter 14: Building Environmental Control 14.0 Introduction Heat Transfer Air Quality Control Building Considerations 599 Chapter 15: System Management and Operations 15.0 Introduction and Site selection Backup Systems Laboratory Facilities Quarantine Facilities Waste Management 613

7 xvi Table of Contents 15.5 Storage Feed and Chemicals Fish Product Handling Transporting Live Fish Purging and Off-Flavor Post Harvest Handling Feed Storage Handling Fish Labor Access Operations Miscellaneous Operations Record Keeping and Maintenance How to Collect, Analyze & Interpret Data Care and Use of Laboratory Animals References 662 Chapter 16: Fish Health Management 16.0 Biosecurity Practices to Reduce the Risk of Pathogen Introduction Practices to Reduce Pathogen Spread Reducing Susceptibility to Infection and Disease Monitoring and Surveillance Biosecurity Check Diagnosis Treatment Aquaculture Chemotherapeutics Treatment Calculations Fish Disease Diagnostic Services References " 706 Chapter 17: Economic Realities and Management Issues 17.0 Introduction Case History of Fingerlakes Aquaculture (FLA) LLC Lessons Learned 709

8 Table of Contents xvii 17.3 Investment Choices Species Selection Competitiveness of RAS Infrastructure & Capitalization Scale Effects and Risk Labor Requirements Predicted Costs of Production Predicted Costs of RAS Produced Tilapia Economic Comparison to Broilers and Catfish References 742 Chapter 18: Fish Nutrition and Feeds 18.0 Introduction Feed Management Selection Growth Performance Feed Quality Physical Characteristics Practical Feed Formulation Important Aspects Of Aquaculture Feeds Physiological Relationships Water Chemistry And Dietary Needs Functional Anatomy of Digestion Minerals Vitamins Feedstuff Selection Feedstuff Digestibility Pelleted, Expanded and Extruded Feeds Floating Feeds Summary References 801

9 xviii Table of Contents Chapter 19: Aquaponics: Integrating Fish and Plant Culture 19.0 Introduction System Design Fish Production Solids Biofiltration Hydroponic Subsystems Sump Construction Materials Component Ratios Plant Growth Requirements Nutrient Dynamics Vegetable Selection Crop Production Systems Pest and Disease Control Approaches to System Design Economics Prospects For The Future References 861 Appendix Appendix Directory 865 Tables A-l Conversion Factors For Commonly Used Terms in Aquaculture 867 A-2 Fish Health Conversion Factors 874 A-3 Broad List of Conversion Factors: Inch:Pound (IP) to System International (SI) 875 A-4 Physical Properties of Water 877 A-5 Percentage of Free Ammonia (as NH 3 ) in Freshwater at Varying ph and Water Temperatures 878 A-6 Dissolved Oxygen (mg O 2 per Liter, ppm) at Saturation in Freshwater, Brackish Water, and Seawater at Different Temperatures 879 A-7 Hardness Conversion to Other Units of Measure 880

10 Table of Contents xix A-8 Standard U.S. Atmospheric Pressure at Different Altitudes A-9 Alkalinity Supplement Properties 881 A-10 Opening Sizes of U.S. Sieve Series Designation Number 882 A-ll Dry Air Components 882 A-12 Solubility of Four Major Gases in Water 882 A-13 Maximum and Minimum Monthly Average Outside Temperatures for Selected USA Locations in Degrees F 883 A-14 Unit Area Thermal Resistance's (R-Values) of Typical Building Construction and Insulation Materials 884 A-15 Allowable Concentrations of Carbon Dioxide at Standard Temperature and Pressure to the Nearest 25 ppm 885 A-16 Valve Basics and Selection Tips 886 A-17 Plastic Properties for Various Types of Pipes 887 A-18 Size and Properties of PVC Pipe Schedule 40 and A-19 PVC Pipe Friction Chart for Pipe and Length Loss for Schedule A-20 PVC Pipe Friction Chart for Pipe and Length Loss for Schedule A-21 Tank Volumes for Various Depths and Diameters 891 A-22 Temperature Equivalents Between Celsius and Fahrenheit A-23 Electrical Measurements 893 A-24 Maximum length of wire in feet for 2% maximum voltage drop. If voltage drop is greater than 2%, efficiency of the equipment in the circuit is severely decreased and the life of the equipment will be decreased 894 A-25 Current carrying capacity of hard-usage flexible cords (Type S, ST, SO, STO, SJ, SJT, SJO, SJTO) 895 A-26 Full load currents in amperes for single phase alternating-current motors 895 A-27 Full load currents in amperes for three phase squirrel cage and wound rotor motors 895 A-28 Recommended pipe sizes for standard air (0.075 Ibs/ft3) for three pipe air velocities 896 A-29 Area Under the Normal Distribution Curve 897 A-30 Percentage Points of the Student's t-distribution 899

11 xx Table of Contents Supplemental Information Determining Statistical Significance 900 Factors to Investigate Prior to Site Selection 905 Calculating Volume of Round Tanks 906 Laboratory Safety Procedures 908 Information Resources for Aquaculture 915 Brief Description of Software 922 Glossary Definition of Terms Used in Aquaculture 925 Summary List of Symbols 929 Abbreviations/Units 935 Index 939