Conservation Biology and Global Change
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1 LECTURE PRESENTATIONS For CAMPBELL BIOLOGY, NINTH EDITION Jane B. Reece, Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Robert B. Jackson Chapter 56 Conservation Biology and Global Change Lectures by Erin Barley Kathleen Fitzpatrick
2 Concept 56.4: Earth is changing rapidly as a result of human actions The locations of preserves today may be unsuitable for their species in the future Human-caused changes in the environment include Nutrient enrichment Accumulation of toxins Climate change Ozone depletion
3 Nutrient Enrichment Fertilizer run-off Agriculture leads to the depletion of nutrients in the soil Fertilizers add nitrogen and other nutrients to the agricultural ecosystem Harvest of agricultural crops exports nutrients from the agricultural ecosystem
4 Figure 56.23
5 Critical load - amount of added nutrient that can be absorbed by plants without damaging ecosystem integrity Nutrients that exceed the critical load leach into groundwater or run off into aquatic ecosystems Agricultural runoff and sewage lead to phytoplankton blooms in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean Decomposition of phytoplankton blooms causes dead zones due to low oxygen levels
6 Figure Winter Summer
7 Toxins in the Environment Humans release many toxic chemicals, including synthetics previously unknown to nature Toxins become more concentrated in successive trophic levels Biological magnification concentrates toxins at higher trophic levels, where biomass is lower
8 Concentration of PCBs Figure Herring gull eggs 124 ppm Lake trout 4.83 ppm Smelt 1.04 ppm Zooplankton ppm Phytoplankton ppm
9 In the 1960s Rachel Carson brought attention to the biomagnification of DDT in birds in her book Silent Spring DDT was banned in the United States in 1971 Countries with malaria face a trade-off between killing mosquitoes (malarial vectors) and protecting other species
10 Rising Atmospheric CO 2 Levels Due to burning of fossil fuels and other human activities, the concentration of atmospheric CO 2 has been steadily increasing Most plants grow faster when CO 2 concentrations increase C 3 plants (for example, wheat and soybeans) are more limited by CO 2 than C 4 plants (for example, corn)
11 How Elevated CO 2 Levels Affect Forest Ecology: The FACTS-I Experiment The FACTS-I experiment is testing how elevated CO 2 influences tree growth, carbon concentration in soils, insect populations, soil moisture, and other factors The CO 2 -enriched plots produced more wood than the control plots, though less than expected The availability of nitrogen and other nutrients appears to limit tree growth and uptake of CO 2
12 Figure 56.28
13 The Greenhouse Effect and Climate CO 2, water vapor, and other greenhouse gases reflect infrared radiation back toward Earth; this is the greenhouse effect This effect is important for keeping Earth s surface at a habitable temperature Increasing concentration of atmospheric CO 2 is linked to increasing global temperature
14 Climatologists can make inferences about past environments and their climates Pollen and fossil plant records reveal past vegetation CO 2 levels are inferred from bubbles trapped in glacial ice Chemical isotope analysis is used to infer past temperature
15 Northern coniferous forests and tundra show the strongest effects of global warming For example, in 2007 the extent of Arctic sea ice was the smallest on record A warming trend would also affect the geographic distribution of precipitation Many organisms may not be able to survive rapid climate change Some ecologists support assisted migration, the translocation of a species to a favorable habitat beyond its native range
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