ECOLOGY LECTURE NOTES Ch Ecology-

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1 ECOLOGY LECTURE NOTES Ch Turner- Biology Ecology- In order to understand the whole picture of ecology, you must look at the levels of organization among living things: In the circles to the right label which circle would represent the following: Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome Define: Biome: Ecosystem: Community: Population: In an ecosystem you will find both biotic and abiotic factors. Explain and give an example of each type. Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors Within an ecosystem you will find much biodiversity and possible keystone species. What are these? Biodiversity: Keystone Species: Look at Figure 13.6 in your book. Explain why Beavers are a keystone species?

2 What an organism eats or the way an organism obtains ENERGY, partially determines an organisms role or niche in the community. There are 2 groups of organisms within the ecosystem: 1. Producers (also called - ): 2. Consumers (also called- ): Some organisms use Chemosynthesis. Explain what it is: Food chain: Example: Illustrate an example. Use Fig to help. Five types of Consumers you can find in a Food Chaina. Herbivores- b. Omnivores- c. Carnivores- d. Decomposer- e. Detritivores - What is the difference between a specialist and a generalist?

3 Trophic Level: Energy flows up the food chain from trophic level to the. Give an example of the following: First/Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Food web: Example: Illustrate a Food web. Use Figure to help. Q: How might the introduction of a new predator affect the flow of energy through a food web? Cycling of Matter: The hydrologic cycle is also known as the. Draw the cycle below. Use Figure as a reference. Explain Biogeochemical cycle: _

4 An example of a Biogeochemical Cycle is: Turner- Biology Describe the Oxygen Cycle: : Q: How might deforestation effect the oxygen cycle? List 5 sources of carbon found in the carbon cycle: Draw the Carbon Cycle Below: Use Figure as a reference. During the Nitrogen Cycle, nitrogen fixation occurs. Describe Nitrogen Fixation: _ Draw the Nitrogen Cycle below: Use figure as a reference. The Phosphorus cycle occurs on a local, rather than global, scale. Its cycle is limited to,, and sediments. Explain the cycle in the space below.

5 An is a diagram that compares energy used by producers, primary consumers, and other trophic levels. There are 3 types of energy pyramids. Below list the differences between each pyramid type and draw an example pyramid. Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers Define: Define: Define: Draw: Draw: Draw: Only about 10% of the energy available at the preceding level is available for use at the next higher level. This is known as the. Due to the loss of energy from one level to the next, few ecosystems have more than five levels. Organisms at higher levels tend to be in number than those at the bottom of the energy pyramid. Example: There are about 1,000 zebras, gazelles, and wildebeests for each lion. The total mass of all the organisms in a food chain is called the. Producers would have the biomass within an ecological community, while the top consumers would have the biomass. Q: If a scientist wanted to compare the exact number of organisms at each trophic level within a desert ecosystem, which pyramid would they use? Habitat: Ecological Niche: You can think of a habitat as a species lives and a niche as it lives within the habitat. List and explain the 3 items included in a niche:

6 The principle of states that when 2 species are competing for the same resources, one species will be better suited to the niche, and the other species will be pushed into another niche or become. Use figure 14.3 to explain Ecological Equivalents. Q: Are the frogs illustrated in Fig experiencing competitive exclusion? Why or Why not? Community Interactions: Describe the 3 main interactions and give an example of each one: Competition: Example- Predation: Example - Symbiosis: Examples 3 main symbiotic relationships are (+ +), (+ 0), (+, -) Give an example of each Symbiotic relationship: Use Figure 14.5 as a reference. Parasitism: Commensalism: Mutualism: Population Density: Population Dispersion: List, explain, and draw the 3 types of population dispersion: Use Figure 14.7 and Visual Vocab on pg. 437

7 Turner- Biology Q: What type of intraspecies interaction might cause uniform dispersion? Four factors that can effect population growth are:,,, and. Emigration is. Immigration is. Draw the graphs representing the 2 types of population growths below. Exponential Growth Logistic Growth Description: Example: Description: Example: Limiting factors that can cause a population to decrease are (1) density - (only occurs when population reaches certain size) or (2) density - (changes population regardless of size). 3 Examples of: Density-Dependent Density-Independent * * * * * *

8 Succession occurs following a in an ecosystem. Turner- Biology Succession: Define Primary Succession and illustrate it: Define: Illustration (Figure ) Q: What is a pioneer species? Define Secondary Succession and illustrate it: Define: Illustration (Figure 14.17) There are six major biomes: Fill out the chart below. Biome Climate Plant Life Animal Life

9 Ch. 16 Human Impact on Ecosystems Nonrenewable Resources: Renewable Recourses: Q: Explain how renewable resource such as water could become a nonrenewable resource. What is an ecological footprint? Look at Figure 16.4 and answer the questions: 1. Which region has the highest ratio of ecological footprint to population size? 2. Which region has the lowest ratio? What is Smog? How are Particulates involved? Use the visual Vocab on Page. 489 to illustrate and explain Acid Rain: Explain: Draw: Look at Figure 16.7 on page 490. Do you think that temperature change is related to CO 2 concentration? Explain.

10 Using Figure 16.8 explain the Greenhouse Effect. How would an increase in greenhouse gasses contribute to global warming? Indicator Species: How is a Frog an Indicator Species? Biomagnifications causes accumulation of in the food chain. Look at figure 16.11, illustrate Biomagnification. Explain why the herring gull eggs have such a high level of pollutants. Can Biomagnification affect humans?