What do you know? You may have heard the term Eco-Friendly. Do you know what Eco stands for? What is Ecology?

Transcription

1 Semester 1: Unit 3

2 What do you know? You may have heard the term Eco-Friendly Do you know what Eco stands for? What is Ecology? What do you think they mean by Eco-Friendly?

3 Intro to Ecology

4 Ecology is the scientific study of organisms and the interactions between them and the environment. Levels of organization Biosphere Biome Ecosystem Community Population Individual

5 3.1- What is Ecology? biotic factors- biological influences on organisms (living factors) Examples of biological influences on a bullfrog- algae it eats as a tadpole, herons that eat bullfrogs, & other species competing for food or space.

6 3.1- What is Ecology? Abiotic factors- physical components of an ecosystem (nonliving factors) Ex: a bullfrog could be affected by abiotic factors such as water availability, temperature, & humidity.

7 3.1- What is Ecology? abiotic & biotic factors- some substances may be a mix of both Ex: pond muck contains nonliving particles, mold, & decomposing plant material that is food for bacteria & fungi

8 Ch. 4.1: Climate

9 What do you know? Is there a difference between weather and climate? What do you think causes climates to be different in different parts of the world?

10 Weather vs Climate

11 4.1- Climate Weather - day-to-day conditions of Earth s atmosphere Climate- year-after-year patterns of temperature & precipitation.

12 4.1- Climate-Solar Radiation main force in climate= solar energy from sun Some energy absorbed & converted into heat Some heat is trapped in the biosphere & determines average temperature

13 4.1- Climate-Solar Insolation More direct sunlight at the equator = hotter! Less direct sunlight near the poles = cooler! Summer = Earth is tilted toward sun so there s more direct sunlight Winter = Earth is tilted away from the sun so there s less direct sunlight.

14 4.1- Climate-Greenhouse effect Earth s temperature controlled by 3 atmospheric gases: CO 2 Methane Water vapor Called greenhouse gases - allow light to enter but trap heat (via the greenhouse effect ) Without greenhouse effect, Earth would be 30 C cooler than it is today. (WE HAVE TO HAVE GREENHOUSE EFFECT TO LIVE!)\ More Greenhouse Gases= more heat trapped= Earth warms More Carbon Dioxide = Earth warms (CLIMATE CHANGE!)

15 Greenhouse Effect

16 4.1- Climate-Greenhouse Effect Some light from the Sun is reflected back to space and some is absorbed by the surface Absorbed light is then reradiated from the ground as heat. -This is where most heat on Earth comes from. -Greenhouse gases help keep this heat from being all lost to space.

17 Show me! Draw a picture of the greenhouse effect!

18 4.3: Community Interactions

19 What do you know? What ways do organisms interact with each other? What impact on ecosystems could these interactions have?

20 Community Interactions

21 4.2- Niches & Community Interactions Each species has its own tolerance: Ability to survive & reproduce under a range of environmental circumstances. Temperature/Water Level/Food Availability/Toxicity Levels etc Cannot survive past upper & lower limits

22 4.2- Niches & Community Interactions Habitat- place an organism lives. (address) Niche- conditions in which a species lives & how it obtains what it needs to survive & reproduce. (job) Resource - necessity of life- water, nutrients, light, food, mates, space Competition- organisms try to use the same limited resource in same place at same time Competitive exclusion principle- no 2 species can occupy exactly the same niche in the same habitat at the same time

23 4.2- Niches & Community Interactions Showing different species in different niches in same habitat Competition: Winner? Loser?

24 4.2- Niches & Community Interactions Predation- one animal (predator) captures & feeds on another (prey) Symbiosis- relationship in which 2 species live closely together 3 types of symbiotic relationships: mutualism- both species benefit parasitism- 1 organism lives in/on another & harms it commensalism- 1 organism benefits & other is not helped or harmed

25 MUTUALISM Good for you, good for me! Example: Ostrich and Gazelle These two animals feed next to each other in the grasslands. Both watch for predators and alert each other to danger. The visual abilities of these two animals are different so they are able to identify threats the other animal would not see.

26 COMMENSALISM Good for me, doesn t bother you! Example: Remora and Shark A remora attaches themselves to a shark s body. They travel with the shark and feed on the left over food from the shark s meals. This does not hurt or help the shark. Example: Mosses and Trees Mosses grow on the trunks or branches of trees. They get the light they need as well as nutrients that run down along the tree. As long as these plants do not grow too heavy, the tree is not affected.

27 Parasitism Good for me, hurts you! Example: Cuckoo and Warbler or Deer and Tick A cuckoo may lay its eggs in a warbler s nest. The cuckoo s young will displace the warbler s young and will be raised by the warbler. A tick feeds on deer blood to the detriment of the deer.

28 Review!!! An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is PREDATION

29 A symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit is called MUTALISM

30 Bacteria that is living in your throat and is therefore making your throat sore and swollen is an example of. PARASITISM

31 Epiphytes that live in trees in the tropical rain forest and get their water and nutrients from the air, so they don t harm the tree they live in is an example of COMMENSALISM

32 4.3: Ecological Succession

33 Ecological Succession

34 4.3- Succession Ecological succession- series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time 1. primary succession- begins in areas with no soil or life (ex- volcanic explosion) pioneer species- 1 st to colonize barren areas -Usually simple photosynthetic plants (moss/lichens)

35 4.3- Succession 2. secondary succession- begins where soil remains after destructive event rebuilds faster than primary Ex: wildfire, hurricane, natural disturbance, or human activities (logging & farming)

36 4.4- Biomes Biomes- consist of abiotic & biotic factors Seasonal patterns of temp & precipitation Cover large areas of land Ex: Desert/Rainforest/Tundra Climate Diagram: Temp- line graph Precipitation- bar graph

37 5.1/5.2: Populations

38 Studying Growth Rate What factors affect population growth? Emigration Birth rate and death rate Immigration Density-dependent limiting factors

39 Birth Rate & Death Rate Populations can grow if more individuals are born than die in a period of time, or if the birth rate is higher than the death rate. If the death rate is higher than the birth rate the population is likely to shrink.

40 Immigration & Emigration A population may grow if individuals move in from elsewhere, a process called immigration. A population can decrease in size if individuals move out of the population, a process called emigration.

41 5.1- How Populations Grow Exponential Growth: Ideal conditions & unlimited resources, population grows exponentially the larger a population, faster it grows on a graph over time, a J-shaped curve Human Population

42 5.1- How Populations Grow Logistic Growth: Population s growth slows & then stops, following exponential growth. Natural populations do not grow exponentially forever; something stops growth On a graph, curve has an S-shape

43 5.1- How Populations Grow Carrying capacity- maximum # of individuals that a particular environment can support. Where dotted line intersects the y-axis = carrying capacity.

44 5.2- Limits to Growth: Density Dependent limiting factor- factor that controls the growth of a population Density-dependent limiting factors -operate strongly when population density is large. D-D L F: competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, disease, stress from overcrowding 1. Competition: Populations become crowded, individuals competefood, water, space, sunlight, -Lower birthrates & Higher death rates= 2. Predation: Population gets smaller Predator population affects prey population

45 5.2- Limits to Growth: Density Dependent 3. Herbivore Effects: To plants, herbivores are predators 4. Parasitism and Disease: Parasites & Disease-causing Organisms: feed & harm host- weaken, cause disease, or death more dense host population = easier to spread 5. Stress From Overcrowding: species fight if overcrowded; increase stress & weaken body s ability to resist disease Females neglect, kill, or eat own offspring decrease births, increase deaths, & increase emigration

46 5.2- Limits to Growth: Density Independent Density-Independent limiting factors- affect all populations regardless of size & density D-I L F include: Unusual weather- hurricanes, droughts, floods, & natural disasters- wildfires

47 6.3: Biodiversity

48 What do you know? Break the word Bio-Diversity down what do you think it means? What organisms do you think ecosystems couldn t survive without? Do you think there are any organisms that could go extinct and it wouldn t matter?

49 6.3 Biodiversity Biodiversity- total of all the genetically based variation in all organisms in biosphere. Ecosystem diversity- variety of habitats, communities, & ecological processes in the biosphere Species diversity- number of different species in the biosphere or particular area Genetic diversity- sum total of all different forms of genetic information carried by a particular species, or all organisms on Earth.

50 Bill Nye: Biodiversity

51 6.3 Biodiversity Humans reduce biodiversity by: *altering natural habitats *hunting *introducing invasive/exotic species *releasing pollution into food webs *contributing to climate change

52 Pollution: Bio magnification

53 Invasive Species Invasive species: competing with native species Zebra mussles Goldfish released in a pond Ash borer

54 Invasive Species: Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) First found in America in 2006 (Michigan) Insect larvae chew through branch insides, cutting of branch circulation. Brought over to America from Asia and Eastern Russia in wooden crates used for shipping goods.

55 Releasing Goldfish Threaten trout species who need clean water. Goldfish (carp) stir up muck in ponds that put trout at risk. Hybridize native species. Carry pet store disease.

56 Zebra Mussles Zebra mussles were discovered in the Great Lakes in the late 1980 s, when they were accidently discharged in lake water by ocean-going ships. They hitched rides to other waters in the United States on boats, trailers and equipment people transport from place to place. The first confirmed sample in Colorado was found in Lake Pueblo in January of 2008

57 6.3 Biodiversity To conserve biodiversity, we must protect species, preserve habitats & ecosystems Ecological hot spot- place where large numbers of species & habitats are in immediate danger of extinction. Habitat fragmentation- Development splits ecosystems into pieces, leaving habitat islands - patch of habitat surrounded by a different habitat. Problem: Solution:

58 6.4 Meeting Ecological Challenges Ecological footprint- total area of functioning land & water ecosystems needed to provide the resources an individual or population uses & to absorb the wastes that it generates. Ecology can guide humans toward a sustainable future & have a positive impact on the global environment by: (1) recognizing a problem in the environment (2) researching the problem to determine its cause (3) using scientific understanding to change our behavior

59 6.1 & 6.2: Sustainability

60 What do you know? What does sustainable mean? Why is it important for something to be sustainable?

61 6.1- A Changing Landscape Sustainable development- provides for human needs & preserves ecosystems that produce natural resources. Goods- items that can be bought & sold Services- processes or actions that produce goods. ecosystem goods & services- produced by ecosystems that benefit human economy. Healthy ecosystems provide goods & services naturally & free of charge: air, water

62 6.2 Using Resources Wisely Biological magnification- a pollutant is picked up by an organism & is not broken down or eliminated from its body. pollutant collects in body tissues & build as it moves up trophic levels Predators have the largest concentration