Use of non-conventional biological method in wastewater treatment in Egypt

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1 Use of non-conventional biological method in wastewater treatment in Egypt Eman Mokhtar, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain shams University, Egypt. Ahmed Labena, Chair of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität München (TUM), Germany.

2 In the name of God the Merciful We made from water every living thing, do you not believe! (30,4)

3 Today, the per capita water availability of less than 800 m 3 per year in Egypt is already below the water poverty line of 1,000 m 3 per capita per year.

4 Wastewater challenges in Egypt

5 Wastewater challenges in Egypt (continue) Unutilized wastewater is a hazard for the environment, human health and in addition a waste of water resource and nutrients. (According to El Kateb, 2012) Resource Utilization: Strict saving in the use of resources as it is the first measure to resource utilization. The natural resources including reuse and recycling of resources. Finding the best alternative measures to reach sustainability in resource utilization. (According to El Kateb, 2012)

6 Non-conventional methods to reduce the level of heavy metals and pesticides residues form wastewater Rice straw Mango kernel Pomegranate Peel Apricot and peach kernel Peanuts Peel (El-Ashtoukhy, et.al,2007)

7 Non-conventional methods to reduce the level of heavy metals and pesticides residues form wastewater The adsorption technique is one of the preferred methods for removal of heavy metals because of its efficiency and low cost. Utilizing the waste material from agriculture and industries can make treatment process economical and solve the solid waste disposal problem. The feasibility of several low cost, non-conventional adsorbents obtained from agricultural and industrial wastes was explored. (El-Ashtoukhy, et.al,2007)

8 Wastewater treatment processes Wastewater treatment methods Physical Chemical Biological Aerobic Anaerobic Precipitation Adsorption Disinfection Screening Mixing Flocculation Flotation Filtration Sedimentation Gas Transfer (Despo Fatta University of Cyprus 2011)

9 Biological treatment Classification of biological Wastewater methods Suspended and attached treatment Aerobic and anaerobic Suspended growth process is a biological in which microorganisms are maintained in suspension while converting organic matter to gases and cell tissue (Activated sludge). Attached growth is a biological in which microorganisms responsible for the conversion of organic matter to gases and cell tissue are attached to some material such as rocks, sand, or plastic (Trickling filter). Aerobic: biological treatment is a process in which the pollutants in the waste water (organic matter) are stabilized by microorganisms in the presence of molecular oxygen. Anaerobic: biological treatment is a process in which the pollutants in the waste water (organic matter) are stabilized by microorganisms in the absence of molecular oxygen.

10 Activated sludge system 1-Aerobic digestion Bacterial process Need oxygen Consume organic matter 2-Anaerobic digestion Bacterial process Do not require oxygen Consume organic matter Produce biogas, which can be used in generators for electricity (Samuel Lam,2010)

11 3-Composting aerobic process requires the correct mix of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and water with sludge Generate large amount of heat

12 Domestic Industrial Agricultural Treatment and use of potential of wastewater Filtration, sedimentation Filtration, sedimentation Sludge Transesterification reactor Biological treatment & heavy metal removal using agricultural waste byproducts Anaerobic digester Treated wastewater Use in afforestation Fertiliser Biological* treatment & heavy metal removal and recovery using mechanical** treatment and/or agricultural waste by-products Filtration, sedimentation Biodiesel Biogas Heavy metal Nonconventional energy Biological treatment & removal of heavy metal and chemical residues using agricultural waste by-products Algal biomass Treated wastewater Reuse in agriculture * aerobic, anaerobic and algae-based treatment ** membrane filtration

13 Biogas production Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats Aminoacids, Sugar, Glycerole, Fatty acids Hydrolyses (facultative anaerobic bacteria) Formation of acids (facultative anaerobic bacteria) HPO NH /NH HS H 2/CO2 Acetic acid Propionic acid Butyric acid Alkoholes H 2/CO2 Acetic acid Formation of acetic acid (acetogenic bacteria) Formation of methane (methanogenic bacteria) ~70% CH, ~30% CO 4 2 (Despo Fatta University of Cyprus 2011). 13

14 Domestic Industrial Agricultural Treatment and use of potential of wastewater Filtration, sedimentation Filtration, sedimentation Sludge Transesterification reactor Biological treatment & heavy metal removal using agricultural waste byproducts Anaerobic digester Treated wastewater Use in afforestation Fertiliser Biological* treatment & heavy metal removal and recovery using mechanical** treatment and/or agricultural waste by-products Filtration, sedimentation Biodiesel Biogas Heavy metal Nonconventional energy Biological treatment & removal of heavy metal and chemical residues using agricultural waste by-products Algal biomass Treated wastewater Reuse in agriculture * aerobic, anaerobic and algae-based treatment ** membrane filtration

15 Algae-based treatment Wastewater (Wang et al. 2008) 15

16 Biodiesel production Emad A. Shalaby,

17 Domestic Industrial Agricultural Treatment and use of potential of wastewater Filtration, sedimentation Filtration, sedimentation Sludge Transesterification reactor Biological treatment & heavy metal removal using agricultural waste byproducts Anaerobic digester Treated wastewater Use in afforestation Fertiliser Biological* treatment & heavy metal removal and recovery using mechanical** treatment and/or agricultural waste by-products Filtration, sedimentation Biodiesel Biogas Heavy metal Nonconventional energy Biological treatment & removal of heavy metal and chemical residues using agricultural waste by-products Algal biomass Treated wastewater Reuse in agriculture * aerobic, anaerobic and algae-based treatment ** membrane filtration

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