AP(Biology(Day(89( Monday,(April(27( (Tuesday,(April(28,( 2015(
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1 AP(Biology(Day(89( Monday,(April(27( (Tuesday,(April(28,( 2015(
2 Do>Now:(Kahoot!
3 Announcements( Upcoming( Unit(10(test(4/30>5/1.(( 500(shmoints(must(be(completed(( 2(PracMce(Tests((with(FRQs)(must( be(completed(!(see(ms.(fleming( ASAP( (
4 Shmoop(Leaders!( P.!2!Leaders! Robert(460( Kirsten(458( Gloria(440( P.!4!Leaders! Enrique(810( Melissa(Marquez(704( Kailey(604( For!your!reference:! Ms.!Fleming!582!
5 CW/HW(Assignments( 15. Ch.(55(Video(Cornell(Notes((2)( 16. (Ch.(55(Lecture(Notes( 17. Trophic(InteracMons(Case(Study(( ( PLANNER Trophic Interactions Case Study (answer on separate paper) 500 Shmoints & 2 Practice Tests must be completed Study for test "
6
7 EssenMal(knowledge(standards( 2.A.1:!All!living!systems!require!constant!input!of! free!energy.! 2.D.1:!All!biological!systems!from!cells!and! organisms!to!populacons,!communices,!and! ecosystems!are!affected!by!complex!biocc!and! abiocc!interaccons!involving!exchange!of!maher! and!free!energy! 4.A.6:!InteracCons!among!living!systems!and!with! their!environment!result!in!the!movement!of! maher!and!energy!
8 !I!will!be!able!to:! FLT( DisMnguish(between(the(following(sets(of( terms:(primary(and(secondary(producmon;( producmon(efficiency(and(trophic(efficiency( Explain(how(the(first(and(second(laws(of( thermodynamics(apply(to(ecosystems(( Define(and(compare(gross(primary(producMon,( net(primary(producmon,(and(standing(crop( Explain(why(energy(flows(but(nutrients(cycle( within(an(ecosystem( By!comple1ng!Ch.!55!Notes!
9 Ch.!55:!Ecosystems! 9
10 I.(Ecosystems( 10
11 11
12 A.(Define(>( Ecosystem!=!all!the!organisms!in!a!community!+! the!abiocc!factors!they!interact!with!! Ecosystems(range(from(a(microcosm,(such(as(an( aquarium,(to(a(large(area(such(as(a(lake(or(forest( 12
13 Small(Ecosystem( 13
14 14
15 A.(Define(>( Regardless(of(an(ecosystem s(size,(its(dynamics( involve(two(main(processes:(energy(flow(and( chemical(cycling( Energy!flows!through!ecosystems!&!maHer!cycles! within!them! Energy!must!be!conCnually!added!to!ecosystems!! Nutrients!are!conCnually!recirculated!! 15
16 16
17 II.(Trophic(Levels(and(Food(Levels( 17
18 Overview( Autotrophs build molecules themselves using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as an energy source; heterotrophs depend on the biosynthetic output of other organisms 18
19 Overview( Autotrophs = produce their own food using light or chemical energy Heterotrophs = consume other organisms for food 19
20 Overview( Photosynthesis = process by which plants and some bacteria use light energy to produce food Chemosynthesis = process by which specialized organisms use energy released from inorganic chemical reactions to produce food 20
21 Overview( Recall: Each step in a food chain is called a trophic level Energy flows in one direction 21
22 Overview( Direction of energy and nutrients: Primary producers! primary consumers! secondary consumers! tertiary consumers 22
23 A.(Primary(Producers( Primary!producers!!=!autotrophs!=!organisms!that! produce!their!own!food.!!! Ex/(grass,(algae,(plankton,(bacteria( 23
24 B.(Primary(Consumers( =Heterotrophs!=!Herbivores!such!as!zooplankton,! mice,!deer,!etc.!! 24
25 C.(Secondary(Consumers( =!Heterotrophs!=!typically!carnivores!that!feed!on! primary!consumers!! 25
26 D.(TerMary(Consumers( =!Top!carnivores!!feed!on!trophic!level!below! them.!!! 26
27 E.(DetriMvores( Detritivores = heterotrophs that obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (dead/ decomposing organic matter) Ex/ millipedes, worms, fiddler crabs 27
28 E.(DetriMvores( Decomposers = Heterotrophic organisms such as fungi that initiate the break down of organic matter (dead organisms) Decomposition connects all trophic levels 28
29 E.(DetriMvores( Detritivores & decomposers = Help cycle energy. There are also scavengers, such as vultures, that help cycle energy and nutrients from dead organisms 29
30 30
31 31
32 Fig Tertiary consumers Microorganisms and other detritivores Secondary consumers Detritus Primary consumers Primary producers Key Heat Chemical cycling Energy flow Sun
33 F.(Food(Chain( Sketch(the(example:( 33
34 III.(Energy(Flow( 34
35 AddiMonal(Notes:(Nutrient(Cycling( Laws of physics and chemistry apply to ecosystems, particularly energy flow The law of conservation of mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed Chemical elements are continually recycled within ecosystems Ecosystems are open systems, absorbing energy + mass and releasing heat + waste products 35
36 A.(Energy(for(growth,(maintenance,(and( reproducmon( First law of thermodynamics energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed Ecosystems: energy enters as solar radiation & is lost as heat Most solar radiation that hits Earth is not captured by living organisms (only ~1% is converted into usable energy by autotrophs) 36
37 37
38 A.(Energy(for(growth,(maintenance,(and( reproducmon( Second law of thermodynamics When energy is converted from one form to another, the entropy of the system increases Ecosystems: energy conversions between trophic levels are inefficient some energy is always lost as metabolic heat 38
39 39
40 B.(Global(Energy(Budget( The extent of photosynthetic production sets the spending limit for an ecosystem s energy budget 40
41 PairVShareVRespond! 1. Define:(ecosystem( 2. IdenMfy(and(define(the(5(main(trophic(levels.(( Provide(an(example(of(each.((( 3. How(does(energy(enter(an(ecosystem,(and( how(does(it(leave(an(ecosystem?( 4. How(much(energy(is(captured(by( autotrophs?(( 5. What(happens(to(energy(between(trophic( levels?( 41
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