Renewable energy resources & conversion technology

Transcription

1 Renewable energy resources & conversion technology Renewable energy and the National Electricity Market: Issues & Challenges CEEM, 23 November 2005

2 Australian Primary Energy Use (ABARE, quoted in Energy & Resources Working Group, 2003; 5% 20% 28% 13% Black coal Brown coal Crude oil Natural gas Renewables 34% 2

3 Australia s coal resources ( & SKM) 3

4 Australia s natural gas resources & pipelines ( Linepack: Hours in Victoria to days in other states Trading arrangements: Market in Victoria Contract carriage in other states 4

5 Prices for fossil fuels, possibly reflecting peak oil (BP 2005) 5

6 Australian electricity industry emissions scenarios to 2030 (Beyond Kyoto, PMSEIC Report, 2002) Zero emissions coal: carbon capture & storage (CCS) Renewable energy options also zero emission Implications of these scenarios: Essential to improve end-use efficiency Avoid new coal power stations unless zero emission CCGT only a transition technology unless zero emission 6

7 Integrated coal gasification & combined cycle with carbon collection & storage (Simhauser, 2004) 7

8 Geosequestration options for CO2 (Simhauser, 2004) 8

9 CCS does not mean zero emissions IGCC with geosequestration will still have CO2 emissions Energy-cost tradeoffs in CO2 capture from flue or gasifier stream; also energy for transport and pumping underground Coal IGCC with CO2 capture emits approx. 40% of standard CCGT (without capture) IEA (2001) 9

10 Key findings of IPCC CCS report ( 2005) A portfolio of mitigation measures will be needed (CCS alone not sufficient) Large-scale CCS power plant don t yet exist By 2050, 20-40% of fossil fuel CO 2 technically suitable for CCS at cost of 13 to 67 A$/MWh Deployment needs CO 2 price of US$/MWh CCS might contribute 15-44% of cumulative mitigation effort to 2100, limited beyond that (identified storage sites would then be full) 10

11 Scenarios of CCS contribution to 2100 (IPCC CCS report, ) CCS would decline beyond

12 Nuclear (fission) energy Key issues: Power station safety Nuclear waste storage Terrorism & nuclear weapon proliferation 12

13 Risks associated with nuclear fuel cycle (to companies & societies) Operational risk (at each point in the cycle) Insurance risk (premium cost or non-insurability) Regulatory risk (compliance costs) Shareholder risk (activism & disruption) Litigation risk (claims for damages) Capital risk (inability to raise equity capital) Competitive risk (loss of economic activity) Resource depletion (uranium ore) Terrorism & war (risks to companies & societies) 13

14 Geothermal (fission) energy - hot dry rock Australia has plentiful hot dry rock at ~3000m (needs water injection) Trial in Cooper Basin, SA ( 14

15 Solar energy (fusion) Australia has excellent solar resources; best in NW Building Integrated PV & Solar Hot Water assessment: Key variables: System efficiency Solar radiation Temperature Rooftops area,orientation, tilt, shading Further work needed: Rooftop resource Shading ( 15

16 Solar thermal concentrators for electricity generation( Parabolic trough (~350MWe): Most mature but low efficiency Central receiver (~10MWe): High efficiency but pre-commercial Parabolic dish (<1MWe): High efficiency but pre-commercial Tower (50MWe) Artificial wind; pre-commercial 16

17 Solar energy - photovoltaics PV cells convert solar energy directly to DC electricity Use inverter to create AC Stand-alone or building integrated 650 kw, Newington (Pacific Power) 200kW, Singleton (EnergyAustralia) 17

18 AstroPower SunUPS TM Building-Integrated PV & UPS 1. PV Panel 2. Inverter (synchronised to the mains) 3. Battery for UPS function 4. Essential circuits supported by UPS 5. Low priority circuits not supported by UPS 6. Utility meter 7. PV is proven but expensive technology ( 18

19 From potential energy of water in storage dam To rotational kinetic energy in turbine and then electrical energy At good sites, large hydro can be cheaper than coal-fired power stations Hydro energy ( Electrical power (kw): P ~ 10xFxHxE Where: F = water flow (metres 3 /sec) H = gross head (metres) E = efficiency ( ) 19

20 Snowy Mountains Scheme Lake Eucumbene (3900 GWh/yr) transfer tunnels Geehi Tumut 1 & MW Talbingo Tumut 3 Gen: 1500 MW Pump: 600 MW Jindabyne pumps (240 GWh/yr) Jounama Murray 1 & MW 20

21 Woolnorth wind farm 65 (+75) MW Tasmania s power stations (Tas Govt 2000) Pieman Mersey Bell Bay 240MW Musselroe wind farm (130 MW) Great Lake Rainfall (mm) King Derwent 500 Gordon Renewable energy resources & conversion technology CEEM

22 Tidal energy Low-head hydro with two-directional flow Tidal range varies with solar-lunar alignment Sea water more corrosive than fresh water Low head implies less cost-effective than most hydro ( 22

23 Wave energy Wave energy derives from wind energy: Energy density varies dramatically Need strength to survive storms yet cheap & sensitive enough to produce energy from small waves Still under development ( 23

24 Emerging wave power technologies 24

25 Biomass energy ( Energy crops, possibly also for salinity control Agricultural by-products - eg bagasse (sugarcane) Municipal wastes (a difficult fuel due to diverse nature) Burn directly or convert to liquid or gaseous fuels 25

26 PEM fuel cell (PEFC) ( 2001) Anode:- Hydrogen disassociates into protons & electrons at ~90 o C Electrons flow to cathode via external circuit (~0.6 volts/cell DC) Membrane: Protons pass through to cathode Cathode: Returning electrons combine with protons & oxygen to produce water vapour 250 kw prototype PEFC 26

27 Ballard residential fuel cell concept ( March 2001) 1 kw PEFC Engineering Prototype Feb 2001: ~40% elec efficiency & ~40% heat efficiency 27

28 Australian wind resource (Approximate estimates, with average speeds in m/s) ( 28

29 Installed windfarms in Australia ( 29

30 Australian wind farm planning AusWEA best practice guidelines: State handbooks & planning protocols: NSW (SEDA); Victoria (SEAV): Project-based, some variations between states Stages in the process (AusWEA): Site selection; feasibility; detailed assessment, development application; construction; operation; decommissioning 30

31 Australian wind farm planning experience to date Limited experience to date: Some strong support, some strong opposition Mixed federal, state & local government approvals process lacks coherence: Project based - may not manage cumulative issues & interactions well Other industries have a comprehensive planning framework, eg: Strong, state-based planning framework for the minerals industry 31

32 ANSTO estimates of CO2 emission coefficients (R Cameron, ABC web site) Primary energy type Coal Gas Solar Wind Nuclear Hydro CO2 grams/kwh

33 Summary Large steam-cycle turbo-generators: The workhorse of the electricity industry: Coal, oil, gas or nuclear Combined cycle - a recent enhancement CCS - currently RD&D Embedded & renewable energy generation: CHP, fuel cells, hydro, solar, wind Demand-side options - neglected to date: End-use efficiency, voluntary demand reduction Procedure to track the optimal mix : Centralised (traditional) or decentralised (competitive) No zero emission generation technology 33