Politecnico di Milano Piacenza Campus October 10th, 2017

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1 Politecnico di Milano Piacenza Campus October 10th, 2017 BIOMASS AND AIR QUALITY Small-scale biomass combustion in the domestic sector: state of the art, results of recent research projects and future challenges LEAP Laboratory Projects & Experimental Activities Stefano Signorini

LEAP: the Consortium LEAP stands for Laboratorio

Piacenza in May 2005 to accomplish a project of the

The members of the consortium are: Politecnico di

Cuore Municipality of Piacenza Fondazione di

2 LEAP: the Consortium LEAP stands for Laboratorio Energia Ambiente Piacenza (Laboratory for Energy and the Environment Piacenza). LEAP is a limited liability consortium founded in Piacenza in May 2005 to accomplish a project of the Piacenza campus of Politecnico di Milano. The members of the consortium are: Politecnico di Milano 4 Departments Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Municipality of Piacenza Fondazione di Piacenza e Vigevano Piacenza Chamber of Commerce A2A SpA Iren Ambiente SpA Antas Srl Unical AG SpA 2

LEAP: Work Group LEAP work group composed by 20 collaborators Director 4 stable researchers 8 temporary researchers 4 PhD students 3 employees (2 permanent) LEAP staff also includes 12 permanently

3 LEAP: Work Group LEAP work group composed by 20 collaborators Director 4 stable researchers 8 temporary researchers 4 PhD students 3 employees (2 permanent) LEAP staff also includes 12 permanently collaborating Politecnico di Milano Professors 6 permanently collaborating Politecnico di Milano Researchers and Technicians LEAP from 2005 hosted more than 40 apprentices and master students Accreditations, Certifications, Affiliations UNI EN ISO 9001:2008 Certification for Quality Management ISO/IEC 17025:2005 Accreditation for the general requirements for the competence of testing laboratories Emilia Romagna region HTN-High Technology Network Accreditation as for DGR 762/2014 LEAP and MUSP constitute Piacenza Technopole 3

4 LEAP activities Research main lines: 1. material and energy recovery from waste, residues and biomass 2. high efficiency thermal energy generation 3. thermohydraulics for innovative nuclear power plants 4. fossil fuel technologies and CO 2 capture and conversion 5. renewable energies and energy efficiency 6. gaseous emissions, fine particles and air quality Consulting and technical services: 1. modeling and simulations of advanced energy systems 2. on-site experimental activities: temperature measurements in the combustion chamber of WTE plants and industrial boilers through suction pyrometers, ultrafine particles and nanoparticles samplings both in conveyed flows and in atmosphere, measurements of the main pollutants from combustion in conveyed flows Experimental Laboratories: 1. heat_box: test bench for the assessment of boiler performances up to 100 kw of thermal power 2. CO2_box: test rig for the assessment of the thermodynamic properties of CO 2 based mixtures 4

2. High efficiency thermal energy generation Testing and development of innovative solutions in the field of residential heat generation appliances.

with ISO/IEC 17025:2005 standard (accreditation n.1255).

5 2. High efficiency thermal energy generation Testing and development of innovative solutions in the field of residential heat generation appliances. Experimental activities in testing laboratory heat_box to evaluate efficiency and emissions performances of solid fuels (biomass) fired boilers/stoves with thermal power up to 100 kw in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025:2005 standard (accreditation n.1255). Accredited tests and reference standards: heat output (EN 303-5, EN 14785) efficiency (EN 303-5, EN 14785) oxygen (EN 303-5, EN 14789) carbon dioxide (EN 303-5, ISO 12039) carbon monoxide (EN 303-5, EN 15058) nitrogen oxides (EN 303-5, EN 14792) total hydrocarbons (EN 303-5, EN 12619) dust content (EN 303-5, EN ) Other performed tests: methane and non-methane hydrocarbons ultrafine particles and nanoparticles (number and mass concentrations) sulfur oxides micropollutants (dioxins, furans, ) 5

6. Gaseous emissions, fine particles and air quality The

Politecnico di Milano, is devoted to air pollution: campaigns

from stationary installations processing, analysis and

6 6. Gaseous emissions, fine particles and air quality The research line, developed with the useful contribution of DICA of Politecnico di Milano, is devoted to air pollution: campaigns for air quality monitoring and sampling in duct flows emissions from stationary installations processing, analysis and interpretation of data on air quality evaluation of the flue gas treatment systems 6

UFP emissions from combustion plants Study commissioned by Federambiente (2007-2009) Target: Quantification of ultrafine

heating systems fed with fossil fuels (oil and natural gas) and biomass (pellet) - Waste-To-Energy plants fed with urban

selection, test cycle determination, experimental activities at INNOVHUB laboratories and data processing - Innovhub-SSI

7 UFP emissions from combustion plants Study commissioned by Federambiente ( ) Target: Quantification of ultrafine particle (UFP, dp<100nm) and nanoparticle emissions (NP, dp<50 nm) from stationary combustion processes: - Residential heating systems fed with fossil fuels (oil and natural gas) and biomass (pellet) - Waste-To-Energy plants fed with urban solid waste Work group: - LEAP: coordinator - Politecnico di Milano (DICA Environmental Section): heating systems and fuels selection, test cycle determination, experimental activities at INNOVHUB laboratories and data processing - Innovhub-SSI (Stazione Sperimentale per i Combustibili, Fuels Experimental Station): experimental tests with stack samplings Obiettivi dell indagine 7

8 UFP emissions from combustion plants Published report and scientific articles: Final report, October 2010 Ozgen et al. (2012), Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol, 11: Ozgen et al. (2013), Biomass and Bioenergy, 50:

EFs determination of residential heating systems Study commissioned by Ministry of the Environment with the collaboration of ENEA (2010-2012) Target: experimental emission factors determination of

9 EFs determination of residential heating systems Study commissioned by Ministry of the Environment with the collaboration of ENEA ( ) Target: experimental emission factors determination of residential heating appliances fed with wooden biomass, manually and automatically stoked, widespread in Italy, tested with realistic combustion cycles. Work Group: ENEA: coordinator Innovhub-SSI (Stazione Sperimentale per i Combustibili, Fuels Experimental Station): experimental tests with stack samplings Politecnico di Milano (DICA Environmental Section): heating systems and fuels selection, test cycle determination, experimental activities at INNOVHUB laboratories, data processing and EF calculation ARPA Lombardia: test cycle determination 10

EFs determination of residential heating systems - 6 combustion technologies - 5 wood species and 2 pellet quality - about 300 emission factors (EF) calculated - experimental EF determined under

10 EFs determination of residential heating systems - 6 combustion technologies - 5 wood species and 2 pellet quality - about 300 emission factors (EF) calculated - experimental EF determined under real-use conditions of the appliances - experimental EF under load cycles proposed by EN standards - comparison with european guide lines (EMEP, 2013) Evaluation of the dependence of experimental EF by different parameters: - type of the appliances - wood logs species - pellet quality - combustion cycle - PM sampling conditions (with/without dilution, cooling/hot) 10

11 EFs determination of residential heating systems Published scientific articles: Caserini et al. (2014), Ingegneria dell Ambiente, Vol. 1, n.1/2014 Ozgen et al. (2014), Atmospheric Environment, 94:

ToBiCUP project TOxicity of BIomass Combustion generated Ultrafine Particles: Grant

characterization of UFP particles generated by biomass combustion, determination the

Work group: Università degli studi di Milano (Pharmacology Experimental and

): coordinator activities at LEAP: and toxicological analysis; LEAP: experimental

heating systems and fuels selection, test cycle determination, experimental

$): quantification of ionic and carbonaceous fractions analysis and data processing;$

12 ToBiCUP project TOxicity of BIomass Combustion generated Ultrafine Particles: Grant of Cariplo Foundation ( ) Target: Physical and chemical characterization of UFP particles generated by biomass combustion, determination the response of UFPs in terms of toxicity. Work group: Università degli studi di Milano (Pharmacology Experimental and Biomolecular Sciences Dep.): coordinator activities at LEAP: and toxicological analysis; LEAP: experimental tests with stack samplings; Politecnico di Milano (DICA Environmental Section): heating systems and fuels selection, test cycle determination, experimental activities at LEAP laboratory and data processing; Università degli studi di Milano (Chemical Dep.): quantification of ionic and carbonaceous fractions analysis and data processing; Università degli studi di Milano (Physics Dep.): chemical composition analysis, ambient air sampling and data processing; Università degli studi di Firenze (Chemical Dep.): chemical composition analysis. 12

13 ToBiCUP project Published scientific articles: Ozgen et al. (2016), Atmospheric Environment, 150:87-97 Corsini et al. (2017), Science of the Total Environment, :

14 LEAP Contacts LEAP s.c.a r.l. Laboratorio Energia e Ambiente Piacenza Via Nino Bixio, 27/C Piacenza (PC) - Italy Phone: / info.leap@polimi.it 14

The need for better control systems and fast technological renewal in small combustion appliances burning wood

CONVENTION ON LONG-RANGE TRANSBOUNDARY AIR POLLUTION Expert Group on Techno-economic Issues (13th meeting) The need for better control systems and fast technological renewal in small combustion appliances