Coral reefs in a changing world: Climate change and land-based pollution issues. Hiroya Yamano (National Institute for Environmental Studies)
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1 Coral reefs in a changing world: Climate change and land-based pollution issues Hiroya Yamano (National Institute for Environmental Studies)
2 Outline Coral reefs at risk Contribution of remote sensing observations Climate change and land-based pollution Framework for sustainable land and coastal ecosystem
3 Global distribution of coral reefs ReefBase ( Japan 18 C in winter 18 C Coral reefs are an essential component for tropical/subtropical coasts
4 Importance of coral reefs Photo: H. Kan Biodiversity Fisheries Tourism Natural breakwater Island and beach maintenance Estimated value for the ecosystem service $375,000,000,000/year =$6,075/ha/year (Wilkinson, 2002) Photo: H. Kayanne
5 Recent decline of coral reefs 50% Sea surface temperature rise Ocean acidification Terrestrial input (sediment/nutrient discharge) Overuse Combined effect of global and regional stresses 0 Coral cover in the Caribbean region Gardner et al. (2003) year Red: High risk Yellow: Medium risk Blue: Low risk Reefs at Risk ( High risk is suggested for fringing reefs close to land
6 Multiple stressors on coral reefs CO 2 emission Climate change Precipitation Global-scale factors -Temperature warming -Ocean acidification -Sea-level rise Coral decline Local-scale factor -Land-based pollution Biological factors -Algal overgrowth -Acanthaster planci outbreak -Overfishing Land use change Socioeconomic Population increase Local 60% at risk Local + global 75% at risk Source: Reefs at Risk revisited Observation methods: Remote sensing -Satellite data -Aerial photographs In situ species -Surveillance camera distribution data -Boat-based video 6
7 Outline Coral reefs at risk Contribution of remote sensing observations Climate change and land-based pollution Framework for sustainable land and coastal ecosystem
8 GEO-BON Japanese Biodiversity Observation Network (J-BON) AP-BON JAXA JAMSTEC J-BON Genetic diversity Monitoring JaLTER/ILTE R WGs Steering Committee JBIF/GBIF Interface Presi dent Forest Agriculture Networking Evaluation/ Projection Remote Sensing Marine Inland water
9 Satellite remote sensing of coral reefs Original image Land Classified image N 5 km Shiraho Ocean Landsat ETM+: Spatial resolution = 30 m, Accuracy = 64 % Coral Seagrass Bare substrate (pavement) Bare substrate (submerged sand) Bare substrate (exposed sand) N 500 m IKONOS: Spatial resolution = 4 m, Accuracy = 81 % Yamano (2013) In: Coral Reef Remote Sensing
10 Satellite/airborne remote sensing of lands 1945: Aerial photo 2010: Satellite data (ALOS AVNIR2)
11 Satellite remote sensing of sediment discharge Satellite data (Terra MODIS)
12 Surveillance camera 2,000,000 pixels Data transfer by cellular phone network
13 Boat-based video 2,000,000 pixels Stereo views allows construction of geocoded 3D images
14 Outline Coral reefs at risk Contribution of remote sensing observations Climate change and land-based pollution Framework for sustainable land and coastal ecosystem
15 Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are rising 0.5 C/100 years SST warming in the last 100 yrs around Japan IPCC AR4 JMA 15
16 SST in 1998 and coral bleaching
17 2007 coral bleaching in Japan Live coral cover Green: % Yellow:5-50 % Pink:<5 % Japan 5 km 2003 (before bleaching) 2008 (after bleaching) Source: Ministry of the Environment
18 Range expansion of corals around Japanese temperate area due to SST warming Maximum speed: 14km/yr Yamano et al. (2011) Geophysical Research Letters
19 SST warming allows poleward range expansion (north) and bleaching (south) of corals in Japan 19
20 Multiple stressors on coral reefs CO 2 emission Climate change Precipitation Global-scale factors -Temperature warming -Ocean acidification -Sea-level rise Coral decline Local-scale factor -Land-based pollution Biological factors -Algal overgrowth -Acanthaster planci outbreak -Overfishing Land use change Socioeconomic Population increase Local 60% at risk Local + global 75% at risk Source: Reefs at Risk revisited 20
21 Increased sediment discharge due to land development 300 m Paddy field Sugarcane
22 Increased sediment discharge destroys river and coastal ecosystems Photos provided by Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Health and Environment
23 Bleaching A coral reef not affected by sediment discharge (Sesoko Is., Okinawa) Recovery van Woesik et al. (2011) Coral reefs affected by sediment discharge (Okinawa Is.) Reducing sediment discharge may help coral recovery after bleaching Hongo and Yamano (2013) PLoS ONE 23
24 Outline Coral reefs at risk Contribution of remote sensing observations Climate change and land-based pollution Framework for sustainable land and coastal ecosystem
25 Kume Island, Okinawa, Japan Okinawa
26 Kume Island, Japan Land development (paddy field to sugar cane) and poor land management resulted in significant sediment discharge
27 Civil engineering Sediment discharge Red-soil content <10kg/m kg/m kg/m 3 >200kg/m 3 Gima R. Land use, Crop growth Suhara R. Ecology Absence of Semisulcospira libertina and Luciola owadai <5% coral cover Presence of Semisulcospira libertina and Luciola owadai ~10% coral cover
28 Modeling sediment discharge 5 降雨 ( qi ) 3 q = A B 0 d q B :Sediment discharge I:Slope q:surface flow d:sediment size 流域斜面 地表流による浸食 + 流送 Application to crop field Q B = i ε π * γ i i i A 0 ( qi ) d 5 3 L i Measures to prevent sediment discharge
29 Identifying sediment source areas to set up countermeasures Setting green belts Interview/discussion Cost estimation Searching incentives Socioeconomics
30 Framework for sustainable management of land and coastal ecosystems Civil engineering Ecology Biodiversity observation ->Setting conservation goal Identifying allowable limit of sediment discharge Modeling/observing sediment discharge ->Identification of lands that have large discharge Setting green belts Presenting options for reducing sediment discharge Adaptive management Planning land use Cost estimation People s incentive ->Sustainable measures Socioeconomics
31 Summary Coral reefs are subject to multiple stressors across local (e.g., sediment discharge) to global (e.g., SST warming, ocean acidification) scales Increased sediment discharge not only causes coral decline but also reduces coral resilience to bleaching---reducing sediment discharge may help coral recovery after bleaching A framework to couple ecology-civil engineeringsocioeconomics is needed for sustainable management of land and coastal ecosystems
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