Examples of sustainable sanitation in developing countries

Transcription

1 Examples of sustainable sanitation in developing countries Professor Petter D. Jenssen Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB) 1 Kretsløpsdagen, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB), June Manhattan 2 Photo: P. Jenssen

2 20-40% of the water consumption in sewered cities is used for flushing toiles (Gardner 1996) 3 Photo: P. Jenssen Conventional wastewater treatment technically advanced, energy consuming Tinjan China Ryverket Gothenburg pe 4 Tinjan China

3 5 Sustainability indicators (Lindholm and Noreide 2000) Discharge of pollution to local recipients and major recipients. For instance: phosphorus, nitrogen and organic matter (BOD). The amount of micro-organic pollutants and heavy metals in the sludge going to agriculture. Amount of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen recirculated for plant production. Discharge of climate gases like methane and CO 2. Use of electric energy and fossil energy. Use of products with hazardous components. Use of finite or critical resources. Costs as present value of investments, operation and maintenance. The use of area, influence on the landscape, aesthetic- and recreational values. The service levels like clogging of sewers and flooding of basements. Noise, smell, insects and other disturbances in the operation and construction period. 6 Sustainability indicators (Lindholm and Noreide 2000) Discharge of pollution to local recipients and major recipients. For instance: phosphorus, nitrogen and organic matter (BOD). The amount of micro-organic pollutants and heavy metals in the sludge going to agriculture. Amount of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen recirculated for plant production. Discharge of climate gases like methane and CO 2. Use of electric energy and fossil energy. Use of products with hazardous components. Use of finite or critical resources. Costs as present value of investments, operation and maintenance. The use of area, influence on the landscape, aesthetic- and recreational values. The service levels like clogging of sewers and flooding of basements. Noise, smell, insects and other disturbances in the operation and construction period.

4 Energy intensive Recycling Energy extensive Conventional systems 7 Loss Energy intensive Recycling Systems with source separation Energy extensive Conventional systems Natural systems Wetlands Soil infiltration 8 Loss

5 Energy intensive Recycling Increasing sustainability Energy extensive Conventional systems 9 Loss 10 Sustainability indicators (Lindholm and Noreide 2000) Discharge of pollution to local recipients and major recipients. For instance: phosphorus, nitrogen and organic matter (BOD). The amount of micro-organic pollutants and heavy metals in the sludge going to agriculture. Amount of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen recirculated for plant production. Discharge of climate gases like methane and CO 2. Use of electric energy and fossil energy. Use of products with hazardous components. Use of finite or critical resources. Costs as present value of investments, operation and maintenance. The use of area, influence on the landscape, aesthetic- and recreational values. The service levels like clogging of sewers and flooding of basements. Noise, smell, insects and other disturbances in the operation and construction period. Health issues

6 11 The global burden of excreta related diseases DALY=disability adjusted life years Table 2.3. Global mortality and DALYs lost due to some diseases of relevance to excreta and greywater use Disease Mortality DALYs lost Comments deat hs / year Diarrhoea 1,798,000 61,966, % of dea ths in developing countries; 90% of deaths occur in children Typhoid 600,000 N/A Estimated 16,000,000 ca ses per year Ascariasis 3,000 1,817,000 Estimated 1.45 billion infections, of wh ich 350 million suffer adverse health effects Hookworm disease 3,000 59,000 Estimated 1.3 billion infections, of wh ich 150 million suffer adverse health effects Lymphatic filariasis 0 5,777,000 Mosquito vectors of filariasis breed in contaminated water. Does not cause death but leads to severe disability Hepatitis A N/A N/A Estimated 1.4 million cases per year worldwide. Serological evidence of prior infection ranges from 15% -to nearly 100%. N/A = Not Available Sources: WHO (2000, 2003b, 2003c, 2004b). Ecological Engineering: The development of society with nature for the benefit of both (Mitch and Jørgensen 1989) 12

7 13 Sustainable sanitation: Systems must be tailored to meet: local health needs environmental aspects natural resources human resources local legislation sociological aspects local economy personal needs and preferences Ecuador 14

8 Tena municipality Amazonas inhabitants 15 Photos: P. Jenssen 16

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12 23 Groundwater level

13 Treatment results rapid infiltration Norway Groundwater level COD Phosphorus Nitrogen (Kraft 1998) Tena municipality Amazonas inhabitants 26 Photos: P. Jenssen

14 Ecuador 27 Chillia municipality, Andes 3000 inhabitants Altitude: 3000m 28 Chillia municipality, Andes 3000 inhabitants Altitude: 3000m Photos: P. Jenssen

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17 Contribution from the toilet * 90 % of N * 80 % of P * 80 % of K * % of org. matter * Majority of the pathogens La Habana - Cuba

18 80% of the vegetables consumed in Havana are produced within the city limits

19 La Habana vieja Zero emission house 16 viviendas 8 inodoros de vacio 1 liter/ 8 inodoros de gravitation 1 liter/ Wetland Biogas Agua gris

20 The Zero emission building spring Kildesep prinsipp Kildesorterende avløpssystem Biogass, CH 4 Svartvann Gråvann

21 Zero emission house 16 viviendas 8 inodoro de vacio 1 liter/ 8 inodoros de gravitation 1 liter/ Wetland Biogas Agua gris La Habana vieja

22 Hotellh+Havana Havana, Cuba 44

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26 Sewage outlet 52

27 Wastewater discharge to arctic waters problems? Nutrients? Organic matter? Pathogens? Endocrine disruptors!!! * Medicine residues * POP s

28 Source separation of wastewater 55 (Alsen and Jenssen2005) Calcutta wetlands

29 57 Calcutta wetlands 58 Provides 15-20% of the fresh fish in Calcutta markets

30 Bangalore India Sewer 59 Well Photos: J. Heeb Ecosan toiletcenter 60 Photos: J. Heeb

31 Ecosan toilet center Bangalore India Faeces Urine Wash water 61 Photos: J. Heeb Ecosan toilet center Bangalore India Photo: J. Heeb Serves 800 people Produces 50 tonn bananas/year Produces compost for sale Employs 10 people Annual cost 10 US$/user 62

32 63 Waste as a resource Photo: J. Heeb Experience from Bangalore Application of compost increases the plants tolerance to water stress 64

33 Experience from Bangalore Application of compost increases the plants tolerance to water stress Application of compost is essential for nutrient utilization in weathered (red) tropical soil 65 Kuching Sarawak Malaysia Population:

34 Norwegian technology Source separating system - Kuching, Malaysia 67 Costs (MYR) conventional vs. ecosan Mamit et al Hanserud Conv. Ecosan

35 Investment cost of centralized sewer systems Sewer lines Collection system 70-90% Treatment 10-30% (Otis 1996, Mork et al. 2000) 69 Wastewater treatment plant 70 Investment cost of centralized sewer systems Sewer lines Wastewater treatment plant Collection system 70-90% Treatment 10-30% (Otis 1996, Mork et al. 2000) In the US: 37% of all new developments are serviced by onsite or decentralised systems over 50% of onsite/cluster systems are in cities and their suburbs (USEPA 2000)

36 The blackwater system Kuching Converting the septic tank to a holding tank Metering gage 3. Fitting a quick coupling for easy pump out Holding tank 71 The blackwater system Pump out time reduced to 6 minutes/tank 72

37 Proposed biogas plant Photo: P. D. Jenssen Pilot project Hui Sing Garden Greywater treatment

38 Greywater treatment - Hui Sing Garden Preliminary results: BOD < 2 mg/l Total N 2.2 mg/l Total P 1.9 Faecal coliforms 50/100ml (Jenssen et al. 2005) 75 Photos: P. D. Jenssen 76

39 Decentralized in megacities? 77 Photo: P. Jenssen Vacuum technology Marine installations vacuum toilets > 2km of vacuum sewer line (Jets TM )

40 Vacuum technology Marine installations 79 (Jets TM ) 80 Photo: P. D. Jenssen

41 Greywater treatment Rotating biological contactors 81 Proposed source separating system, 5000pe Pinggu, China Thesitefor implementation of eco sanitation system, It is a new community for elder people. 82

42 Kildesep prinsipp Source separating system Vacuum toilets Biogas production Toilet waste (blackwater) + organic household waste (OHW) 83 Kildesep prinsipp Local nutrient recycling 84

43 Drinking water production from greywater Filterbed Maxit Membrane filtration Malthe Winje Automasjon AS 85 Kildesep prinsipp Source separating system Greywater recycling 90% watersaving 86

44 Source separation of wastewater 87 (Alsen and Jenssen2005) Biodiesel from algae grown in urine 88

45 Conclusion Leapfrog the conventional centralized sewers Go straight to modern sanitation based on the principles of ecological engineering 89 Information! It is important to: Education! Dismiss knowledge Build local competence and interest 90

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