William J. Mitsch, Ph.D.
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1 Ecological engineering and restoration of wetlands, rivers, and coastlines for their ecosystem services William J. Mitsch, Ph.D. Eminent Scholar and Director, Everglades Wetland Research Park Florida Gulf Coast University, USA Professor Emeritus, The Ohio State University 2004 Stockholm Water Prize Laureate, Stockholm, Sweden Einstein Professorship, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Editor-in-Chief, Ecological Engineering Chair, EcoSummit 2012
2 Ref: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005
3 Creating and restoring wetlands can lead to valuable ecosystem services: Water purification Flood regulation Biodiversity islands and corridors Climate regulation (Carbon sequestration) Cultural services (Locations for human relaxation and nature observation/education)
4 Ecological Engineering the design of sustainable ecosystems that integrate human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both Source: Mitsch 1993 and Mitsch and Jørgensen, 2004
5 H.T. Odum ( ) Ecological engineering was described by H.T. Odum, University of Florida as a cooperative role with the planetary life support system. REF: Odum, H.T In Mitsch, W.J., and S.E. Jørgensen, eds. Ecological Engineering. J. Wiley, p. 80
6 1. Restoring the MississippiOhio-Missouri (MOM) River Basin
7 Mississippi-Ohio-Missouri (MOM) Basin Restoration
8 Mississippi-Ohio-Missouri (MOM) Basin Restoration Hypoxia in 2010: 20,000 square kilometers
9 Mississippi-Ohio-Missouri (MOM) Basin Restoration
10 Mississippi-Ohio-Missouri (MOM) Basin Restoration Olentangy River Wetland Research Park at The Ohio State University
11 Mississippi-Ohio-Missouri (MOM) Basin Restoration Mitsch et al BioScience 62:
12 Mississippi-Ohio-Missouri (MOM) Basin Restoration NUTRIENT RETENTION TRENDS Percent change of total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, and nitrate-nitrogen in both experimental wetlands Strong trends for decreasing TP and SRP retention over time; recent (last 6 years) nitrate-nitrogen retention appears to be in steady state.
13 Mississippi-Ohio-Missouri (MOM) Basin Restoration Better Fertilizer Management Created/Restored Wetlands 2 million ha (5 million acres) of these ecosystems are needed Restored Riparian Bottomlands Mitsch et al BioScience 51:
14 2. Restoring the Florida Everglades
15 The Florida Everglades Kissimmee River Lake Okeechobee Big Cypress Swamp Gulf of Mexico Coastal Mangroves The Everglades River of Grass
16 River of Grass
17 Big Cypress Swamp
18 Coastal Mangroves 10,000 Islands
19
20
21 panorama of Miccosukee Indians Florida Everglades
22 Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA)
23
24 Restoring the Florida Everglades
25 Restoring the Florida Everglades Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) upstream of Everglades Treatment Wetland STA-1-E 1-W 5 3/ E STA-1W STA-2 STA-3/4 STA-5 STA-6 TOTAL Area, ha ,095 Newman and Chimney, 2004
26 Restoring the Florida Everglades Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) upstream of Everglades
27 Restoring the Florida Everglades Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) upstream of Everglades STA 1W Total Phosphorus '!! $&! #%! #$! "!! #( ( ) #( ( * #( ( ( $!! # $!! ' $!! ) $!! * $!! ( $! ##
28 3. Tidal Creek Restoration
29 Tidal Creek Restoration
30 Tidal Creek Restoration Estuary Enhancement Program, Delaware Bay, NJ
31 Tidal Creek Restoration Delaware Bay Salt Marsh Restoration
32 Tidal Creek Restoration 100% Formerly Diked Salt Hay Farm Restoration Sites Spartina/Other Desirable Marsh Vegetation Cover Category Summary 90% Percent of Total Marsh 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Year Dennis Township Restoration Site Commercial Township Restoration Site Maurice River Township Restoration Site Moores Beach Reference Marsh Final Spartina Success Criteria (DTRS & CTRS) Final Spartina Success Criteria (MRTRS)
33 Tidal Creek Restoration Peterson and Teal (eds.) Delaware Bay Salt Marsh Restoration. Special Issue of Ecological Engineering 25: Delaware Bay Salt Marsh Restoration
34 Tidal Creek Restoration Kissimmee River Lake Okeechobee Big Cypress Swamp Everglades Wetland Research Park Gulf of Mexico Coastal Mangroves The Everglades River of Grass
35 Tidal Creek Restoration
36 Tidal Creek Restoration Naples Daily News Clam Pass, Naples Florida, January 2013
37 Tidal Creek Restoration Naples Bay Tidal Creek Restoration, Everglades Wetland Research Park
38 Tidal Creek Restoration Current view 5 to 10 years
39 4. Fixing the Planet
40 Fixing the Planet Mitsch, W.J.et al Landscape Ecology 28:
41 Fixing the Planet Source: Mitsch et al Landscape Ecology
42 Fixing the Planet Global carbon sequestration by wetlands Wetland Net carbon Estimated Area*, retention, x 106 km2 g-c m-2 yr-1 Carbon retention, Pg-C/yr TROPICAL/SUBTR OPICAL WETLANDS TEMPERATE WETLANDS BOREAL PEATLANDS TOTAL Source: Mitsch et al Landscape Ecology 28:
43 Fixing the Planet New Global Carbon Budget with Wetlands Featured Pools: Pg (=1015 g) Fluxes: Pg/yr
44 Conclusions Most wetlands can regulate, with some management, significant amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon on a sustainable basis. Our studies in Ohio created freshwater marshes indicate reduced phosphorus retention over 15 years but sustainable patterns of nitrate-nitrogen retention. Created wetlands in Florida have been effective in keeping significant amounts of phosphorus from entering the Everglades, some for a decade or more. They remain the most reasonable approach to solve this pollution problem.
45 Conclusions Achieving 10 ppb phosphorus concentrations from created wetlands in the Florida Everglades is problematic but recent research in mesocosms show that it may be possible. Coastal wetlands such as salt marshes and mangroves are easiest of all wetlands to restore by reintroducing flooding and allowing self-design. Restoration by planting at the wrong elevations has caused many failures. Most wetlands, if evaluated with the simple 25:1 methane : carbon dioxide ratio used by climate change policy makers, are net sources of radiative forcing and hence bad for climate.
46 Conclusions The world s wetlands, despite being only about 7% of the terrestrial landscape or <2% of the globe, could be net sinks for a significant portion (as much as 1 Pg/yr) of the carbon released by fossil fuel combustion. Wetlands can and should be created and restored to provide nutrient retention, carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services without great concern of creating net radiative sources on climate. Engineers and scientist both need to recognize Mother Nature (self-design) and Father Time (it takes time) are in charge in designing functional ecosystems.
47 Summary mid-term grades for the six large-scale wetland restoration projects. A = excellent; B = good; C = passing; D = poor; I = incomplete (Mitsch, in press, Eco. Eng.) Restoration Case Study Type of restoration Ecosystem being restored Indian Ocean Mangroves (Post-Tsunami) Louisiana (Mississippi River) Delta Coastal Coastal Mostly salt marshes Delaware Bay Salt Marshes Coastal Salt marshes MississippiOhio-Missouri (MOM) River Basin Mesopotamian Marshlands Watershed Freshwater wetlands and riparian forests Watershed Phragmites marshes Florida Everglades Watershed Freshwater streams and marshes Mangrove swamps Scale of restoration, km2 15,000 36, ,000 a 20,000 46,000 Ecosystem services sought Coastal protection Coastal protection; regional ecology enhancement Fisheries and aquatic food chain enhancement Water quality improvement Return of lost culture and landscape Water quality and hydrologic improvement Mid-Term Grade C D- A- I A D+
48 Thank you!
William J. Mitsch, Ph.D.
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