Wetlands, Function & Value:
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1 Wetlands, Function & Value: Natural, Restored, & Constructed August 12, 2015 Dr. David Locky PWS, P.Biol
2 Wetlands are the only ecosystem in the world recognized by international treaty, the Ramsar Convention
3 David Locky What are the functions & values found in the different wetland types?
4 David Locky How similar are restored (and constructed) wetlands to their natural counterparts? David Locky
5 How do we know if restoring (and constructing) wetlands is successful? David Locky
6 Overview 1) Wetlands in Alberta 2) Function & Value 3) Restore, Construct, Reclaim 4) Restoration Efficacy
7 1. Wetlands in Alberta
8 Wetland Defined Land saturated with water to promote wetland or aquatic processes poorly drained soils, hydrophytic vegetation various kinds of biological activity
9 Wetlands are not transitional ecosystems but discrete ecosystems unto themselves
10
11 Two Wetland Types? Peat-forming? No Yes Mineral Soil Wetland Peatland Bird Canada.com D.A. Locky
12 Prairie wetlands form via surface* & subsurface water D.A. Locky
13 Muskeg via paludification D.A. Locky
14 Alberta s Two Wetland Regions Stoneman R., C. Bain, D. Locky, N. Mawdsley, M. McLaughlan, S. Kumaran-Prentice, M. Reed, and V. Swales Chapter 19: Policy Drivers for Peatland Conservation. In Peatland Restoration and Ecosystem Services: Science, Policy, and Practice. A. Bonn, T. Allot, M. Evans, H. Joosten, and R. Stoneman (Eds.). Ecological Review Series, Cambridge University Press, UK.
15 Five Wetland Classes Mineral Soil Wetland Peat-forming? No Yes Peatland Shallow Water Wetland Bog Marsh Fen Swamp Shrub Conifer D.A. Locky
16 D.A. Locky Shallow Water Wetland
17 D.A. Locky Marsh
18 Marsh & Shallow WW D.A. Locky
19 Shrub Swamp (Mineral Soil) D.A. Locky
20 Marsh & Shrub Swamp D.A. Locky
21 What about riparian areas? a) Latin riparius : bank of a river b) Specific meanings by application c) High water mark on land - open water D.A. Locky
22 Riparian Importance a) Sharp gradients in environmental factors, ecological processes, and plant communities b) Ecotones, variety of habitats c) High diversity (terrestrial & aquatic spp) d) Minor by area, major by significance e) Intricate linkages between land & water f) Buffer to terrestrial impacts
23 Riparian areas are not necessarily wetlands but can include wetlands
24 Riparian Areas - South Cows and Fish Wetland area often minimal
25 Riparian Areas: North (Boreal) Channel Riparian Upland? Wetland High Water < 2m Low Water SHALLOW WATER WETLAND MARSH OPEN FEN SHRUB FEN TREED FEN CONIFER SWAMP Wetland area often maximal D.A. Locky
26 NSWA 2012 Vermilion Watershed
27 Vermilion Wetland Drainage NSWA 2012
28 NSWA 2012 Vermilion Wetlands (2004)
29 NSWA 2012 Vermilion Wetlands (2004)
30 2. Restore, Construct, Reclaim
31 Terminology I. Reclamation Recovering disturbed land to former productivity II. III. Restoration Actions taken in degraded wetlands resulting in reestablishment of ecological functions leading to a persistent, resilient, system integrated within landscape Construction Designed and managed wetland systems that simulate the functioning of natural wetlands for human use and benefits
32 3. Function & Value
33 Function encompasses the science based performance of a wetland whereas value includes a socio economic usefulness factor
34 Wetland Function I. Sources Water Sediment (Peat) Biodiversity II. Sinks Water Sediment (Peat) III. Transformers Biogeochemistry Water Physical Forces D.A. Locky D.A. Locky D.A. Locky D.A. Locky D.A. Locky D.A. Locky D.A. Locky
35 Functional Kusler 1983 Differences 1. Type 2. Size 3. Location
36 USGS Functional Differences
37 Wetland Value Flood Control Groundwater Recharge Shoreline Stabilization and Storm Protection Sediment and Nutrient Retention, and Export Climate Change Mitigation, Water Purification Reservoirs of Biodiversity Wetland Products Recreation and Tourism Cultural Value
38 Wetland Productivity
39 Flood Reduction U.S. Government
40 Wetlands as Filters Highly effective at removing sediments, excess nutrients, pollutants Mineral Soil Wetlands, Not Peatlands Natural vs. restored vs constructed?
41 Riparian Buffers McElfish, J.M., Jr., R.L. Kihslinger, and S. Nichols. 2008
42 Ephemeral Wetlands Important & critical in many parts of the world Alberta: Wet spots on prairie & fields Considered a nuisance & farmed: Poor quality Link upland ecosystem process & maintain biodiversity Conservation priority Environment Canada
43 Ephemeral Wetlands Important & critical in many parts of the world Alberta: Wet spots on prairie & fields Considered a nuisance & farmed: Poor quality Link upland ecosystem process & maintain biodiversity Conservation priority Environment Canada
44 Wetlands & Biodiversity a) Important far beyond borders b) Maintain hydrology of adjacent areas c) Temporary habitat & refuge for upland spp Natural vs. restored vs constructed? D.A. Locky D.A. Locky D.A. Locky
45 Natural Wetlands & Diversity Wagner Natural Area (215 ha) 471 vascular & non-vascular plants 6000 invertebrates Hymenopterans (22.6%) Coleoptera (5.6%) Diptera (29.3%) Lepidoptera (31.3%) Spiders, etc. (11.2%) 30% of the 20,000 estimated insects & spiders in Alberta!
46 Natural Wetlands & Diversity Wagner Natural Area (215 ha) 471 vascular & non-vascular plants 6000 invertebrates Hymenopterans (22.6%) Coleoptera (5.6%) Diptera (29.3%) Lepidoptera (31.3%) Spiders, etc. (11.2%) Natural vs. Restored vs. Constructed?
47 a) Source or sink? Depends on age, operation (location, climate, etc.) b) Complex cycle: CO 2 & CH 4 c) Constructed wetlands? Fluxes higher! More capacity! But takes longer!
48 Not all wetlands perform all functions nor do they perform all functions well
49 Peatlands most common wetland in Alberta but among the poorest at flood prevention!
50 Keystone Ecosystems Ecosystems whose influence & significance are greater than their size Endangeredecosystems.crg D.A. Locky D.A. Locky D.A. Locky
51 Wetlands are Alberta s Keystone Ecosystem Locky, D.A Wetlands, Land Use, & Policy: Alberta s Keystone Ecosystem at a Crossroads. AIA Green Paper.
52 Flood Control: Nutrient Filtration: Water Supply: $237,000 / ha / year $185,734 / ha / year $719,651 / ha / year Costanza et al. 1997
53 Wetlands are worth more per hectare than most other ecosystem types $19,580 / ha / year Costanza et al. 1997
54 AB Wetland Policy As of summer 2014 new Alberta Wetland Policy and its tools enabled in White Zone Green Zone to come online in summer 2015
55 Mitigation System A v o i d The Minimize Ideal! Compensate
56 Mitigation System Compensate The Minimize reality Woops! Avoid Clare, S, N. Krogman, L. Foote and N. Lemphers Where is the avoidance in the implementation of wetland law and policy? Ecology and Society
57 3. Restoration Efficacy
58 How comparable are restored (and constructed) wetlands to natural wetlands?
59
60 Principle Ecosystem Services
61 Wetland Restoration: How Effective is it? Effectiveness is controversial! = different standards of evaluation 1. Restoration can recover much of the biodiversity and ES lost due to degradation 2. But, positive impacts depend strongly on factors such as ecosystem type and restoration action = too slow & incomplete?
62 Wetland Restoration: How Effective is it? How to address? 1. DEGRADED vs. RESTORED vs. NATURAL 2. Assess by diverse types of organisms
63 Does Restoration Work? Restoring degraded wetlands enhances biodiversity by 19% Biodiversity in restored wetlands not significantly different from that in natural wetlands Restored vs. Degraded Restored vs. Natural
64 Restored vs. Degraded Wetlands Overall ecosystem services supply is 43% higher in restored wetlands!
65 Restored vs. Natural Wetlands but Ecosystem services are 13% lower than in natural wetlands!
66 Restored vs. Degraded Wetlands Biodiversity & ES are related!
67 Restored vs. Natural Wetlands Biodiversity & ES still related!
68 Success Context Dependent! 1. Main Cause of Degradation 2. Restoration Action 3. Experimental Design 4. Ecosystem Type 5. But not Restoration Age!
69 Restoration Success by Ecosystem Type 1. Salt marshes (+104%) 2. Rivers (+100%) 3. Freshwater marshes (+73%) 4. Lakes (+45%) 5. Mangroves (+33%) 6. Streams (+9%)
70 Much of what we do is effective! Restored vs. Degraded
71 But in some areas we re lagging Restored vs. Natural
72 Synopsis Wetlands critical part of environment, by function and value Many losses but also opportunities Conservation is priority, but restoration (& construction) are key tools Appropriate methods and monitoring regimes required to determine degree of restoration efficacy and success
73 Thank you! Questions? Dr. David Locky, PWS, P.Biol.
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