Emerging Capabilities in Personal Environmental Exposure Measurement What s Out There and What Can We Learn from Them?

Transcription

1 Emerging Capabilities in Personal Environmental Exposure Measurement What s Out There and What Can We Learn from Them? Edmund Seto, PhD NAS Workshop November 16-17,2016

2 Exposure Science Genetics (established at time 0) Gene-Environmental Exposure Interactions occur throughout stages of life And different individuals experience different exposures throughout life due to a variety of social factors.

3 Opportunities in Exposure Science NRC (National Research Council)

4 Opportunities in Exposure Science At its core, understanding exposures is key to linking environmental factors to health Adapted from NRC (National Research Council)

5 Opportunities in Exposure Science Adapted from NRC (National Research Council)

6 Conventional Personal Exposure Instruments Instruments designed for industrial hygiene Sturdy, but bulky and heavy. Complex and costly. Standards based on time-weighted-average (TWA) exposure Worker would wear this all day, and we might get an average exposure measurement for the worker s day. Sample brought back into the lab for analysis In many cases, the worker may never know anything about their own exposures

7 Conventional Instruments for Monitoring Population Exposure A regulatory air quality monitoring site in a parking lot, next to the freeway. No one lives here. Measuring concentrations for regulatory purposes, but not measuring population exposures explicitly.

8 NextGen Exposure Science How do behaviors, mobility, and time-activity patterns contribute to micro-exposures? Are there better tools/methods for exposure science? Are there exposure studies that engages citizens, and motivates their participation? Increasingly fine spatial-temporal data, and LOTS OF IT! How do we handle privacy, security, and other ethical concerns?

9 Understanding Micro-Exposures How do behaviors, mobility, and time-activity patterns contribute to exposure patterns?

10 PM 2.5 Air Pollution Exposure Noise Exposure Physical Activity

11 Monitored 54 school children (7-11 yrs) from 29 schools in Barcelona, Spain. Black Carbon Smartphone App GPS Accelerometry

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13 Geometric Mean BC Levels 1.3 ug/m 3 (home) 1.6 ug/m 3 (school) 2.8 ug/m 3 (commute) Time-location (mean duration) 20 hours (home) 17 hours (school) 0.7 hours (commute) (2 days of logging) Proportion of exposure 47% (home) 49% (school) 4% (commute)

14 The right tools? $ 100 GPS $ 200 Smartphone $ 300 Accelerometer $ 3,000 Black Carbon Monitor ~$ 4,000 System Are there cheaper, more public-friendly tools that could be repurposed for Exposure Science?

15 Disruptive Technologies -- The $10 Computer and Low-Cost Sensors

16 Low-cost PM Sensor A low-cost PM sensor ~$15. Optical particle sensor that provides continuous measurements of PM count. Heater provides convective air flow through the light chamber. Manufacturer spec: sensitive to PM 1.0

17 Lower Price Matters Lower price potentially means More instruments Studies of more sites, times, or people Innovation in how studies are designed and conducted but, not just price. But improving access to instruments, changes ownership of environmental exposure data. gov t/academics private/public/individual? 17

18 Civic Engagement in Science Are there exposure technologies that engage the public, and motivates their participation?

19 Community-Engaged Research of PM Exposures NIEHS Study in Imperial, CA Community Air Monitoring Project (P.I. Paul English at PHI, Comité Cívico del Valle, UW, UCLA, GWU) How can sensors facilitate community action around air quality concerns? 19

20 Sensors for Non-Regulatory Monitoring Design of Community Air Monitors Customized low-cost Optical particle counter. Small Computer & other env sensors (e.g., temp and RH) Wireless Networking Robust Enclosure Internet Database on the Cloud with data available on the web System designed by academics... BUT operated by community members. 40 Community Monitors + 5 Regulatory Monitors 20

21 A Community-Engaged Process Needs Assessment Partnerships Hazards/Assets Research Team Community Steering Committee Technical Advisory Group Site-Selection for Monitoring Monitoring Outreach Action Planning Evaluation Communication 21

22 Evaluating Data Quality Colocation with regulatory monitoring + Ongoing Dialog with Air Quality Stakeholders (CARB, Regional Air District, US EPA) 22

23 First Month of Colocation Data at Government Monitoring Site Community Air Monitor (4-bin Dylos) Government Air Monitor (BAM) 23

24 3-months of data 24-hour averages Correlation=0.84 Note: Particle Count vs Mass Concs And, there is also some evidence for the need for adjustments for variations in relative humidity 24

25 Government operates Two PM 2.5 monitoring sites (Niland and Calexico) Three additional sites monitor PM

26 PM 2.5 Levels by Site, 1/9/2016 2/29/2016

27 Data Communication Challenges Increasingly fine spatial-temporal data, and LOTS OF IT! How do we communicate it? How are others doing it? Example: Purple Air Purple Air uses the US EPA s AQI scheme but the EPA uses a 24-hour Nowcast approach. Purple Air s health recommendations change in realtime. But, colors can change from red (Unhealthy) to green (Good) in 5 minutes! How is the public supposed to interpret this?

28 Disruptive Technology The (nearly) Ubiquitous Mobile Phone

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30 Smartphone App Data Collection on Android Phone Service runs in background to log sensor data + UI Activities for self-reported data GPS geotracking 3-axis Accelerometry Ecological Momentary Assessment Voice-annotated videos of diet Seto, E.,. (2016) Plos One

31 Activity Monitoring, Dwells, and GIS Integration

32 Dietary Coding Videos coded by researchers Portions of food in different food groups Macro and Micro nutrients

33 Lunch Breakfast Lunch Breakfast Dinner Lunch Breakfast Dinner EMA Stress = high EMA Stress = low EMA Stress = low + food environment context for each meal.

34 Big Data Big Concerns? How do we handle privacy, security, and other ethical concerns? Can I do anything to reduce these exposures?

35 Examples of Personal Air Monitors Air Mentor Tzoa Foobot Air Quality Egg Elgato Eve Clarity Not marketed to researchers, but rather general consumers. 35

36 Body Burden and Personal omics Consumer genetic testing services already exist Examples of Body Burden studies provided in the Workshop Agenda Book. Gene-Environment Interactions at different stages of life? Precision Medicine targeting treatment options to individual patients

37 Example: Fitbit

38 Fitbit 38

39 Fitbit 39

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43 NIH PRISMS Pediatric Research Using Integrated Sensor Monitoring Systems (PRISMS) Next-Generation technologies for Pediatric Asthma Research Sensors/Data Asthmatics, Family, & Community Networked Platforms (smart devices, wearables, apps) Data Coordinating Center (warehousing, pooled data, analytics) 43

44 Summary of Opportunities Embracing the breadth of new exposure technologies Exploring different use-cases and practices, as well as quality. Understanding ways to engaging the public with exposure science Designing consumer-centric exposure tools and services. Collecting not just Big Data, but actionable information. Appreciating the need for privacy and security, yet allowing the public to engage with research.

45 Acknowledgements Imperial Community Monitoring NIH NIEHS 1R01ES Personal Monitoring NIH NIEHS R21ES PRISMS NIH NIBIB 1U01EB EPA NextGenSS UW Edmund Seto