CO 2 Capture and Storage EPRI Global Climate Change Research Seminar May Washington DC Stuart Dalton Director, Environment/Generation

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1 CO 2 Capture and Storage 2008 EPRI Global Climate Change Research Seminar May Washington DC Stuart Dalton Director, Environment/Generation

2 Preparing for Carbon Constraints Variation of Plants Variation Geology CO 2 Capture Cost and Energy Plant Efficiency Capture Technology Capture Pilots Capture Demonstrations Confirmed Long Term Sequestration Technolgy Test Multiple Geologies Well Integrity Monitoring Address Societal Concerns Liability Health Public Acceptance Multiple Challenges Requiring Concurrent Resolution. 2

3 Background On Cost EPRI has redone capital cost and O&M estimates for Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle with Capture of CO 2 (IGCC/CCS) and Pulverized Fuel with CCS (PC/CCS) Huge escalation in past few years world competition Options are needed New Federal, Private RD&D should reduce costs and improve efficiency Accelerated EPRI / industry funding for projects both supporting DOE projects and separate RD&D. 3

4 IHS/CERA Power Capital Costs Index North American Power Construction Costs Rise 27% in 12 Months Continuing Cost Pressures Likely to Bring Delays and Postponements Escalation hits chemical, energy very hard almost double cost estimates in last two years Source: IHS/CERA Press Release 2/14/08 4

5 Capital Cost Estimates in Press Announcements and Submissions to PUCs in All costs are higher, more than would be predicted from indices (e.g., CEPCI) Owner Name/Location Net MW Technology/ Coal AEP/ Swepco Southern Co. Hempstead, AK Kemper County, MS Estimate Date Reported Capital $ Million Reported Capital $/kw Notes/Status 600 SCPC/PRB Dec CPCN issued 560 Air IGCC/ Lignite Dec FEED in progress Duke Cliffside, NC 800 SCPC/ Bit May Permitted Duke AEP Tampa Electric Edwardsport, IN Mountaineer, WV Polk County, FL 630 IGCC/ Bit May In Service 3730 Permitted 630 IGCC/Bit June Permit in Review 630 IGCC/Bit July (all $?) 2013 Serv 2554/ 3185 Shelved; now NGCC Sunflower Holcomb, KS 2 x 700 SCPC/PRB Sept Permit denied Am. Muni. Power Meigs County, OH 1000 SCPC/Bit & PRB Jan / /3300 Tenaska Sweetwater County, TX 600 SCPC + CCS/PRB Feb

6 With Current Technology CO 2 Capture Costly No Clear Winners in Current Designs 30-Yr levelized COE, $/MWh (constant 2006$) Illinois #6 Bituminous No Capture Retrofit Capture New Capture Installed Later MEA- installed initially PRB ( Western Coal)) COE Includes $10/tonne for CO2 Transportation and Sequestration IGCC & CCS include 10% TPC contingency for first-of-kind Supercritical PC GE Total Quench Ultrasupercritical PC Conoco Phillips IGCC 6

7 CO 2 Capture Can Be Done Today, But. As last slides shows It would increase the cost of electric power from coal significantly and there are no clear winners for all coals EPRI s current estimates Cost of power from a pulverized coal plant with post-combustion capture would be 60-80% higher Cost of power from an IGCC with pre-combustion capture would be 40-50% higher (but IGCCs start out with a higher cost, so won t necessarily be cheapest option with CCS) Cost of oxy-combustion more difficult to estimate with certainty at this stage of development but overall cost of power probably similar to PC + post combustion capture Luckily, EPRI also estimates that with a concerted RD&D effort, the cost impact of CCS should decrease dramatically 7

8 Cost & Performance Penalties for CO 2 Capture (based on retrofit of existing PC or IGCC plant today s technolgy) 30% 28% PC-Bit PC-Subbit Reduction in Net Power Output 26% 24% 22% 20% 18% IGCC Shell-Bit IGCC Shell-Subbit IGCC E-Gas-Subbit IGCC E-Gas-Bit IGCC GE RQ-Bit 16% IGCC GE Q-Bit 14% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% Increase in Capital Cost ($/kw) 8

9 EPRI Estimates of the Benefits and Timing of RD&D in Gasification of Coal Presumes public/private partnership Total Plant Cost ($/kw, constant dollars normalized to 2005 plant cost)* Near-Term Add SCR Eliminate spare gasifier F-class to G-class CTs Improved Hg detection Mid-Term ITM oxygen G-class to H-class CTs Supercritical HRSG Dry ultra-low-no X combustors Long-Term Membrane separation Warm gas cleanup CO 2 -coal slurry Longest-Term Fuel cell hybrids Plant Net Efficiency (HHV Basis)

10 EPRI Estimates of the Benefits and Timing of RD&D in Combustion Presumes public/private partnership Total Plant Cost ($/kw, constant dollars normalized to 2005 plant cost) * 1.1 Near Mid-Term Upgrade steam Mid-Term conditions to Upgrade steam conditions to F main steam 1300 F main & reheat steam, then 1150 F reheat steam 1400 F main steam & double reheat Near-Term Upgrade solvent from MEA to 0.9 MHI KS-1 (or equivalent) 36 Upgrade steam conditions from 1050 F main & reheat steam 0.8 to 1100 F main & reheat steam 34 Long-Term Upgrade solvent to 0.7 <10% energy 32 penalty and <20% COE penalty Plant Net Efficiency (HHV Basis) 10

11 Pulverized Coal With CO 2 Capture Commercial Technology Status Fresh Water CO 2 to use or Sequestration Coal Air PC Boiler SCR ESP FGD CO 2 Removal e.g., MEA Flue Gas to Stack CO 2 to Cleanup and Compression Steam Turbine Fly Ash Gypsum/Waste Cleaned Flue Gas to Atmosphere MEA or Amine-based CO 2 capture In use at 3 coal power plants, but at no larger than 35 MWe scale Requires ultra-low SO 2, NO 2, PM Uses lots of steam in stripper Produces CO 2 at low pressure Flue Gas from Plant Absorber Tower CO 2 Stripper CO 2 Stripper Reboiler $/ton Cost of Capture Is High Need More Economical Processes 11

12 1.7 MWe CO 2 Capture R&D Pilot Plant Pleasant Prairie Power Plant, Pleasant Prairie, Wis. Dedicated February 2008 Pilot Project Team Members Partial project funding with support of >35 collaborative funders Pilot testing Performance/economic evaluation Partial project funding Pilot plant owner Responsible for: Design Construction Operation Maintenance Demolition Partial project funding Host Site Plant interface, permitting, utilities 12

13 Chilled Ammonia Pilot Plant 13

14 Post-combustion CO 2 Capture with Storage Expected Major Contributor to CO 2 Reduction Two capture processes (1) Chilled ammonia ( ) AEP Mountaineer (2) Different capture process ( ) DOE SECARB (SSEB) Southern Co. plant (early FGD) Value Reduce risk of facing CO 2 limits with: Only 60-80% COE technology Storage not accepted Have time to learn in low-risk environment Demonstrate permitting for injection, MMV Technologies ready (or nearly ready) for scale-up Early storage tests on anthropogenic CO 2 14

15 We Energies Pilot Is Only 1 st Step Pilots Demonstration We Energies Chilled Ammonia Pilot Other Pilots (Post-Combustion and Oxy-Combustion) 1.7 MW size 20MW chilled ammonia scaled-up demo Includes storage injection into wells Ion Transport Membrane O 2 Scale-up AEP Mountaineer Alternative CCS Southern/SSEB Ph. III technology, geology Other Demonstrations Integration 200MW chilled ammonia IGCC + CCS Projects CO 2 for EOR UltraGen Projects AEP Northeastern Other (e.g., Oxy-Combustion) Goals Affordable, Energy Efficient, Accepted 15

16 Near Zero Emissions (NZE) Concept Needed for Post Combustion Capture? Additives Sorbent Injection Coal Cleaning Boiler/Comb Mods SCR ESP/FF Scrubber PM/Gas Polishing Stack Mg/Nm3 NOx PM SO 2 SO 3 Hg Current NZE < 1ppm <0.1µg/Nm³ 16

17 Retrofit Required What Plant Modifications are Required? For the PC plant to accommodate CO 2 capture from an MEA process, the following modifications to the plant are required: Ability to extract significant quantities of LP steam Ability to extract IP steam intermittently for MEA reclaiming Ability to receive significant quantities of hot condensate return Ability to supply large increase in cooling water load to meet PC demands Ability to handle increase in electrical distribution capacity to meet large PCC power demands Ability to reroute flue gas ducting to handle the flue gas to, and from, the PCC 17

18 Plot Plan for USC PC Power Plant with Post- Combustion CO 2 Capture Base PC Plant PC Plant with Capture 18

19 Design Considerations for CO 2 Capture Report Version 1 published in December 2007 Outlines key aspects that could be considered in new-build coal plant design to ease future transition to CO 2 capture mode Version 1 currently covers Post-combustion capture IGCC Expand to include: Steam turbine modifications Oxy-fuel Chilled ammonia Process X? Input derived from existing (IEA), ongoing (Nexant, FWI), and future studies Incorporated into Advanced PC Design Guideline and UDBS for IGCC EPR I Design Considerations For CO2 Capture 19

20 Showcase: Accelerate CO 2 Capture Development The Problem: No commercially available postcombustion capture systems available Near commercial options costly; $$$ and BTUs The Response: Aggressively seek and propel dramatic improvements TI Showcase Project: identify the most promising emerging post combustion carbon capture technologies and assist in their development to accelerate their time to market. Read more about CO 2 Capture and Storage in the Spring 2007 issue of the EPRI Journal 20

21 EPRI Found Many Process Being Developed for Post-Combustion CO 2 Capture Report # (30 processes, 20 more since report [2/07]) Carbon Capture Technologies Absorption Adsorption Membranes Biological Other Amines (many) Ammonia Carbonates Hydroxide Carbonaceous Sorbents Metal Organics Zeolites Fibers Microporous Microalgae Cyanobacteria Cold Separation Hybrid Capture Limestone Few Approach Goal of < 10% Energy Penalty, < 20% COE Increase 21

22 Technologies in Database Absorption, Liquid MHI, KS-1 CAP, Chilled Ammonia CANSOLV "7/2" MEA & PZ* CASTOR IFP, Dual Phase* Econamine FG+ ECO2 Ionic Liquids, Notre Dame Sargas SkyMine AWL* WowClean* Ionic Liquids, U. S. Carolina MEA:MDEA RITE -- COCS Solvent GRT* Immobilized Activator* Enzyme Catalysis* AEEA HTC PurEnergy* InnoSepra* CarbonTrap* TNO CASTOR2* JustCatch* Absorption, Solid CO 2 Wheel RTI Hyperbranched Polyamine* Polyethyleneimine (PEI)* Amine on inert support* Adsorption Metal Organic Frameworks Advanced Mesoporous Materials Heavy Reflux PSA* CO2CRC Adsorbent U. Akron Biological Fixation Carbon Capture Corp.* GreenFuel CO2 Solutions GSCleanTech* Conc. Solar Photoreactor Multiple New Algae Energy Systems* * New since publication of Membrane, Active MTR RITE, Cardo polyimide Tetramer Technologies* Poly(Ionic Liquid) Membrane Membrane, Support Carbozyme Coral Kvaerner Membrane Contactor Cryogenic CO2 Frosting Enecogen* 22

23 What Could We Do With CO 2? Saline reservoirs 100 s yr capacity Little experience Economical, but lesser capacity options Depleted oil and gas reservoirs/enhanced oil recovery Unmineable coal beds/enhanced coalbed methane recovery Deep ocean injection not acceptable today Mineralization highly uncertain No use for large amounts Courtesy of Peter Cook, CO2CRC Storage in Saline Reservoirs Likely Choice 23

24 DOE Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Phase 1: Data collection Phase 2: Small pilots 22 Geologic Injection Tests 8 EOR/Saline 6 Saline reservoirs 8 ECBM/EGR EPRI involved in three saline Phase 3: Demonstrations Several possibilities for EPRI involvement 24

25 DOE Phase 3 Update WESTCARB Original focus on BP Carson project, changed to Clean Energy Systems (CES) 500k t/y for 4 years starting in 2010 SECARB Two part injection into same saline reservoir in two geologically separate locations Cranfield: Purchased CO 1Mt/y for 1.5 y Anthropogenic test: Inject kt/y from a CO 2 capture pilot located at a Southern Company site 25

26 RD&D Funding Needs for Advanced Coal Power Generation Technologies with CO 2 Capture (Reference Sept 7,2007 Testimony S Dalton House Select Comm. on Energy Independence & Global Warming ) Total Estimated RD&D Funding Needs (Public + Private Sectors) $830M/yr $800M/yr $800M/yr $620M/yr $400M/yr Advanced Combustion, CO 2 Capture Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC), CO 2 Capture 25% 25% 40% 50% 50% 40% 80% 80% CO 2 Storage 25% 25% 20% 20% 20% 26

27 Image from NASA Visible Earth 27