CAPACITY BUILDING TO IMPROVE THE SUSTAINABILITY OF SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS IN THE REMOTE ISLANDS OF TONGA Tevita Tukunga and Hugh Outhred

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1 CAPACITY BUILDING TO IMPROVE THE SUSTAINABILITY OF SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS IN THE REMOTE ISLANDS OF TONGA Tevita Tukunga and Hugh Outhred 2012 World Renewable Energy Forum Denver, Colorado, USA

2 funded by donors provide basic energy services meal Income generation education Meeting However, the sustainability of remains challenging in Tonga and other Pacific SIDSs

3 PRESENTATION OUTLINE Overall objectives Capacity building: Abilities, Relationship, Values (UNEP 2002) Sustainability: Accessibility, Availability, Acceptability (WEC 2007) Society Technology Little evidences on links between capacities (society) and sustainability (technology) (refer to definitions of sustainability in paper ) Can we look deeper into the characteristics of both society and technology

4 What technology am I referring to? dwellings DC/DC Converter plug for radio 3-4 lights and 1 DC radio plug $T13/month as fixed household monthly tariff Source: Tonga Energy Planning Unit Unmetered System designed for 5-6 hours of use per night Locally trained technicians are expected to live in the remote islands

5 Typical Components (approx. installed cost: $T5000 or USD 3000 per system) COMPONENT Photovoltaic Panels Battery Controller rating Interior lights DC Radio Plug Exterior light Led light Wire cross section SPECIFICATION 2 x 80 Wp 1 x 130 AH, 12V At least 10 amps 3 x 13 W Watts 1 x 13 W 1 x 0.5 W 2.5 mm 2 minimum Source: Tonga Energy Planning Unit

6 Society Remote, small and expensive for grid-connection Cook Islands, Fiji, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Kiribati, Niue, Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Western Samoa, Kingdom of Tonga and Vanuatu are installed in the remote island context How can we possibly improve the affordability of tariffs and sustainability of revenue return in this context?

7 Accessibility - Finance Financial Sources for in Tonga Island Name Year Installed Donor Name Number of Household Systems Mango 1988 EU Mango Upgrade 1991 EU Mango Upgrade 2009 IUCN Mo unga one 1994 EU Mo unga. Upg IUCN Fonoifua 2002 AusAID/France O ua 2002 AusAID/France Kotu 2002 AusAID/France Tungua 2002 AusAID/France Matuku 2002 AusAID/France Fotuha a 2002 AusAID/France Panel Peak Watt Source: Tonga Energy Planning Unit NB: see Table 1 in paper donor finance is not a sustainable source - How can we use donor funding to produce a more sustainable business model and source of finance

8 Retail Shop Sustainable business model in the remote islands prices and supply are regulated Can stakeholders design electricity service delivery to be compatible with island retail shops?

9 If we look at the Ha apai Group - Tonga High migration and urbanization Matuku Fonoifua Main Island Can we make use of frequent interisland boat travel to make electricity service delivery more competitive?

10 Unstable Sources of Income Sources of Income - Ha'apai Group Wages 50% 12% 5% 4% sales - agriculture, fisheries, handcrafts remittances own business no income 33% source: Tonga Census % Could we use a fee-for-service model for electricity service delivery?

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12 Availability Maintenance Records Maintenance Tasks KOTU Is MANGO Is MO UNGA ONE % of Household Battery charge OK Panels OK Panel Shaded Controller OK Lights still functioning Radio connected to system Unauthorised accessories added Source: Energy Planning Unit, 2008 Evaluation Report in Kotu, Mango & Moúngaóne Quality and Reliability of supply are substandard and technology is distributed to individual households (hard to maintain) Some technicians are migrated Shift Expertise to a more business oriented centralized solar station with Rechargeable

13 Lack of EIA and recycling method for waste Acceptability - Environment Acidic liquid waste Solid wastes Change of habitat

14 More lights wanted for social and cultural gatherings leads to unauthorized re-wiring Influx of DC Laptop/dvd should be designed to suit cultural and social needs and values

15 Location of household s high electricity consumption

16 Capacity Building Programs High Migration Influx DC Cultural Values Level of Income Donors Sustainable Source of Finance Low environmental impacts design suitable to cultural values design to suit unstable sources of income Government/ Utility Training Institution Affordable & competitive tariffs for high social mobility to cope with influx appliance Safe services and operation Culture supports Cultural training meets income Fee for service Private Sector Capacity Building Mature business model Competing solar recharging stations for Profit returns Fee for service Profit cultural practices supports diverse energy needs Retail Shop model Retail shop model

17 Capacity Building Programs High Migration Influx DC Cultural Values Level of Income Donors Sustainable Source of Finance Low environmental impacts design suitable to cultural values design to suit unstable sources of income Government/ Utility Training Institution Affordable & competitive tariffs for high social mobility to cope with influx appliance Safe services and operation Culture supports Cultural training meets income Fee for service Private Sector Capacity Building Mature business model Competing solar recharging stations for Profit returns Fee for service Profit cultural practices supports diverse energy needs Retail Shop model Retail shop model

18 Capacity Building Programs High Migration Influx DC Cultural Values Level of Income Donors Sustainable Source of Finance Low environmental impacts design suitable to cultural values design to suit unstable sources of income Government/ Utility Training Institution Affordable & competitive tariffs for high social mobility to cope with influx appliance Safe services and operation Culture supports Cultural training meets income Fee for service Private Sector Capacity Building Mature business model Competing solar recharging stations for Profit returns Fee for service Profit cultural practices supports diverse energy needs Retail Shop model Retail shop model

19 Capacity Building Programs High Migration Influx DC Cultural Values Level of Income Donors Sustainable Source of Finance Low environmental impacts design suitable to cultural values design to suit unstable sources of income Government/ Utility Training Institution Affordable & competitive tariffs for high social mobility to cope with influx appliance Safe services and operation Culture supports Cultural training meets income Fee for service Private Sector Capacity Building Mature business model Competing solar recharging stations for Profit returns Fee for service Profit cultural practices supports diverse energy needs Retail Shop model Retail shop model

20 Capacity Building Programs High Migration Influx DC Cultural Values Level of Income Donors Sustainable Source of Finance Low environmental impacts design suitable to cultural values design to suit unstable sources of income Government/ Utility Training Institution Affordable & competitive tariffs for high social mobility to cope with influx appliance Safe services and operation Culture supports Cultural training meets income Fee for service Private Sector Capacity Building Mature business model Competing solar recharging stations for Profit returns Fee for service Profit cultural practices supports diverse energy needs Retail Shop model Retail shop model