National Estuary Program (NEP)
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1 Tampa Bay Tidal Tributary Research & Restoration Initiatives Ed Sherwood Tampa Bay Estuary Program Tidal Summit December 6, 2011 National Estuary Program (NEP) 28 Jewels in America s coastal necklace Local watershed programs making a difference Focus on the watershed or ecosystem Collaborative problem solving Integrate good science with sound decision making Public participation 1
2 Tampa Bay Watershed Urban Centers in Pinellas County & City of Tampa Agriculture / Mining Activities in Eastern Portion Overview Importance of Tidal Tributaries Previous & Ongoing Research Observations Related to their Abiotic & Biotic Conditions Factors to Consider for Restoration Management Actions & Initial Implementation 2
3 Focus on Tidal Tributaries There is extensive, longterm sampling of the bay and main stem of tidal rivers by several agencies Smaller, tidal tributaries were under sampled or missed entirely >100 Tidal Tributaries in Tampa Bay Watershed Estuarine Function of Tidal Tributaries Nutrient Processing Unaltered tributaries may provide areas for tertiary nutrient treatment (intertidal sediments) Productive Nursery Areas & Refugia Physical characteristics allow for predator avoidance (low D.O. s, shallow depths, large salinity gradients) Sentinel Habitats May be the first areas in the estuary to respond to watershed degradation 3
4 Research Initiatives in Tidal Tributaries 2006: TBEP & partners comprehensively evaluated 9 creeks : Fl. Fish & Wildlife Res. Inst. sample ~40 creeks 2009 Present: USF-USGS fingerprinting fish nursery areas : Developing numeric nutrient criteria for tidal creeks FWRI FWRI-FIM Study Sites: We compared creeks ( inside or trib ) with adjacent outside areas ( outside or main ). Question Mark Ck. Dogleg Ck. Riverview Park W. Rice Ck. Grassy Ck. s flowing to mainstem rivers s flowing to embayments Frog Ck. McMullen Ck. Wildcat Ck. Curiosity Ck. 4
5 What We ve Learned So Far: Tidal Tributary Types Tributary Dredged Inlet Distance from the bay s tidal extent strongly influences observed abiotic & biotic responses Malkin et al. (USF) Water Quality & Primary Productivity in Tampa Bay Tidal Tributaries that May Drive Higher Trophic Level Observations 5
6 Salinity Affected Abiotic Measures Mean Nutrient Concentration +/- 1 S.E. (mg/l) >AR >AR Total Nitrogen Total Phosphorus >LMR >TCB >TCB >FS Mean Water Column Salinity (PSU) 0.0 Question Riverview Mark Park West Rice Alafia River Dog Leg Wildcat Curiosity Little Manatee River Grassy Feather Sound Frog McMullen Terra Ceia Bay Data Source: EPCHC Nitrogen Pathways Supporting Nekton Microalgae appeared to be a dominant food source in tidal creeks and were seasonally variable Malkin et al. (USF) 6
7 Pronounced Seasonal Changes in Sources of Primary Production Bentic Microalgal vs. Phytoplankton Community (Ratio of Corrected Chlorophyll-a) Dry Season Wet Season +950% ND Question Mark Riverview Park West ND Rice Alafia River -73% Dog Leg -58% Wildcat -86% Curiosity -98% Grassy -48% Frog -97% McMullen Little Manatee River Feather Terra Ceia Bay Sound Data Source: EPCHC Benthic Infauna Observations in Tampa Bay Tidal Tributaries 7
8 Trophic Intermediates Seasonally Abundant Greater spring abundance of amphipods and mysids in all areas Recruitment Changes in water quality associated with inflow Greater availability of benthic Alafia River Little Manatee River Feather Sound Terra Ceia Bay River QC RP RC DC River WC CC Bay GC Bay FC MC Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Ampelisca abdita Grandidierella bonnieroides Apocorophium louisianum Gammarus cf. tigrinus AMPELISCIDAE AMPHILOCHIDAE AMPITHOIDAE Spring Fall microalgae AORIDAE BATEIDAE COROPHIIDAE GAMMARIDAE HAUSTORIIDAE ISCHYROCERIDAE LILJEBORGIIDAE LYSIANASSIDAE MEGALUROPIDAE MELITIDAE OEDICEROTIDAE PHLIANTIDAE PHOXOCEPHALIDAE PLATYISCHNOPIDAE STENOTHOIDAE Data Source: EPCHC Abundance (#/m2) Mean Abundance of Major Benthic Taxa (# per m 2 ) Benthos Seasonal Composition T-Spring POLYCHAETA CRUSTACEANS (MALACOSTRACA) INSECTA GASTROPODA BIVALVIA R-Spring T-Fall R-Fall T-Spring R-Spring T-Fall R-Fall T-Spring B-Spring T-Fall B-Fall Data Source: EPCHC T-Spring B-Spring Alafia River Little Manatee River Feather Sound Terra Ceia Bay T-Fall B-Fall 8
9 Patterns of Nekton Utilization in Tampa Bay Tidal Tributaries Change in Nekton Communities along Salinity Gradients in SW FL Estuaries Highlights estuarine continuum concept Nekton Community Change (based on % FOC) SW FL tidal creeks may fall anywhere along this entire gradient Greenwood Estuaries & Coast. 30(3):
10 Fish Communities Were Variable Variation in nekton community structure: Among s > Month >> Inside vs. Outside ANOSIM R Value (Degree of Species Composition Difference) "Question Mark " Between Pairwise Comparison (*Average of n=8) Monthly Comparison Inside vs. Outside Comparison "Riverview Park West " Rice "Dog Leg " Curiosity Wildcat Grassy Frog McMullen Alafia River Little Manatee River Feather Sound Terra Ceia Bay Data Source: FWRI Common Nekton Species in Tidal s Taxa Common name Category Palaemonetes spp. Grass shrimp Resident Lucania parva Rainwater killifish Resident Anchoa mitchilli Bay anchovy Transient Menidia spp. Silversides Resident Gambusia holbrooki Eastern mosquitofish Resident Poecilia latipinna Sailfin molly Resident Mugil cephalus Striped mullet Transient Trinectes maculatus Hogchoker Transient Cyprinodon variegatus Sheepshead minnow Resident Microgobius gulosus Clown goby Resident Eucinostomus spp. Mojarras Transient Fundulus grandis Gulf killifish Resident Gobiosoma bosc Naked goby Resident Centropomus undecimalis Common snook Transient Leiostomus xanthurus Spot Transient MacDonald et al BASIS 5 Proceedings. pp
11 Common Snook Use An Indicator of Health Juvenile common snook were much more abundant inside creeks than in adjacent outside habitats, and were rarely or never collected from some creeks. Absence of snook could indicate disturbance of a creek system. Relative Snook Abundance +/- 95% C.I. (#/m 2 ) ~36x Greater Abundance Inside (9.1-m seine) Outside (9.1-m Seine) Location/Sample Gear ~2x Greater Abundance Outside (21.3-m Seine) Data Source: FWRI Attempts to Associate Tidal Watershed/Shoreline Conditions to Abiotic & Biotic Observations 11
12 Watershed Characterization Two land use intensity/alteration indices were examined to determine the best overall empirical relationship with the available water and benthic quality data sources % Impervious Surfaces, 100-m Buffers/Sub-basin Level (Yang et al. 2003) Landscape Development Intensity Index, 100-m Buffers/ Sub-basin Level (Brown & Vivas 2005 [Environ. Monit. Assess. 101, ]) Abiotic Landscape Associations Were Apparent A number of abiotic indicators of eutrophication & pollution increased with increasing landscape development intensity (LDI). Average Per Sample TEL Exceedance y = x Grassy R 2 = r=0.83 Wildcat Dog Leg Question Mark Rice FC McMullen CC Riverview Park West Stream Corridor Landscape 8 Development Intensity Index (LDI) Sediment Relationships Silt-Clay Percentage(+), Heavy Metals (+), PAHs (+), total PCBs(+), Pesticides (+) Median Water Column Chl-a (ug/l) y = 8.922x Grassy R 2 = r=0.72 Wildcat Dog Leg Frog Question Mark Curiosity McMullen Rice Riverview Park West Stream Corridor Landscape Development Intensity Index (LDI) Water Quality Relationships D.O.(+) ; Turbidity(+), Total N(+), Total P(+) Data Source: EPCHC 12
13 Biotic Landscape Associations Weak Biotic measures (benthos & nekton species richness & abundance) did not correlate with LDI or % impervious cover. Exotic fishes possibly favored disturbed habitats. FWRI biologists proposed that inclusion of more strongly altered watersheds would have revealed stronger alteration-related responses by nekton. Data Source: FWRI Exotic Nekton Species in Tidal s More favorable habitats in tidal creeks? MacDonald et al BASIS 5 Proceedings. pp More altered creeks have greater abundance? Interspecific competition with juvenile snook? Pike killifish 13
14 Progress from Additional Studies Krebs 2011 USF Ph.D. in progress Nekton community structure different between urbanized & non-urbanized tidal creeks Grass shrimp & economically important species nearly absent or in lower abundance Skewed towards higher Poeciliid fish abundances Typical tidal creek species in low abundance (Menidia spp., Fundulus grandis, Adinia xenica) Nekton fitness reduced in urbanized tidal creeks 6 of 9 common taxa had lower body mass Grass shrimp fecundity reduced Progress from Additional Studies Krebs 2011 USF Ph.D. in progress Characteristics of the urbanized creeks Explained 48% of the variation in nekton data using CCA A priori selected for higher LDI Greater impervious surface area Less natural mangrove shoreline Higher frequency of hypoxia Lower, more variable salinities 14
15 Nitrogen Pathways in Fish Nursery Habitats Explored Nitrogen Delivery Mechanisms of tidal creek watersheds and other fish nursery habitats Connectivity of watershed LUs to fish production / biomass Management of Agricultural & Urbanized Watersheds Malkin, E USF Ph.D. Dissertation. Estuarine Linkages Under Varying Inflows Phytoplankton Phytoplankton deposits Deposition Nitrogen flow Denitrification loss Benthic microalgae Nitrogen recycling Trophic intermediates Juvenile fish DIN NO & NH DIN 2 DIN Hypoxia A C DIN B 3 4 B C 3 4 Low Inflows 2 DIN A C A DIN A B 3 4 Malkin et al. (USF) 15
16 Tidal Tributary Stressors / Biological Response Physical Alterations (Stream Corridor Habitat Loss / Channelization / Weirs) Nutrient Delivery Mechanism identify strategies to completely restore tidal creek biotic function. Factors to Consider For Restoration Physical alterations to a tidal creek that influence ecosystem processes Shoreline cover/riparian buffers Channelization/artificial deepening Changes in nutrient delivery and cycling dynamics Connectivity à truncating tidal extent / watershed inputs Collectively, these factors influence the expression of abiotic and biotic indicators in tidal creek ecosystems 16
17 Keeping the End Goal in Mind Nutrient-criteria development Habitat / hydrologic restoration Nutrient Delivery Mechanism Good Start Can t ignore if we truly want to restore function Fish and Wildlife Use / Production If you build it, they will come Other intangible ecosystem services Moving Forward in Protecting and Restoring Tampa Bay Tidal Tributaries 17
18 Key Management Actions Maintaining system connectivity to promote nutrient flux, water flow, and fish movement Reducing flashiness of water flow to tidal tributaries Adapted from Lewis, Gilmore, Crewz and Odum, 1988 Frog Flow Components FWRI Man. Co. Resulting Management Actions (cont d.) Tracking uniqueness of Tampa Bay tidal tributaries (we ve studied 9 of the 100+) Improving public education & stewardship of tidal tributaries 18
19 Initial Products Technical Summary Document Individual Technical Reports QA Plan Associated Databases Additional Analyses 4-Page Full Color Newsletter for General Audience Implementing Management Actions 2010 Salinity-Barrier Removal Feasibility Project Leveraging funds from USFWS, SWFWMD, NOAA Restore estuarine connections in tidal tributaries Improve natural hydrology of dammed systems Restore and enhance oligohaline habitats Provide additional fish nursery areas in the estuary 19
20 Pilot Tidal Tributary Restoration Project Survey & determine location of salinity impediments within Tampa Bay tidal tributaries Determine feasibility and implications of removal with respect to other habitat restoration opportunities and impacts to adjacent land uses Pursue pilot removal / restoration project ( ) Inventory of Structures Underway 20
21 Conceptual Restoration Results Thanks to All Partners Along the Way 21
22 Sampling Considerations Accessibility / Logistics Considering the entire gradient FWRI Importance of benthic primary production processes & dynamics coupled with watercolumn production Malkin (2010) Diurnal, seasonal & flowdependent sampling 22
23 In Progress: Fingerprinting Key Nekton Habitats FWRI-USF-USGS Study ( ) Otolith microchemistry of 19 elements Refining analyses to be able to discriminate down to individual tidal creek systems Juvenile snook and red drum Ley et al BASIS 5 Proceedings. pp Benthic Macrofauna Summary Species Richness & Abundance > in Spring vs. Fall for all areas Seasonal Differences in Species Composition High abundance of crustaceans in spring Freshwater/Low Salinity Taxa became more prevalent in Fall Insect Larvae Molluscs Polychaetes more prevalent in creeks draining to Feather Sound & Terra Ceia Bay Two known exotics identified Alafia River Basin Asian Clams (Corbicula fluminea) Rice Red-rim melania snail (Melanoides tuberculatus) Question Mark 23
24 Project Partners Project Management Holly Greening, Tampa Bay Estuary Program Database Management, GIS and Quality Assurance Greg Blanchard, Manatee County Environmental Protection Division Kathleen O Kiefe, FFWC Fish and Wildlife Research Institute Water and Benthic Quality, Watershed Characterization and Assessment Ed Sherwood, Environmental Protection Commission of Hillsborough Co. (now with the Tampa Bay Estuary Program) Gerold Morrison, EPCHC (now with Terra Ceia Consulting, LLC) Eric Fehrmann, Pinellas Co. Department of Environmental Management Andy Squires, Pinellas County Department of Environmental Management Mark Flock, Pinellas County Department of Environmental Management Greg Blanchard, Manatee County Environmental Protection Division Bob McConnell, Tampa Bay Water Fish and Fish Habitat Characterization Marin Greenwood, FFWC Fish and Wildlife Research Institute Bob McMichael, FFWC Fish and Wildlife Research Institute Tim MacDonald, FFWC Fish and Wildlife Research Institute Ed Matheson, FFWC Fish and Wildlife Research Institute Frank Courtney, FFWC Fish and Wildlife Research Institute Justin Krebs, US Geological Survey Carole McIvor, US Geological Survey Fish Diet and Food Source (isotopic analyses) Bob McMichael, FFWC Fish and Wildlife Research Institute Ernst Peebles, Univ. of South Florida College of Marine Sciences David Hollander, Univ. of South Florida College of Marine Sciences Elon Malkin, Univ. of South Florida College of Marine Sciences Interpretation and Management Strategy Holly Greening, Tampa Bay Estuary Program Lindsay Cross, Tampa Bay Estuary Program Ed Sherwood, Tampa Bay Estuary Program Project Objectives Improve protection and management of fish populations in the Tampa Bay system by: 1) Determining the relative importance of tidal tributaries as fish habitat in Tampa Bay; 2) Determining effects of habitat parameters (watershed condition, water quality, structural habitat) on fish habitat use in impacted and unimpacted tidal tributaries. 24
25 Project Objectives (cont d.) 3) Developing measurable goals, management recommendations, and a pilot Tidal Tributaries Management Strategy based on study results; 4) Communicating results to managers and the public to support informed decisionmaking regarding preservation or restoration of tidal tributary habitats. Study Sites: We compared creeks ( inside or trib ) with adjacent outside areas ( outside or main ). Question Mark Ck. Dogleg Ck. Riverview Park W. Rice Ck. Grassy Ck. s flowing to mainstem rivers s flowing to embayments Frog Ck. McMullen Ck. Wildcat Ck. Curiosity Ck. 25
26 Variability in Biotic & Abiotic Measures Nekton & benthos abundance, nekton & benthos richness, & water quality varied widely by creek. Mean Nutrient Concentration +/- 1 S.E. (mg/l) >AR >AR Total Nitrogen Total Phosphorus >LMR >TCB >TCB >FS Mean Water Column Salinity (PSU) 0.0 Question Riverview Rice Mark Park West Alafia River Dog Leg Wildcat Curiosity Little Manatee River Grassy Feather Sound Frog McMullen Terra Ceia Bay Data Source: EPCHC Nitrogen Pathways Differed Between Resident & Transient Nekton Fish isotopes varied in a predictable manner among creeks; some species appeared to have highly localized habitat fidelity, whereas others had recently spent time outside the creeks. Peebles et al. (USF) 26
27 Synthesis of Tidal Tributary Processes Primary Production Pathways Synthesis of Tidal Tributary Processes Major Trophic Linkages
28 Estuarine Linkages Under Varying Inflows Phytoplankton Phytoplankton deposits Deposition Nitrogen flow Denitrification loss Benthic microalgae Nitrogen recycling Trophic intermediates Juvenile fish DIN NO & NH DIN DIN Hypoxia A DIN B 3 4 Low Inflows DIN A 2 1 A DIN Estuarine Linkages Under Moderate Inflows 1 2 B 3 4 C 2 C 1 2 A 28
29 Estuarine Linkages Under High Inflows C C 2 C B
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