POWERING THE PLANET WITH FUELS FROM SUNLIGHT
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1 POWERING THE PLANET WITH FUELS FROM SUNLIGHT Nathan S. Lewis California Institute of Technology Pasadena, CA DOE, NSF, BP, GCEP
2 Power Units: The Terawatt Challenge Power W 1 kw 1 MW 1 GW 1 TW
3 % TW World Energy Demand 2100: TW 2050: TW World Energy Demand total energy gap ~ 14 TW by 2050 ~ 33 TW by industrial developing US ee/fsu oil World Fuel Mix gas coal nucl renew 0 85% fossil EIA Intl Energy Outlook Hoffert et al Nature 395, 883,1998
4 T relative to present ( C) Fossil: Climate Change CO 2 CH 4 (ppmv) (ppmv) CO 2 in 2004: 380 ppmv CO CH 4 -- T Thousands of years before present (Ky BP) 0 Climate Change 2001: T he Scientific Basis, Fig 2.22 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, N. Oreskes, Science 306, 1686, 2004 D. A. Stainforth et al, Nature 433, 403, 2005 Relaxation time transport of CO 2 or heat to deep ocean: >3000 years
5 Greenland Ice Sheet Permafrost Coral Bleaching
6 Carbon dioxide level, Coral reef distribution, and chemical conditions helping drive reef formation Cao and Caldeira, 2008 Corrosive Ω Aragonite Optimal
7 Carbon dioxide level, Coral reef distribution, and chemical conditions helping drive reef formation Cao and Caldeira, 2008 Corrosive Ω Aragonite Optimal
8 Carbon dioxide level, Coral reef distribution, and chemical conditions helping drive reef formation Cao and Caldeira, 2008 Corrosive Ω Aragonite Optimal
9 Carbon dioxide level, Coral reef distribution, and chemical conditions helping drive reef formation Cao and Caldeira, 2008 Corrosive Ω Aragonite Optimal
10 The Energy Gap ~ 14 TW of additional power by 2050 ~ 33 TW of additional power by capacity: 13 TW fossil energy after oil production peaks, switch to gas and coal capture/store 22 Gtonnes of CO 2 /yr (current emissions) 12,500 km 3 at atmospheric pressure = volume of Lake Superior 600 times CO 2 injected in oil wells/yr to spur production 100 times the natural gas drawn in and out of geologic storage/yr to smooth demand 20,000 times CO 2 stored/yr in Norway s Sleipner offshore reservior no leaks: 1% leak rate nullifies storage in 100 yrs nuclear energy 14,000 1 GW e fission reactors - 1 new reactor/day for 38 years
11 Renewable Energy Solar 120,000 TW at Earth s surface energy gap ~ 14 TW by 2050 ~ 33 TW by 2100 Wind 2-4 TW extractable Tide/Ocean Currents 2 TW gross Geothermal 12 TW gross over land small fraction recoverable Biomass 5-7 TW gross all cultivatable land not used for food Hydroelectric 4.6 TW gross 1.6 TW technically feasible 0.9 TW economically feasible 0.6 TW installed capacity
12 Foresightful Energy Analysis We are like tenant farmers chopping down the fence around our house for fuel when we should be using Nature's inexhaustible sources of energy sun, wind and tide.... Sunshine is spread out thin and so is electricity. Perhaps they are the same, but we will take that up later. Now the trick was, you see, to concentrate the juice and liberate it as you needed it. The old-fashioned way inaugurated by Jove, of letting it off in a clap of thunder, is dangerous, disconcerting and wasteful. It doesn t fetch up anywhere. My task was to subdivide the current and use it in a great number of little lights, and to do this I had to store it. And we haven t really found out how to store it yet and let it off real easy-like and cheap. Why, we have just begun to commence to get ready to find out about electricity. This scheme of combustion to get power makes me sick to think of it is so wasteful. It is just the old, foolish Prometheus idea, and the father of Prometheus was a baboon.
13 Foresightful Energy Analysis I'd put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don't have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that..
14 Foresightful Energy Analysis I'd put my money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don't have to wait until oil and coal run out before we tackle that.. Thomas A. Edison, 1931
15 Energy Conversion Strategies Fuel Light Electricity CO 2 Sugar Fuels SC Electricity e H O 2 O H 2 2 sc SC O 2 Photosynthesis H 2 O Semiconductor/Liquid Junctions Photovoltaics
16 Fuel from Sunlight
17 solar fuels A FULLY ARTIFICIAL VERSION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
18 JCAP: DOE s Solar Fuels Energy Innovation Hub km-scale Flow channel building blocks m-scale cm-scale mm-scale nm-scale
19 Rapid Prototyping Capabilities JCAP has a prototyping tool for rapid chassis fabrication: Objet Connex 350 Layer by layer 3D printer Multi-material capabilities Net build size 342x342x200 mm ( ipad mm) Resolution: X-Y: 600 microns Z: 16 microns
20 Top and side view of the shared square chassis of the absorber-in-membrane and the PV-based prototype (PV-based interior shown) Ruler indicates the prototypes housed in this chassis will be 10x10cm Top (shown left) and side (shown right) view of the PV-based prototype measured with a ruler
21 Dual Wire Array Membrane 100 µm 20 µm Josh Spurgeon, Lewis group, Caltech
22 Benchmarking of Catalysts Comprehensive identification of catalyst activity and stability
23 Ultra-high throughput experimentation Printer Input UV-Vis Absorbance Non-aqueous IPCE Characterization (e.g., XPS) Characterization (e.g., XRD) Aqueous CV Development of world-class tools for high-throughput characterization and analysis
24 Beamline Capabilities on Advanced Light Sources Proximity to the JCAP-North site. Development of beamline instrumentation for solar energy research. Streamlined access to the beamlines. Samples can be analyzed with multiple X ray techniques. Mission-critical, unique experimental capabilities designed for JCAP research. Ambient pressure XPS Hard X-ray XAS/XES/RIXS Soft X-ray XAS/XES/RIXS Hard X-ray XAS/XES Soft/Hard X-ray SAXS Combination of X-ray techniques is critical for understanding the structure/function of each component as well as how each component functions after been assembled. JCAP JCAP/KCAP DOE Site Seoul, Review Korea, 2013
25 JCAP in 2012 JCAP in March, 2012
26 Need for Additional Primary Energy is Apparent Case for Significant (Daunting?) Carbon-Free Energy Seems Plausible (Imperative?): CO 2 emissions growth: : 1.1%/yr; : 3.1%/yr Scientific/Technological Challenges Energy efficiency: energy security and environmental security Coal/sequestration; nuclear/breeders; Cheap Solar Fuel Inexpensive conversion systems, effective storage systems Is Failure an Option? Summary Policy Challenges Will there be the needed commitment? In the remaining time?
ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS: DIRECT PRODUCTION
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