Causes of water supply intermittency in Lusaka City in Zambia

Transcription

1 Causes of water supply intermittency in Lusaka City in Zambia Kondwani Simukonda Raziyeh Farmani David Butler This presentation was prepared by the three authors above listed for the Water Efficient 2017 conference in Bath UK, July On behalf of the other two authors, the first author hereby confirms that they are entitled to grant this permission for copies to be made available free of charge for reading and /or downloading from the LEAKSSuite website. 5 September

2 Causes of water supply intermittency in Lusaka City in Zambia Kondwani Simukonda Raziyeh Farmani David Butler 2

3 Presentation outline Introduction The water sector in Zambia Lusaka Water and Sewerage company Causes of water supply intermittency Discussion Conclusion 3

4 Introduction Rain is the main source of water Zambia in Africa Regional yearly rainfall I: Less than 800 mm II: mm III: Above 1000 mm Zambia has a lot of water But water supply intermittency is national wide Legend Legend lusaka Lusaka district boundary province Lusaka Province 4

5 The Water Sector in Zambia Water Sector Reforms Undertaken to iron out challenges such as: Poor legal and institutional frameworks Inadequate human resource capacity Deteriorating water and sanitation services Low stakeholder and community participation Limited and ever-decreasing capital investments Adaptation to emerging international trends in water management Came up with the 1994 National water policy Policy implementation guided by the seven water sector principles 5

6 The seven water sector principles i. Separation of water resources functions from water supply and sanitation ii. iii. iv. Separation of regulatory and executive functions within the water supply and sanitation sector Devolution of authority to local authorities and private enterprises Achievement of full cost recovery for water supply and sanitation services v. Human resource development leading to more effective institutions vi. vii. Technology appropriate to local conditions Increased government spending to the sector 6

7 Legal and policy framework The legal and institutional framework The Water Act 1948 National Water Policy 1994 Water Supply and Sanitation Act 1997 National Water Policy 2010 Water Resources Management Act 2011 Environmental Management Act

8 Institutional framework (Republic of Zambia 2011) 8

9 Some challenges of the water supply sector in Zambia Challenge Frequency of in NWASCO yearly reports ( ) Power outages 9 Dilapidated and inadequate infrastructure 8 Inadequate business orientation by CUs 7 High water losses 7 Inadequate investment in infrastructure 6 Poor water quality due to pollution 5 Poor cost coverage 5 Poor payment of bills by Government 5 entities Drying of reservoirs and boreholes 4 9

10 Lusaka Water and Sewerage company Two water sources Surface water supplies 43 % Groundwater supplies 57 % Legend!. BH Trunk_Mains Secondary_pipes Tertiary_pipes Pipes lusaka district boundary BH = borehole Kafue river downstream the water intake Boreholes within and around the city boundary 10

11 Quality of water supply services About 1.5 million residents in Lusaka district; 70% were serviced (2011 data) The level of supply intermittency varies with few places receiving water 24/7 Water quality is not guaranteed Legend Pipe_Network_Topology Area Errors Line Errors Point Errors Legend Water_Standpipe WDM WTM Primary_pipes Secondary_pipes Tertiary_pipes Peri_Urban 11

12 Boreholes for individual household indicated by tanks These are unquantified groundwater supplies where no network exists 12

13 Water supply and demand projections ( ) (Republic of Zambia,2011) 13

14 Governance Causes of water supply intermittency Poor governance leads to lack of resources to invest in water infrastructure Affects land allocation and promotes unplanned settlement Demographic and economic dynamics High water demand Unplanned settlements that lack water and sanitation facilities Contribute to water resources pollution Poor system management and operation High levels of non-revenue water Poor database management Hinders system infrastructure state and performance analysis 14

15 Targeted and actual levels of non-revenue water (NWSCO, 2014 and Republic of Zambia, 2011) 15

16 Cont d Low water tariffs Two parts increasing block tariff structure used Cover less than 100% operation and maintenance costs Unplanned extension of systems Systems extended to already built areas Extension of systems beyond hydraulic capacities Limited skilled manpower Leads to poor service delivery It is not clear which skills to develop when capacity building is talked about 16

17 Cont d Poor electricity supply One of the major problems in Lusaka city Very significant factor as water supply and distribution is pumped Dominantly affects groundwater sources Hydrological regime change Affected by natural process and anthropogenic effects Reduces water quantity and quality Lack of customer awareness Prevents people from demanding improved water supply services People have lived with poor supply conditions all a long Leads to unwillingness to pay for water bills and lack of support to improvement measures Government entities are key defaulters of bills payment 17

18 Discussion 1994 National water policy Lack of commitment to implementing the seven sector principles Donors Results in the persistence of problems identified prior to reforms Pay the greater part of costs for water supply in Zambia Tariffs Improvement of water supply system depends on donors Tariffs are lower than other utilities in the region but are high for many Zambians Cost of water supply likely to be affected by high power tariffs and reliance on the costly surface water Need to employ price segregation 18

19 Cont d High non-revenue water Leakages are high even when the pressure ranges between 5 and 15 m System metering is poor and there are a lot of meter malfunctions There is concern that much of the increased supply from the treatment plant will end up being lost through leakages in the poorly known network Without real improvements in human/institution capacity and maintenance aspects; The developed infrastructure will in the long run be dilapidated resulting in the same old story of poor water supply services 19

20 Conclusion The development and sustenance of water supply intermittency in Lusaka city is a governance, natural and technical problem Interdisciplinary approaches to explore interplays between these factors when developing solutions to intermittency problems in Zambia(Lusaka) are recommended Emphasis should be on the genuine identification of specific aspects that require human capacity development 20

21 Acknowledgement Commonwealth Scholarship Commission (CSC) is greatly acknowledged for sponsoring PhD studies for the first author The authors further acknowledge the support of the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) (EP/K006924/1) 21

22 Thank you very much for your attention 22