WINDOW COVERINGS CEILINGS SUN CONTROL FAÇADES

Transcription

1 WINDOW COVERINGS CEILINGS SUN CONTROL FAÇADES 1

2 Task force Solar Shading started

3 3 Table of Contents Terminology Solar radiation Effect of windows on indoor environment Window systems Energy effects of solar shading How to choose a shading solution Automating and integrating solar shading Existing buildings Double-skin facades Maintenance of solar shading systems Cases

4 4 Reviewers Prof. Jan Hensen, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands Prof. Mat Santamouris, University of Athens, Greece Hervé Lamy, SNFPSA, Paris, France Prof. Michael G Hutchins, Sonnergy Ltd, Abingdon, UK Dr. Thanos Tzempelikos, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

5 5 Table of Contents Terminology Solar radiation Effect of windows on indoor environment Window systems Energy effects of solar shading How to choose a shading solution Automating and integrating solar shading Existing buildings Double-skin facades Maintenance of solar shading systems Cases

6 Solar radiation

7 Solar radiation 7

8 Solar paths 8

9 Solar irradiance on a façade (lat. 50 N, clear sky) 10

10 Solar irradiance on a façade (lat. 50 N, clear sky) 11

11 Solar irradiance on a façade (lat. 50 N, clear sky) 12

12 Solar irradiance on a façade (lat. 50 N, clear sky) 13

13 Effect of windows on indoor environment

14 15 Effect of windows on indoor environment Thermal comfort Visual comfort Acoustic comfort Indoor air quality Daylighting Impact of productivity

15 16 Thermal comfort Air temperature Radiant temperature Operative temperature Relation to office worker productivity

16 17 Visual comfort Contact with the outdoors Absolute brightness Luminance ratios Color rendition

17 18 Effect of good visual comfort 3.75% median productivity increase [CMU] 20 to 25% less health complaints [Hartkopf] 15% reduced absenteeism [Thayer] 10 to 25% better performance on test of mental function 20 to 26% faster progress of students [Heshong]

18 21 Predicting visual comfort Photo: Hunter Douglas

19 22 Predicting visual comfort Photo: Hunter Douglas

20 The economic impact of productivity 23

21 Window systems

22 25 Glazing properties Thermal transmittance U [W/m 2 K] Light transmittance T v [-] g-value [-]

23 Energy flows 26

24 Convection loads 28

25 Cooling loads no shading 29

26 Cooling load exterior shading 30

27 Surface temperature interior window pane under peak load conditions no shading 31

28 Surface temperature interior window pane under peak load conditions exterior shading 32

29 36 Influence of shading on lighting needs Daylight illuminance in a south oriented office automatic Venetian 200 W/m 2

30 Energy effects

31 38 Energy effects of solar shading Orientation dependent energy balance of an office for Stockholm Amsterdam Madrid Three glazing types Standard double glazing (U = 2.9 W/m 2 K) Low-e (U = 1.2 W/m 2 K) Solar control glazing (U = 1.1 W/m 2 K)

32 39 Standard office dimension ventilation infiltration daylight dependent lighting 3.6 x 5 x 3 m 1.5 dm 3 /m 2 s 0.1 ACH 500 lx max. internal load art. lighting 12 W/m 2 internal loads people 10 W/m 2 internal loads equipment 15 W/m 2 thermostat cooling 25/30 ºC (8-18/otherwise) thermostat heating 21/15 ºC (8-18/otherwise) shading set point 200 W/m 2

33 Conversion to primary energy 40

34 41 Stockholm low-e glazing, no shading Primary Heating Cooling Lighting

35 42 Stockholm low-e glazing, with shading Primary Heating Cooling Lighting

36 43 Stockholm cooling load, low-e glazing, orientation: south no shading exterior shading

37 44 Stockholm cooling load reduction through shading no shading std. double low-e solar ctrl dotted: exterior shading

38 45 Reduction in primary energy use for heating, cooling and lighting through shading std. double low-e solar ctrl

39 Cost benefit analysis of solar shading 46

40 The extra investment in solar shading as a function of glazing percentage 47

41 48 Table of Contents Terminology Solar radiation Effect of windows on indoor environment Window systems Energy effects of solar shading How to choose a shading solution Automating and integrating solar shading Existing buildings Double-skin facades Maintenance of solar shading systems Cases

42 Cases

43 50 Trafalgar House, Croydon Photo: Hunter Douglas

44 51 Trafalgar House, Croydon Rain Screen Cladding Aerofoils Concrete Walls Anti-Glare Blinds Internally Extract Duct Exposed Concrete Slab Automatic opening window Automatic opening vent behind louvres Radiators Supply Duct

45 52 Central Plaza Brussels Photo: Hunter Douglas

46 53 Allianz, Frankfurt am Main Photo: Warema

47 54 Allianz, Frankfurt am Main Photo: Warema

48 55 Mediathèque Marguerite Yourcenar Photo:Dickson Constant

49 56 Appendices EU standards concerning shutters and blinds Specification example Matrix of responsibilities

50 57 Acknowledgements Ellen Kohl (Warema), Maaike Berckmoes (Scheldebouw-Permasteelisa), Risto Kosonen (Halton), Bernard Gilmont (European Aluminium Association), Maija Virta (Halton), Prof. Dirk Saelens (Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium Prof. Zoltan Magyar (University of Pécs, Hungary)