Environmental Challenges for Aviation Quebec Mission 2010 GREEN ENGINE REQUIREMENTS

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1 Environmental Challenges for Aviation GREEN ENGINE REQUIREMENTS Sam Sampath Senior Fellow & Manager Combustion and Emissions Pratt & Whitney Canada

2 ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FOR AVIATION OUTLINE Green Engine Requirements - Noise - Carbon Footprint (CO 2 ) - Emissions (CO, VOC, NOx, Particulates) - Materials of Concern Aviation Fuel Challenges Impact of Global Warming Mitigation Strategies for Carbon Footprint Research Activities in Alternative (& Bio) Fuels - Canada/India Consortium - NRC Collaboration on Biofuels Research Conclusions 2

3 ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FOR AVIATION CO, VOC, NOx, Smoke, ICAO Regulations, Landing Fee Surcharges, Health Effects ICAO Regulations, Health Effects Cadmium, Mercury, Solvents, Health Effects Hazardous Materials Local Air Quality Price / Demand Alternative Fuels New Aircraft & Engine Technologies Fuel Availability Greenhouse Gases Ozone Depletion Cruise NOx Community Noise Costs Global Climate Water Quality Health Effects, Regulations 3

4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FROM AVIATION Global NO x emissions Transportation sector 56% Global CO 2 emissions Transportation sector 22% Aviation 2% Maritime 10% Maritime 7% Heavy-duty road vehicles 30% Rail 10% Road vehicles 78% Turbine powered GA 0.5% Aircraft 12% Light-duty road vehicles 45% Rail, inland water 6% Aviation contributes <1.5% NOx and <3% CO 2 of global emissions 4

5 ICAO ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS Limit or reduce impact of aviation noise Limit or reduce impact of aviation emissions on local air quality (CO, NOx, VOC, Particulates) Limit or reduce impact of aviation greenhouse gas emission on global climate change CO 2 regulation is being considered by ICAO as well as member states 5

6 ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES FOR AVIATION EMISSIONS REDUCTION Relative Emissions/passenger-mile (Typical aircraft mission) Improvements in Exhaust Emissions Produced over entire mission Produced mostly at low power NOx CO 2 H 2 O CO HC Aircraft Emissions of CO & HC Have Declined Significantly and Progress Is Being Made in Further Reducing CO 2 and NOx Footprints 6

7 NOx TECHNOLOGY STANDINGS vs REGULATIONS 100 Original Limit (1986) * CAEP/2 (1996) * CAEP/4 (2004) ** CAEP/6 (2008) ** 90 NOx Emissions (EPAP) - Avg AST 50%, Regional Current Technology Status Increasing technology challenges, costs & trade-off needs UEET 70%, Large ACARE Target AST 50%, Large UEET 70%, Regional Engine Pressure Ratio * For turbofan engines exceeding 6000 lb thrust only ** Correction for thrust down to 6000 lb with no additional stringency 7

8 GREENHOUSE GASES INFLUENCE GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE CHANGE temperatures relative to 2000 Source: P&WC Proprietary IPCC Information 8

9 POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING Warming effects greatest in northern hemisphere lands Contractions of snow cover areas; by late 21st century, Arctic Sea/Ice disappears completely by late summer Increase in tropical cyclone numbers and poleward shift of storm tracks Reduced precipitation in subtropical land regions and many semi-arid areas (e.g. Mediterranean Basin, Western US, Southern Africa, etc.) Fresh water availability in large river basins of Asia may decrease Increased flooding in coastal areas of many countries; sea level rise impact on crops, livestock and growth of coastal cities Replacement of tropical forests by Savanna 9

10 EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT and ENERGY POLICY Security of supply: Infrastructure for energy supply Diversification: Renewable energy sources Includes transport: Biofuels 20:20:20 targets by 2020 Minus 20% greenhouse gas emissions Improve energy efficiency by 20% Incentives through Emissions Trading Scheme Directive on energy performance of buildings applies 20% market share for renewable energy sources New Renewable Energies Directive: 10% biofuels in transport Source: Doris Schrocker European Commission, Directorate General for Energy and Transport IATA P&WC Alternate Proprietary Fuels Information Workshop,

11 MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR CARBON FOOTPRINT Carbon Neutral Timeline Source: Paul Steele Director Aviation Environment, IATA IATA P&WC Alternate Proprietary Fuels Information Workshop,

12 EXPLORING SUSTAINABLE BIOSTOCKS Image: Boeing Generation 1: Sugar cane, corn, vegetable oil compete with food chain Generation 2: Jatropa, camelina, babasu, halophytes non-food crops, desert land usage, etc. Generation 3: Algae, cellulosic biostocks high yield feedstocks, not competing with food chain or water Source: Dr. Lourdes Maurice, FAA Office of Environment & Energy Federal P&WC Aviation Proprietary Administration, InformationIATA Alternate Fuels Workshop,

13 ASTM FUEL APPROVAL PROCESS FOR NEW FUELS Source: Nader Rizk Rolls-royce, P&WC Proprietary Indianapolis, Information IN 13

14 P&WC PROGRAM ON ALTERNATIVE FUELS ISTP / GITA PROGRAM ON BIOFUELS Governments of Canada & India have supported partnership with Canadian and Indian Companies and Research Institutions for developing and qualifying alternative fuels Alternate fuels targeted: Biojets (algae & jatropha) and cellulosic ethanol. Research priority drop in biojets. Standard Practices alignment to ASTM D

15 BIOFUEL PROGRAM OVERVIEW Laval U. McGill U. Ryerson U. NRC CANADA Biofuels - Biojet (algae) - Additives - Materials - Modelling - Rig & Engine Tests Biofuel Suppliers Properties Comparison to Aviation Fuel Spec. ASTM D1655 Identify Fit-forpurpose tests: ASTM D4054 Model Biofuels 2009 P&WC Funding from : P&WC MDEIE CRIAQ ISTP NRC Biofuel Properties Engine Validation Funding from : P&WC Infotech Oil Companies GITA Properties, Economics, Application Issues Program Starts Infotech / P&WC 2011 IISc Biofuel Certification Fit-for- purpose Tests Component Tests Modelling IITK INDIA Biofuels IIP - Biojet (jatropha) - Bioethanol (niche mkts) - Additives IOCL - Rig tests - Supplier input - Modelling HPCL

16 FLIGHTPATH TO A BIOFUELLED FUTURE Source: Beginner s Guide to Aviation Biofuels ATAG, P&WC Proprietary May 2009 Information 16

17 CONCLUSION INDUSTRY CHALLENGES CALL FOR CARBON NEUTRAL SOLUTIONS FOR SUBSTAINABLE GROWTH CHALLENGES High fuel costs Depleting fuel supply & increasing demand Aviation kerusene only source Perception as polluter Emission surcharges; carbon taxes/trading MITIGATION STRATEGIES Technology improvements (fuel burn, materials, combustors) ATM improvements Improved maintenance Drop-in alternative (/bio) fuels 17