Boardworks Ltd Energy Transfers in Food Chains
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1 1 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011 Energy Transfers in Food Chains
2 2 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011
3 Feeding relationships 3 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011
4 Energy transfer in a food chain 4 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011
5 The length of food chains 5 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011 This tiger is a top predator the final level in a food chain. Most food chains only contain four or five species, or less. Why is this? Firstly, plants cannot actually absorb all of the energy from the Sun. Furthermore, energy is lost at all levels in food chains. If a food chain was very long, animals at the top of it would not get enough energy to survive.
6 6 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011
7 Food chains and pyramids 7 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011 What can pyramids show about energy transfer?
8 What are pyramids of numbers? 8 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011 Pyramids of numbers are a quantitative way of representing food chains. They record the number of organisms at each trophic level in a food chain. What are the problems of representing food chains in pyramids of numbers? Pyramids of numbers only give an accurate impression of the flow of energy in a food chain if the organisms are of similar size. Measuring the biomass at each trophic level can give a more accurate picture.
9 Understanding pyramids of numbers 9 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011 In a pyramid of numbers, the length of each bar represents the number of organisms at each trophic level in a food chain. As a single tree can support many organisms, this food chain produces an unbalanced pyramid.
10 Understanding pyramids of biomass 10 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011 In a pyramid of biomass, the length of each bar represents the amount of organic matter biomass at each trophic level in a specified area. At each trophic level, the amount of biomass and energy available is reduced, giving a pyramid shape.
11 Constructing pyramids 11 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011
12 The problem with pyramids 12 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011 Pyramids are a very simplified way of representing food chains. Some animals may belong to more than one trophic level. For example, humans are often primary, secondary and even tertiary consumers. There would be no way to show this properly with either form of pyramid. It is also very difficult to accurately measure the biomass of an ecosystem. This is done by sampling the biomass, and then drying it out. While it may be possible to dry and weigh some plants, there are ethical issues with doing the same thing to animals especially endangered species.
13 Food chains and pyramids 13 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011
14 14 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011
15 What are the benefits of eating plants? 15 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011 Your friend is at university and has phoned you to complain that all she can afford to eat is beans on toast. How could you make her feel better about her diet? What are the energy arguments for eating a plant-based diet?
16 16 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011 A luxury item? How can the costs of these food items be compared fairly? A 400g steak costs This equals 1.00 per 100g. An 800g loaf of bread costs This equals 0.10 per 100g. Why is meat more expensive than bread?
17 How energy efficient is it to eat meat? 17 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011 Food chains can be used to understand why some foods cost more than others. Which of these chains is the most efficient? The first food chain is the most efficient because it contains fewest trophic levels, so less energy will be lost.
18 18 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011 Is eating meat less energy efficient? Cattle and other livestock are fed grain and cereals. Would it be more energy efficient if humans ate the plant crops instead? If a one-acre field of corn is used to feed cows, it can support one person. If the same area is used to feed humans directly, it can support 10 people. Why is so much energy lost?
19 Energy loss in food chains 19 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011
20 Some animals need more energy 20 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011 Mammals and birds are able to regulate their body temperature. This has many advantages but it uses lots of energy. Other animals, such as snakes, lizards and fish, are unable to regulate their body temperature, so need less energy. Would it be more energy efficient to farm snakes for food than chickens?
21 What happens to the waste? 21 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011
22 How do you calculate efficiency? 22 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011 Energy efficiency can be calculated using the following equation: efficiency = energy used for growth (output) energy supplied (input) For example, if grass receives 1,000,000kJ of energy from the Sun and uses 20,000kJ of energy for growth, then: efficiency = 20,000 kj 1,000,000 kj = 0.02 = 2%
23 Energy efficiency calculations 23 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011
24 24 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011
25 Glossary 25 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011
26 Anagrams 26 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011
27 Multiple-choice quiz 27 of 27 Boardworks Ltd 2011
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