Mainstreaming co-benefits approach: how to realign climate change and sustainable development goals. Jane Romero Climate Change Group IGES

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1 Mainstreaming co-benefits approach: how to realign climate change and sustainable development goals Jane Romero Climate Change Group IGES

2 Outline CC and SD: competition or cooperation? Why the confusion? How to change? CC + SD = co-benefits approach How to mainstream in the context of NAMAs Example: transport sector Summary and way forward Jane Romero IGES ICSS-Asia 2011, 2-4 March 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam 2

3 Is climate change helping or distracting sustainable development goals? Sustainable development is the bridge between environment and development Poverty is the biggest polluter ~ Indira Gandhi CC s carbon-centric approach distracts developing countries towards achieving sustainable development goals Climate change is a stress multiplier Human security Energy security Food security, etc Jane Romero IGES ICSS-Asia 2011, 2-4 March 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam 3

4 Kyoto Protocol Article CDM is supposed to assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development Transport 0.04% Percentage of CDM Projects by Sector Demand-side EE 5% Fuel switch 3% Supply side EE 11% CH4 reduction and coal mine/bed 15% Renewables 63% HFCs, PFCs, and N20 reduction 2% Afforestation and reforestation 1% Source: IGES, 2009 Jane Romero IGES ICSS-Asia 2011, 2-4 March 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam 4

5 Chasing carbon credits Dong Thap example possible resource competition for rice husks used to fuel kilns (from traditional burning to gasification) to make bricks and pottery or to use to generate electricity? bricks and pottery industry provide jobs to local people biomass to electricity project motivated by possible carbon credits Jane Romero IGES ICSS-Asia 2011, 2-4 March 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam 5

6 Why the confusion? Differing priorities between developed and developing countries Developed countries: forward looking Developing countries: short-term development goals How to change? Climate change is perceived as a zero-sum game, by linking sustainable development goals (local developmental benefits) it becomes a positive sum game Jane Romero IGES ICSS-Asia 2011, 2-4 March 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam 6

7 Co-benefits approach Aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, prevent environmental pollution, and support sustainable development all at the same time. Urgent domestic problems Urgent international problems (Approach to global environmental issues) Measures for environmental pollution Co-benefits Measures for climate change Co-benefits should be considered at inception and not just as an after thought. Note: * Adapted from the MOE-Japan s Co-benefit Platform Jane Romero IGES ICSS-Asia 2011, 2-4 March 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam 7

8 Not a new tool, bringing in more benefits into the picture CDM GHG reduction measured numerically Balance bet. GHG and other cobenefits SD benefits mentioned qualitatively NAMAs GHG reduction measured numerically Other SD impacts measured numerically also C/B Analysis Environmental impacts often neglected SD impacts measured in monetary terms MRV Co-benefits Jane Romero IGES ICSS-Asia 2011, 2-4 March 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam 8

9 NAMAs Bali Action Plan 1.b.(ii) Nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) by developing country Parties. supported and enabled by.. Finance Technology Capacity building in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner (MRV). Jane Romero IGES ICSS-Asia 2011, 2-4 March 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam 9

10 Traffic is not just a line of cars. It is a web of connections. A real solution will look at relationships across the entire road network and all the other systems that are touched by it: our supply chains, our environment, our companies, the way people and communities live and work. - IBM 2010 Commuter Pain Survey Jane Romero IGES ICSS-Asia 2011, 2-4 March 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam 10

11 Example: Transport NAMAs NAMAs Green Fund Domestic + ICA Unilateral Fuel taxation, fuel economy, smart planning Supported Low carbon transport plans BRT systems Credited Vehicle technology and fuel switching Finance Technology Capacity building M R V International Jane Romero IGES ICSS-Asia 2011, 2-4 March 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam 11

12 Green Fund NAMA Governing Board Transportation window Technical panel Eligibility Criteria Consistency with a LCT plan Long-term GHG reduction potential Cost effectiveness Local implementation capacity Cost-sharing Alternative implementation opportunities Sustainable development co-benefits Source: CCAP, 2010 Jane Romero IGES ICSS-Asia 2011, 2-4 March 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam 12

13 Quantifying benefits: Bangkok BRT case Travel time savings Vehicle operation costs savings Air quality improvement (SOx, NOx, PM, HC and CO)* Traffic accident reduction* CO2 reduction $ 20 billion /yr. $.48 billion /yr. $.015 billion /yr. Jane Romero IGES ICSS-Asia 2011, 2-4 March 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam 13

14 Policymakers, agents of change Source: Bakker and Huizenga, 2010 Jane Romero IGES ICSS-Asia 2011, 2-4 March 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam 14

15 Summary and way forward Co-benefits approach combining CC and SD goals is needed to achieve low carbon societies Better decision-making is the key by integrating co-benefits right from the start CO2 reduction alone is not enough to influence policy makers in developing countries to adopt a paradigm shift, must consider local developmental co-benefits Climate funds could break the inertia though by recognizing co-benefits, local policy makers will also realize they have more to lose with inaction and wait-for climate-funds-and-see attitude Jane Romero IGES ICSS-Asia 2011, 2-4 March 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam 15

16 IGES in partnership with other organizations launched the ASIA CO-BENEFITS PARTNERSHIP an informal and interactive platform to facilitate information sharing and stakeholder dialogue on co-benefits in Asia. UNESCAP To facilitate communication between the Air pollution Transport Wastewater Waste management Climate change communities UNU SPREP Steering Committee ADB CAI-Asia GAPF IGES UNEP.RRC.AP ICCT UNCRD World Bank Website: Jane Romero IGES ICSS-Asia 2011, 2-4 March 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam 16

17 Thank you for your attention. Jane Romero IGES ICSS-Asia 2011, 2-4 March 2011, Hanoi, Vietnam 17