Social classes, Age and Values in Europe. João Ferreira de Almeida and Rui Brites CIES/ISCTE

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1 Social classes, Age and Values in Europe João Ferreira de Almeida and Rui Brites CIES/ISCTE 1

2 Our presentation is aout values, considered as organized and relatively durale systems of preferences, which constitute, ecause they motivate action, good predictors of ehaviour. Values have their roots in individuals, in groups, in social classes, ut they can also e connected with ig aggregates like national states. Following Schwartz, who advanced one asis for a structural theory of values, they express motivational goals and differentiate themselves through those goals (Schwartz, 1996). Values analysis assumes a central stance in social research. They are expressed in a definite culture, understood in the anthropological sense, that is as an enlarged and diverse aggregate of characteristics that at 2 the limit is synonym of the notion of society.

3 Bearing in mind the actionalist properties of values their ehavioural repercussion the research program that the authors have eing developing in this domain identifies patterns of values connected to social classes. However, other values settings may equally show relevant distinctions, either in an isolated way or comined with social classes, as it is the case, for instance, of age or gender. The data we are going to present proceed from the European Social Survey, rounds 1, 2 and 3, collected in 2002, 2004 and We use a typology of six categories (social classes) ased on the information that the ESS also provides on occupation and situation in the occupation. We also have comparative evidence from what Schwartz calls asic or transituational values, and hope to present a small part of it. The aim of our presentation is to illustrate how social class 3 and age contriute to differentiate individuals values

4 100 Class structures in ESS countries (percentages ,8 19,4 24,7 21,5 18,3 24,5 19,6 16,9 14,5 22,2 22,4 16,8 19,9 39,1 35,9 34,1 33,8 36,6 37,5 30,2 33,5 24,2 22,1 41, ,5 30, ,0 33,6 28,6 29,4 39,0 29,6 32,8 41,9 28,8 33,7 36,1 29,0 28, ,3 3,8 7,4 32,5 32,1 26,5 1,8 2,8 2,8 8,8 8,3 10,1 2,2 1,5 3,1 4,7 4,6 31,1 20,0 29,2 33,5 25,2 3,6 3,0 3,5 4,0 2,6 12,8 14,3 10,0 8,5 8,9 2,2 35,8 2,8 14,3 5,7 4,1 1,8 29,3 31,8 29,0 5,0 1,2 4,3 10,6 12,0 11,4 7,1 20,4 2,9 13,6 23,5 27,0 29,8 3,1 13,3 4,7 24,3 16,1 17,0 1,3 1,4 2,8 8,0 6,9 11,8 26,5 25,1 23,8 3,0 3,3 1,7 26,4 22,9 24,7 1,6 2,3 1,3 8,6 9,8 11,0 30,7 34,9 9,0 8,6 19,2 12,6 3,2 3,2 7,8 7,2 10,4 23,8 19,0 10,3 4,0 4,0 13,4 11,8 22,4 0,9 24,3 1,2 9,3 0 Norway Sweden Finland Denmark UK Germany France Austria Netherlands Belgium Luxemourg Switzerland Ireland Hungary Czech Rep Poland Slovenia Slovakia Estonia Spain Portugal Italy Greece Ukraine Employers and executives Private professionals Professionals and managers Self-employed workers Routine employees Industrial workers For well known historical reasons, the industrial workers have more relative weight 4 in Portugal, Spain and Southern countries

5 Human values in Europe The European Social Survey integrates in its surveys a set of indicators aout human values which asis is the typology proposed y Schwartz, that contemplates 21 indicators that constitute 10 types of motivational values, which individuals place on an hierarchy. The relationship etween the values is dynamic and can e summarized into two orthogonal dimensions: Self-enhancement vs. Selftranscendence and Openness to change vs. Conservation. The first dimension presents in one of the extremes the motivational types power, achievement and hedonism and, on the other, the values of universalism and enevolence. This axis orders values ased on persons motivation to promote their own interests, even at someone else s expense, opposite to those who tend to transcend their selfish worries. The second dimension opposes the motivational types selfdirection and stimulation to conformism, security and tradition, ordering the values ased on the person s motivation to follow own intellectual and affective interests through new experiences, opposite to selfrestriction, conformity to order and resistance to change. 5

6 Schwartz s theoretical model of relations among ten motivational types of values * OPENNESS SELF-TRANSCENDENCE TO - CHANGE Self-Direction Universalism Stimulation Benevolence Hedonism Conformity Tradition Achievement SELF - ENHANCEMENT Power Security CONSERVATION - The structure of these 10 types of motivational values among the Europeans, confirms the theoretical model proposed y Schwartz. * Cfr. Schwartz, S. H.: Universal in the content and structure of values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 countries, in Zanna, M (1992) (ed.) Advances in Experimenatl Social Psychology. Vol. 25. California, Academic Press. 6

7 Human Values priorities in Europe 3,0 2,5 Conservation Conformity Tradition Security Power Self-enhancement Achievement Dimension 2 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0-0,5-1,0-1,5-2,0-2,5 Spain Ukraine Czech Rep Poland Estonia Greece Ireland Slovakia Italy Hungary Portugal Slovenia Finland Norway Luxemourg Belgium Sweden UK Netherlands Switzerland Germany Denmark Austria France Self-transcendence Universalism Benevolence Openness to change Stimulation Self-direction Hedonism The oppositions shown y the vectors are consistent with Schwartz theory. -3,0-3,0-2,5-2,0-1,5-1,0-0,5 0,0 Dimension 1 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 SPSS/CatPCA. Total Chronach s Alpha: 0,96; Total explained variance y dimensions: 71% 7

8 Cluster analysis ased in the four Schwartz s values of higher order*: Self-transcendence Self-enhancement Openness to change Conservation * SPSS/K-means. Input variales' means in the 4 Clusters are statistically significant (p<0,001) 8

9 High identification 1,25 Value's main identifications (means centered y individuals) 1,00 0,75 0,50 0,25 0,00 Moderate -0,25-0,50-0,75-1,00-1,25-1,50 Low identification Self-transcendence Self-enhancement Openness to change Conservation Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Main identifications Self-transcendence: Cluster 1 and Cluster 4 Self-enhancement: Cluster 2 and Cluster 3 Openness to change: Cluster 2 and Cluster 4 Conservation: Cluster 1 and Cluster 3

10 High identification 1,50 1,25 1,00 0,75 0,50 0,25 Moderate 0,00-0,25-0,50-0,75-1,00-1,25-1,50 Low identification Human Values identification y cluster Benevolence Universalism Power Achievement Selfdirection (means centered y individuals) Stimulation Hedonism Security Conformism Tradition Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 Self-transcendence vs. Self-enhancement Openness to change vs. Conservation Benevolence: more identification in Cluster 1 and 3 Universalism: more identification in Cluster 1 and 3 Power: more identification in Cluster 2 and 4 Achievement: more identification in Cluster 2 and 4 Self-direction: more identification in Cluster 3 and 2 Stimulation: more identification in Cluster 2 and 3 Hedonism: more identification in Cluster 2 and 3 Security: more identification in Cluster 1 and 4 Conformism: more identification in Cluster 1 and 4 Tradition: more identification in Cluster 1 and 4 10

11 100 Weight of each cluster y country (percentages ) ,9 25,2 23,5 22,6 34,7 31,2 22,3 32,7 29,9 31,1 30,2 26,4 38,4 42,3 37,9 51,7 46,5 51,8 34,0 35,1 52,4 54,8 54,6 48, ,0 34,7 19,6 21,8 30,1 16,6 35,4 24,8 25,6 41,1 21,6 22,2 29,9 28,5 21,1 21,5 12,0 32,3 19,7 22,7 26,5 17,9 38,0 20,3 17,1 17,3 16,6 21,2 11,0 19,3 8,2 12,0 15,0 5,2 17,9 22,3 18,8 16,9 22,2 12,0 10,8 20,2 8,1 8,1 16,6 12,8 5,7 16, ,4 18,3 29,8 17,2 21,9 21,6 24,6 13,3 17,6 20,7 25,4 15,3 27,3 19,9 31,8 28,1 16,2 25,0 30,3 30,7 16,6 20,5 24,5 30,1 0 Norway Sweden Finland Denmark UK Germany France Austria Netherlands Belgium Luxemourg Switzerland Ireland Hungary Czech Rep Poland Slovenia Slovakia Estonia Spain Portugal Italy Greece Ukraine Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3 Cluster 4 11

12 Human Values in Europe Identification with Self-transcendence (means centred y individuals) 0,72 to 0,79 (5) Legend: 0,66 to 0,72 (5) 0,6 to 0,66 (5)] 0,25 to 1,5 ] = high; 0,49 to 0,6 (3) [ -0,25 to 0,25 ] = moderate 0,4 to 0,49 (6) [ -1,5 to -0,25 [ = low

13 Human Values in Europe Identification with Self-Enhancement (means centred y individuals) -0,41 to -0,349 (4) Legend: -0,58 to -0,41 (5) -0,67 to -0,58 (5)] 0,25 to 1,5 ] = high; -0,75 to -0,67 (5) [ -0,25 to 0,25 ] = moderate -1,04 to -0,75 (5) [ -1,5 to -0,25 [ = low

14 Human Values in Europe Identification with Openness to change (means centred y individuals) 0,01 to 0,07 (4) Legend: -0,11 to 0,01 (5) -0,17 to -0,11 (5) ] 0,25 to 1,5 ] = high; -0,3 to -0,17 (5) [ -0,25 to 0,25 ] = moderate -0,57 to -0,3 (5)[ -1,5 to -0,25 [ = low

15 Human Values in Europe Identification with Conservation (means centred y individuals) 0,33 to 0,38 (4) Legend: 0,18 to 0,33 (5) 0,11 to 0,18 (5) ] 0,25 to 1,5 ] = high; -0,01 to 0,11 (5) [ -0,25 to 0,25 ] = moderate -0,2 to -0,01 (5)[ -1,5 to -0,25 [ = low

16 High identification 1,00 Human values priorities y social class (means centered y individuals) 0,75 0,50 0,25 Moderate 0,00-0,25-0,50-0,75-1,00 Low identification Benevolence Universalism Power Benevolence and Universalism are priority values in all social classes. Self-direction and Security are also always aove the average. But Self-direction gains more importance in the classes with more capital and less in the others, while with Security the opposite happens. Tradition is aove the average only with the self-employed workers, the industrial workers and the routine employees classes with less capital. Power, Stimulation, Achievement, Hedonism and Conformity, with exception 16 the industrial workers are elow average in all the classes. Achievement Employers and executives Private professionals Professionals and managers Self-employed workers Routine employees Industrial workers Self-direction Stimulation Hedonism Security Conformity Tradition

17 High identification 0,75 Human values priorities y social class (means centered y individuals) 0,50 0,25 Moderate 0,00-0,25-0,50-0,75 Low identification Self-transcendence Self-enhancement Openness to change Conservation Employers and executives Private professionals Professionals and managers Self-employed workers Routine employees Industrial workers Self-transcendence is priority value in all social classes. Openness to change is lower in classes with less capital 17

18 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0-0,2-0,4-0,6-0,8-1,0 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0-0,2-0,4-0,6-0,8-1,0 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0-0,2-0,4-0,6-0,8-1,0 Human values priorities, y social class and groups of countries Employers and executives Scandinavia North and Centre East South Self-transcendence Openness to change Professionals and managers Routine employees Self-enhancement Conservation Scandinavia North and Centre East South Self-transcendence Openness to change Self-enhancement Conservation Scandinavia North and Centre East South Self-transcendence Openness to change Self-enhancement Conservation 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0-0,2-0,4-0,6-0,8-1,0 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0-0,2-0,4-0,6-0,8-1,0 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0,0-0,2-0,4-0,6-0,8-1,0 Private professionals Scandinavia North and Centre East South Self-transcendence Openness to change Self-employed workers Industrial workers Self-enhancement Conservation Scandinavia North and Centre East South Self-transcendence Openness to change Self-enhancement Conservation 18 Scandinavia North and Centre East South Self-transcendence Openness to change Self-enhancement Conservation

19 Self-transcendence is the value more chosen y all the social classes in all the countries groups. On the contrary, Self-enhancement In all groups of countries and social classes, is elow the average. Openness to change has the lowest identification levels for all the classes in Eastern Europe and in the Southern countries. In Scandinavia, as well as in Northern and Central Europe, there is a moderate identification with this value. Conservation registers moderate support in all the classes and countries, ut there is still some identification with this value in Eastern Europe and in the South in all the classes (except for the eastern private professionals ). 19

20 High identification 0,80 Human values priorities y age (means centered y individuals) 0,60 0,40 0,20 Moderate 0,00-0,20-0,40-0,60-0,80-1,00 Low identification Self-transcendence Self-enhancement Openness to change Conservation Until > 55 Younger: more Openness to change and Self-enhancement; less Conservation and Self-transcendence Older: more Self-transcendence and Conservation; less Self-enhancement and Openness to change * Anova. Means in the three groups are statistically significant (p<0,001)

21 Human values priorities, y social classes and age (centred means y individuals) Self-transcendence vs. Self-enhancement -0,25-0,30-0,35 Employers and executives up to 35 Private professionals up to 35 In all Classes Self-enhancement -0,40-0,45-0,50-0,55-0,60-0,65-0,70-0,75-0,80-0,85-0,90-0,95 Self-employed workers up to 35 Employers and executives Industrial workers up to 35 Professionals and managers up to 35 Routine employees up to 35 Private professionals Industrial workers Self-employed workers Professionals and managers Employers and executives >55 Routine employees Self-employed workers >55 Private professionals >55 Industrial workers >55 Professionals and managers >55 Routine employees >55 Younger more Self-enhancement and less Selftranscendence Older more Selftranscendence and less Selfenhancement 0,40 0,45 0,50 0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80 0,85 0,90 Self-transcendence 21

22 Human values priorities, y social classes and age (centred means y individuals) Openness to change vs. Conservation 0,525 0,450 0,375 Industrial workers >55 Self-employed workers >55 Routine employees >55 In all Classes: Conservation 0,300 0,225 0,150 0,075 0,000-0,075-0,150-0,225-0,300-0,375 Professionals and managers >55 Employers and executives >55 Industrial workers Self-employed workers Routine employees until Private professionals >55 Professionals and managers Employers and executives Industrial workers up to 35 Self-employed workers up to 35 Routine employees up to 35 Private professionals Employers and executives up to 35 Professionals and managers up to 35 Private professionals up to 35 Younger more Openness to change and less Conservation Older more Conservation and less Openness to change -0,450-0,375-0,300-0,225-0,150-0,075 0,000 0,075 0,150 0,225 Openness to change

23 That s all Thank you 23