Index. Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 P. Cavaliere (ed.), Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes, DOI /

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1 Index A Absorption denitrification technique, 68 Active coke, Alternate ironmaking processes, American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 371 Ammonia ammonia sulfate desulfurization, Anthracite, 7 Aqueous electrolysis, 434 Auxiliary fuel injection biomass injection, coke oven gas and converter gas injection, oil and natural gas injection, secondary material injection, waste plastic injection, B Bag dust collector, Basic oxygen furnace gas (BOFG), 185 Basic oxygen furnaces (BOFs), 316, 386 dust formation bath temperature and carbon content, 388 and carbon content, 388 CO bubble bursting, 390 fume particles, 387 fume weight vs. blowing time, 388, 389 hot metal/slag ejection, 387 vaporization mechanism, 388 process BOP, 279 harmful emissions, Basic oxygen process (BOP), 279 Beijing Tianjin Hebei region, 60 Bell-less blast furnace, 202 Bentonite, 113 Best available energy-saving technologies BAT deployment, 409 blast furnace, 409 energy-saving potential, 409 IEA 2DS energy efficiency, 408 JRC and EPA analyses, 409, 410 market shares, BT, 409, 410, 414 scrap-intensive BF-BOF route, 408 Best available technique-associated emission levels (BAT-AELs), 297 Best available techniques (BAT), 297, 303 BFG. See Blast furnace gas (BFG) BFGS. See Blast furnace granulated slag (BFGS) Biogas operations, Biomass, 119,. See Carbonized palm shell Biomass injection, Biomass operation, Blast furnace (BF), , , 407 addition method, 108 associated hot stoves, 126 automatic gas chromatograph, 161 auxiliary installations, 126 bell-less top charging system, 104 bustle pipe, 157 carbon gasification, 108 carbon-bearing materials, 102 carbothermic process, 152 charging system, 103 chemical reserve zone, 105 CO2 (see CO2 emissions ) coke reactivity, 108 cold and hot blast, 157 Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 P. Cavaliere (ed.), Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes, DOI /

2 458 Index Blast furnace (BF) ( cont. ) combustion conditions, 166 deadman zone, 103 dominant metallurgical furnace, 125 FeO-Fe reduction, 106 fl ue gases, 160 fl uoride emissions, 134, 135 heating and melting, 102 heavy metal emissions, hematite and graphite, 107 hot metal, 153 H2 S and SO 2 emissions, industries environmental performance, 152 iron oxides chemical reactions, 154 liquid slag, 155 modefrontier, 162 NOx emissions, operation analyses, 162, 163 optimum condition, 161 precise filling order, 156 processing parameters, 162 productivity, 153, 168, 169 raw materials, 154, 168, 171 raw ore, 153 reducibility, 165, 166 RIST diagram, 106 sinter properties, 163, 164 skimmer, 157 softening and melting behavior, 164 stockhouse/hiline, 156 thermal reserve zone, 103 thermal reserve zone temperature, 107 thermal zones, 102 trough, 157 typical hot metal chemistry, 155, 156 volatile matters, 154 water-quenching process, 126 zinc, 131 Blast furnace dust (BF dust), 111 Blast furnace gas (BFG), 126, 185, 369 Blast furnace granulated slag (BFGS), 12 Blast furnace iron-making process, Blast furnace operation CaO-SiO2-Al2O 3, 75 mathematical model, 139 metallurgical property requirements, 76, 77 size requirements, 76 stationary fixed bed, 140 Blast furnace/basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF), 175 Blending silos, Blending yard, BOFG. See Basic oxygen furnace gas (BOFG) BOFs. See Basic oxygen furnaces (BOFs) BOP. See Basic Oxygen Process (BOP) Breakthrough technologies CCF and SRV, 411 FINEX, 412 Romelt, 412 SRV HIsmelt, 411 TGR BF, 410 Bucket-chain CSU, 15 Bustle pipe, 157 C Canadian Steel Producers Association (CSPA), 372 Carbon composite agglomerates (CCAs), 112 Carbon dioxide emissions carbon cutting and sequestration/ utilisation, 417 climate change mitigation, 406 and crude steel production, data, 406 greenhouse gas emissions, 411 historic trend and modelling, 414, 415 IEA model, 406 steelmaking routes, 407 Carbon monoxide (CO) dangerous emissions, 242 full post-combustion, mechanisms, 247 partial post-combustion, post-combustion, potential sources, 245 Venturi tube, 289 WHB, 285 Carbonized palm shell, 8 Casting and rolling process, CCS/CCU technologies, 417 Chinese steel industry, 69 Climate change mitigation, 406 CO. See Carbon monoxide (CO) CO2 breakthrough programs blast furnace gas, 371 comparison, 372, 373 researches and investment, 371 CO 2 emissions blast furnace, 189 carbon electrodes, 266 clean and green economy, 160 climate change, 335 crude steel, 267 environment protection, 159 fossil, 175 GHG emissions, 267, 270 greenhouse gases, 159 IPCC and CCS, 348

3 Index 459 iron and steel industry, 335 Kyoto protocol, 174 low-carbon technologies, 159 metallics, 274 oxy-fuel burners, 269, 272, 273 reducibility, 105 scrap preheating, 269 shaft preheating, 272 steel industry, , 190 TRT, 347 COG. See Coke oven gas (COG) Coke breeze, 6 7 Coke oven gas (COG), 128, 185 Coke oven process, 339, 340 Cokemaking ammonia, 323 coke oven gas, 323, 324 and pollutant emissions, 323, 325 pollutant production amounts, 325 procedure, products/by-products, 323, 324 Cold-bonded agglomeration, 111 Cold-bonded pellets (CBPs), 113 Composite pellet activation energy, 117 BF requirements, 115 CO2 /CO ratio, 117 coal and hot metal temperature, endothermic reaction, 117 fluidity, 117 gaseous products, 116 hematite, 116 reduction kinetics, 116 self-reducing pellets, 117 Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), 179 Contaminant desorption, 72 Conventional De-SOx Technologies, 85 Conventional SOx removal processes, 85 Conventional/by-product coke plant, 152 Converter steelmaking process, 343 Conveying system aramid, canvas, 17, 18 steel cord, 17 Correlation matrix, 53 CSPA. See Canadian Steel Producers Association (CSPA) Cyclone Converter Furnace (CCF), 411 D De-dusting technology, 61, 307 Denitrification, 68 Desulfurization project, 65 Desulphurization, Dioxin, 217, 221, 228 chemical structures, 86 coke combustion zone, 91 de novo synthesis, 88 emission characteristics, Cu and temperature, 46 fl ow rate, 46 gas temperature, 41 heating and cooling, 45 heterocyclic organic compounds, 42 high temperature and moisture, 45 productivity and oxygen, 50 productivity and SOx, 50 productivity and temperature, 48 S and temperature, 48 urea and temperature, 47 windbox 19, 44 formation mechanism, 87 formation, sintering process, 88, 91 molecular structure, 87 precursors condensation, 88 process control, 69 reduction, lignite coke absorption, 93, 97 reduction, SCR catalyst, re-volatilization and rediffusion, chlorine, 92 SCR catalyst test rig, 93 source reduction, 69 terminal management, 71 toxicities, 86 Direct reduced iron (DRI), 102, 149, 316, 378 Direct reduced iron/electric arc furnace (DRI-EAF), 175 Direct reduction (DR) BF BOF, 424 EAF, 425 energy consumption and CO 2 emissions, Midrex technology, 424 Dolomite, 9 DR. See Direct reduction (DR) DRI. See Direct reduced iron (DRI) Dry De-dusting, Dry off-gas cleaning, E EAFD addition on S/S products, Electric arc furnace (EAF), , 316 baghouses and cyclones, 255 vs. BF/BOF, 267, 269 CO, 242 dielectric fluids, 218

4 460 Index Electric arc furnace (EAF) ( cont. ) dioxins and furans, 256 energy efficiency, 271, 274 evolution, 263 foaming slag, 254 melting machine, 265 N2O, 243 organic micropollutant emission, 217 PAHs, 217 PCBs, 217 PCDDs and PCDFs, 243 plant description, PM, 243 PM 10, 244 pollution prevention and control techniques, 255 SO x, 242 steel production, 218 VOCs, 243 Electric dust collectors, Electric steelmaking process, Electric bag composite dust collectors, 63 Electrolytic ironmaking, Electrostatic precipitator (ESP), 295, 361, 386 Emission measurements, gas emission, industries, 328 primary measures, secondary measures, 327, 330, 331 Emission reduction AIRFINE, 306 BAT, 297 BAT-AELs, 297 DeNOx process, 303 second-stage off-gas cleaning system, 303 Emission values, 56 Energy consumption chemical changes, 439 chemical reaction, and CO2 emissions, steel industry, enthalpy change, 445 fuel combustion, 442 material and energy balance calculations, 441, 442 natural gas/hydrogen, 442 oxide reaction, pelletization, 443 reductant energy, 446 reductants/fuels, 442 reformerless flash ironmaking process, 442 standardization, steady-state process, 437, 438 system boundary, 441 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 400 F FeO-Fe reduction reaction, 107 Ferrous burden, 105 FID. See Flame ionization detection (FID) Filtration collector, 362 Fine particles (PM2.5 ), 354, 356 FINEX technology, 412 Flame ionization detection (FID), 161 Flash ironmaking process, 416 Flash ironmaking technology definition, economic and environmental aspects, kinetics, 429, 431, 432 natural gas or hydrogen, 441 slag chemistry, 433, 434 Flue gas circulation, 66 Fluoride emissions abatement, 135 emission, source, 134 Fluxes limestone, 8 9 Fuel, 8 anthracite, 7 biomass (see Carbonized palm shell ) coke breeze, 6 7 NO mechanism, 129 G GBFS. See Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) Grab type unloader, 16, 17 Granular coal injection (GCI), 179 Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), 126 Greenhouse gases (GHG) BF, DR, electrolysis-based technologies, 421 electrolytic ironmaking, emissions, 105, 151, 164, 168, 190, 411 SR, 425, 427 H H 2 S and SO 2 emissions abatement, emission, methods, reductions, 130 source, Harmful emissions BOF, 280, 281 grain-size composition, 282 metallurgical plants have, 280

5 Index 461 pollutants emission, 280 solid waste, 280 Hatch and the International Manganese Institute (IMnI), 399 Hazardous air pollutant (HAP), 386 Hazardous wastes, Heavy metal emissions abatement, BFG treatment, 132 hydro- and pyrometallurgical processes, 133 sludge and dust, compositions, 132 source, Zn and Pb concentrations, 132 Hematite, 5 High-frequency pulse-current transformer (HFPT), 63 Homogenization plant, 23, 25, 26 Hot metal, 153 Hydrogen Flash Smelting and Molten Oxide Electrolysis, 413 Hydrometallurgical processes, 435 I Ilmenite, 6 Induced draft (ID) fan, 297 Inhalable particles (PM10 ), 354, 356 Inner and outer circulating fluidized bed (IOCFB), 73 In-plant fines, In-process de-sox technology, 85 Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC), 335, 367, 416 International Energy Agency (IEA), 368, 413 International toxicity equivalent factors (I-TEF), 241, 244 IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) Iron and steel industry blast furnace iron-making process, casting and rolling process, CO2 emission limits, 338, 339 coke oven process, 339, 340 converter steelmaking process, 343 electric steelmaking process, energy efficiency, 337 energy structure, 337 low carbon production technology, 338 pelletizing process, 341, 342 production equipment, 337 production process, 336 quality, raw material, refine process, 345, 346 sintering process, 341 Iron and steel making technologies, 175 CCS, CO 2 emission sources, energy- and carbon-intensive industries, 367 global metal production, 368 ULCOS, 368 Iron industrial processes blast furnaces, cokemaking, 323 iron ore pelletising, sintering process, 318, 319 Iron ore concentrate, 4 fi nes, 3 lump, 4 pellet, 4, 115 Iron ore pelletising inputs and outputs, 321 NO x emissions, 320, 321 pellet plants, 320 phases, 320 process steps, 320 sintering and pelletising comparison, 322 Iron ore sintering process agglomeration machine, 41 agglomeration process, 77 blast furnace performance, 77 bonding matrix, 80 CaO and MgO slag components, 77 chemical properties, 40 coke breeze combustion, 77 combustion zone, 78 Cu and Cl, 54 de-nox, 82, 83 design 1, 54 fl ow diagram, 78 gas temperatures, 54 hazardous pollutant emissions, heating stages, 79 industrial desires, 56 input parameters, 54 inter-belt, 78 ISF (intensified sifting feeder), 78 lime, 51 metal oxides, 40 mineral transformation, NOx and SOx emissions, 49, 82 off-gas dust concentration, 81 off-gases and solid wastes/by-products, 40 output variables, 53 partial liquefaction, 77 particle segregation device, 78

6 462 Index Iron ore sintering process ( cont. ) PCDD/F, 48, 57 PCDD/PCDFs emission, 89 preliminary analysis, 54 productivity measurements, 48 scientific journals, SOx and NOx, 49, 83, 84 SOx emission model, 84 SSW (segregation slit wire), 78 sulfur, 84 temperature and gas flow profiles, 79 temperature and oxygen flow influences, 49 temperature profile and reaction zones, 88 windlegs, 56 Iron ore-carbon composite BF operation, 112 carbon-containing agglomerates, 114 CCAs/CCBs, 112 decomposition, 114 EAF dust, 114 fluidity, 114 inorganic binders, 114 ironmaking processes, 112 lignite/weathered coal, 114 mechanical properties, 113 pellets, 113 reduction of CCA, 114 strength development, 113 systematic and comprehensive studies, 115 Iron-making procedure, 353 I-TEF. See International toxicity equivalent factors (I-TEF) J Japan Iron and Steel Federation (JISF), 371 K Kinetic model of reduction, simulation, fixed bed blast furnace burden reducibility, 140 kinetic constants, 141 model simulation, 141 model yields, 140 ore reducibility, 142 specific carbon consumption, calculation, heat balance equation, 143 procedures, 143 thermal balance equation, 143 Klockner Oxygen Blown Maxhutte (KOBM), 411 Kyoto Protocol, 174 L Ladle metallurgy furnaces (LMF), 316 Ladle refining furnace (LRF), 400, 401 Leaching potential, 233 Levenberg-Marquardt method, 144 Life cycle assessment (LCA), 399 Lignite pack bed testing, 96 Limestone, 8 9 dolomite, 9 serpentine/olivine, 9 10 silica sand, 10 Limestone gypsum wet method, 65 Limonite, 5 Liuzhou Iron and Steel (Group), 66 Low emission and energy optimized (LEEP) sinter production, 66 Lower adjustment, CO utilization ratio gas humility, 209 gas temperature, gas volume, 205, 206 tuyere area, 206 Low-grade magnesium oxide (LGMgO), 233 L-shaped chain bucket CSU, 15 M Magnetite, 4 Manganese consumption, 401 Manganese emissions BOF dust, 391 characteristic, 384 concentration, hot metal, 397, 398 distribution, liquid steel, slag, and dust, 397, 398 dust generation rate vs blowing time, 389 dust/fumes, 391 ESPs, 398 factors affecting end blow, 396 ferromanganese production, 400 ferrous and ferroalloy processes, 385, 400 HAP, 386 high Mn steels, hot metal, 397 LRF, 400, 401 manganese oxidation reaction, 394 NASN, 384 oxidation and evaporation, 397, 399 oxygen steelmaking furnaces, 386 Parkinson s disease, 384 review of permit limits, 384, 385 size distribution, 392, 393 Manganese oxidation, 394 Martite, 5 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 371

7 Index 463 Mathematical model, 29, 30, 37 concentration profiles, calculation, 150 direct iron production, 148 indirect reduction, 149 Rist s diagram, 139 Mechanical dust collectors, 61 Melting machine, 265 Meros technology, Metal mesh dust filter, 309 Metallurgical plants, cleaning, CO (see Carbon monoxide (CO) ) cooling, pipelines, 283, 284 Midrex technology, 424 MiMeR laboratory, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden, 104 Mini-pellet sintering process, 4 ModeFRONTIER, 162 Molten oxide electrolysis (MOE), 371, 416, 434 Multipollutant control project parameters, 74 Municipal solid waste (MSW), 316 N N 2 O. See Nitrogen oxides (N 2 O) NASN. See National Air Surveillance Networks (NASN) National Air Surveillance Networks (NASN), 384 Natural gases (NG), 176 Nitrogen oxides include nitrous oxide (N 2 O), potential sources, 245 Nitrous oxide (N2O) dangerous emissions, 243 mechanisms, Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), 299, 322 NOx emissions, 46, 305, 306, 308 abatement, 131 emission, source, Numerical analysis Italian steel company, 42 modefrontier, 43 output variables, 43 thermocouples, 43 O OCOG. See Original coke oven gas (OCOG) Off-gas emissions Eposint system, 301 fuel saving, 301 LEEP process, 301 reaction equilibrium, 301 recirculation systems, 301, 302 sinter plant, 296 Olivine, 9 10 Original coke oven gas (OCOG), 185 Oxidation absorption method, 68 Oxygen-fuel burners, 273 P PAHs. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Parameters, 56 Particulate matter (PM) emission coking procedure, dangerous emissions, 243, 254, 255 efficient dust removal techniques, electrostatic precipitator, 361 fi ltration collector, 362 fine particle coagulation techniques, gas solid or liquid solid separation mechanisms, 359 iron-making procedure, 353 mechanical precipitator, 360 mechanisms, potential sources, 246 sintering procedure, smoke and dust emission, smoke dust pollution control, steel production process and particle emission, steelmaking procedure, wet dust precipitator, 361 PCBs. See Polycyclic carbonyl biphenyls (PCBs) PCDD/F emissions, PCDD/F formation, PCDDs. See Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) PCDFs. See Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) PCI. See Pulverized coal injection (PCI) PFA. See Pulverised fuel ash (PFA) Plastic materials, Pohang Iron and Steel Company (POSCO), 371 Pollutant control technologies, Pollutant emissions ambient air quality, 317 PAHs, 317 PCDD/Fs, 317 sintering process, 316 types, 317 types and measures, 328, 329 VOCs, 317

8 464 Index Pollutant minimisation and recycling, 316 Pollution control handling and conveying, 297 sinter plants, 297 sintering process, 295 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 299 Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), 41 dangerous emissions, 243, 251, 252 potential sources, 246 Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), 41 42, 69, 86 dangerous emissions, 243, 251, 252 mechanisms, potential sources, 246 Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins mechanisms, 86, Polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDD/F) biogas operation, biomass operation, coke breeze, 32, 33 fossil fuels, 33 gas recycling, 29 gaseous fuels utilization, 29 mathematical model, 30 mechanism, 31 multiphase multicomponent mathematical model, 31 sinter machine and facilities, 28 thermo-physical properties, 31 Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), 299 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 217, 299 EAF process, 218 emissions, 224 interferent removal, 221 measurements, 224 molecular weight compounds, 227 physical-chemical properties, 225 solid samples, dedusting unit, 226 Polycyclic carbonyl biphenyls (PCBs), 217 EAF process, 218 fi ngerprint profile, 226, 227 higher molecular weight, 227 isomers, 221 physical-chemical properties, 227 toxic compounds, 217 POSCO. See Pohang Iron and Steel Company (POSCO) Pot tests and plant trials, 85 Primary measurements, Processing parameters, 162 Products of incomplete combustion (PICs), 41 Pulverised fuel ash (PFA), 233 Pulverized coal (PC), 176 Pulverized coal injection (PCI) blast furnace profitability, 177 combustion, economic and operational benefits, 177 high rate, technology, 178, 179 thermal coal, 177 R Raceway adiabatic flame temperature (RAFT), 180 RAFT. See Raceway adiabatic flame temperature (RAFT) Raw materials, blending silos, blending yard, conveyor (see Conveying system ) dust, 11 fluxes, 8 10 Fuel, 6 8 iron ores, 3 6 reverts, 11 scales, 11 slag and tailing, sludge and slurry, 12 stock yard, unloaders (see Unloading system ) Reaction zone, 103 Recycling material, Reducibility test, practical modeling CDR diagram modification, direct/indirect reduction, 144 kinetic model application, 144 Levenberg-Marquardt method, 144 parameters, 144 reduction run, 144 results of, 144 Reducing agents, Refine process, 345, 346 Reformed natural gas (RNG), 185 Regenerated activated carbon (RAC) process, 306 Rist s diagram, iron ore reduction, 141, 142 RNG. See Reformed natural gas (RNG) Rotary hearth furnace, 133 S S addition, 51 Sadoway process, 434 Scrap preheating, 269, 272 Screw type CSU, 16 S-curve model, 408

9 Index 465 Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), 66 Serpentine. See Olivine Siderite, 6 Silica sand, 10 Single-stage gas cleaning, Sinter plant combustion, 297 emissions, feed material, 297 Sintering flue gas desulfurization technology, 60 emission reduction, 60 end-treatment technology, 60 grain size, 59 iron and steel industry, 60 iron and steel production, 59 SO 2, systematic description, 60 technology development, 60 temperature, 59 Sintering process, 8 exhaust gas, 318, 319 inputs and emissions, 318 PCDD/F emissions, 319 SO 2, 319 VOCs, 319 wind boxes, 319 Slag chemistry, 433, 434 Smelt Reduction Vessel (SRV), 411 Smelting, 400 Smelting reduction (SR) energy consumption and CO 2 emissions, 427, 428 low carbon fuels, 427 pig iron production, 425 SMR. See Steam reforming (SMR) Solidification/Stabilisation (S/S) treatment, hazardous wastes EAFD, laboratory-based experiments, 234 LGMgO-blended waste matrix, 233 PFA, 233 Portland cement type I, 233 steel slag, 234 SOx. See Sulphur oxides (SOx) SR. See Smelting reduction (SR) Steam reforming (SMR), 378 Steel slag, 237 Steelmaking procedure, Stock yard indoor yards, 19, open yard, 19, 20 sintering process, 19 Sulphur oxides (SOx) dangerous emissions, 242 emission levels, 304 moisture and temperature, 45 winboxes and temperature, 46 mechanisms, potential sources, 245 Sustainable development scenarios, 413, 414 System boundary, 441 T Taiyuan Iron and Steel Co, 73 TATA Iron and Steel Group of European Companies, 376 TGR BF. See Top gas recycling blast furnace (TGR BF) Thermal NOx mechanism, 129 Thermal reserve zone temperature, 108 Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, 179 Top charging materials, Top gas pressure recovery turbine (TRT), 347 Top gas recycling blast furnace (TGR BF), 410 Total suspended particulates (TSP), 354, 356 Toxic equivalency factor (TEF), 42 Triethanolamine (TEA), 300 TRT. See Top gas pressure recovery turbine (TRT) Tuyeres injection blast furnace, 179, 186, 188 energy consumption and CO 2 emissions, 175 U ULCOLYSIS, 416, 434 Ultra-low carbon dioxide steelmaking (ULCOS) program, 368 biomass-based steel production, blast furnace (BF), 374, 375 CCS project, CO 2 breakthrough technologies, direct electrolysis, iron ore, 377 direct-reduced iron with natural gas (ULCORED), EU CO2 breakthrough program, 372 fossil fuels, 372 HIsarna smelter, hydrogen-based steelmaking,

10 466 Index Unloading system Bucket-Chain CSU, 15 grab type unloader, 16, 17 screw type CSU, 16 Unorganized emission aspiration system, 291 gas and dust emissions, 290, 291 gas cleaning system, 290 ventilation systems, 290 Upper adjustment, CO utilization ratio, batch weight, charging mode bell-less blast furnace, 202 blast furnace of TISCO, 204 distributing modes, types, 203 peripheral gas flow, 204 stable operation condition, 204 stock line, 205 V Variety of organic compounds (VOCs), 317 Volatile matter (VM), 183 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 241 dangerous emissions, 243 mechanisms, 250 potential sources, 246 W Waste heat boilers (WHB), 284, 285, 289, 290 Waste plastic injection, Wet-type electric dust collectors, 63 WHB. See Waste heat boilers (WHB) Windbox, 44, 56 Z Zinc removal, 111