Price and Availability
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- Iris Quinn
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1 Price and Availability Outline Introduction Relative cost of materials Example MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/1 Current Prices on the web (a) : - Short term trends: fluctuations due to../.. - Long term trend: prices will increase as rich deposits are depleted. Materials require energy to process them: Energy to produce materials (GJ/ton) Al PET Cu steel glass paper 237 (17) (b) 103 (13) (c) 97 (20) (b) 20 (d) 13 (e) 9 (f) Cost of energy used in processing materials ($/GJ) (g) elect resistance propane natural gas Oil (~100$/barrel) a a b c d Energy using recycled e material indicated in green. f g MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/ Relative Cost ($) Metals/ Alloys Pt Au Cu alloys Al alloys Mg alloys high alloy Steel pl. carbon Graphite/ Ceramics/ Semicond Diamond Si wafer Si nitride Ag alloys Tungsten Ti alloys Si carbide Relative Cost of Materials Polymers Composites/ fibers CFRE prepreg AFRE prepreg Carbon fibers Aramid fibers GFRE prepreg Al oxide Nylon 6,6 PC Epoxy Glass-soda PVC PET E-glass fibers LDPE,HDPE PP PS Wood ref material Reference material: - Rolled A36 plain carbon steel. Relative cost, $, fluctuates less over time than actual cost. Based on data in Appendix C, Callister, 6e. AFRE, GFRE, & CFRE = Aramid, Glass, & Carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites Concrete MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/3 C m $ / kg = ($ / kg) Detailed Study I: Strong, Light Torsion Members Maximize the Performance Index: P = τ 2/3 f ρ Other factors: - require σ f > 300MPa. - Rule out ceramics and glasses because KIc too small. MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/4
2 Strong, Light Torsion Members Strong, Low Cost Torsion Members Considering (Cost/Mass)*Mass C m ρ/τ 2/3 = C m /P Numerical Data: material CFRE (v f = 0.65) GFRE (v f = 0.65) Al alloy (2024-T6) Ti alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) 4340 steel (oil quench & temper) ρ (Mg/m 3 ) τ f (MPa) Data from Table 6.6, Callister 6e. P (MPa) 2/3 m 3 /Mg) Minimize Cost: Cost Index ~ M$ ~ C m /P (since M ~ 1/P) Numerical Data: material CFRE (v f =0.65) GFRE (v f =0.65) Al alloy (2024-T6) Ti alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) 4340 steel (oil quench & temper) P (MPa) 2/3 m 3 /Mg) Data from Table 6.7, Callister 6e. C m (C m /P)x Lightest: Carbon Fiber Reinf. Epoxy (CFRE) member. Heaviest: 4340 steel Lowest cost: 4340 steel (oil quench & temper) Need to consider machining, joining costs also. MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/5 MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/6 bone is a natural.. material anisotropic material hip ball and socket type joint friction large range of rotary motion Susceptible to fracture within the narrow region below the head Another problem is a disease when small lumps of bone form on the rubbing surfaces (Osteoarthritis) very painful need.. FIGURE X-Rays of (a) a normal hip joint and (b) a fractured hip joint. The arrows in (b) show the two ends of the fracture line through the femoral neck. MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/7 MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/8
3 Factors for Implant Material Selection Biocompatibility: minimum degree of rejection by body Corrosion: warm aqueous solution + 1% NaCl,, require low corrosion rate and minimum corrosion products. Schematic diagram for artificial hip joint What are the materials used for artificial hip joint? What are the materials constraints for hip joint? X-ray of an artificial total hip replacement MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/9 Mechanical: Strength, stiffness, fatigue, fracture toughness. E.g for stem 500MPa < Yield and 650 MPa < Tensile strength, 8% < Elongation, Fatigue strength > 400 MPa for 10 7 cycles (approx 10 6 per year) Mechanical properties should not be very different from those of bones, otherwise deterioration will take place. Wear: minimise Friction: minimise Density: low for lightweight Reliability: consistent properties over time Cost: reasonable MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/10 Earlier design: same material for stem and ball Stainless Steel Recently: different materials other than SS. FIGURE (Callister 5 th ed.) Photograph showing two artificial total hip replacement designs. MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/ Old inactive person The most biocompatible (MP35N = 35% Co - 35% Ni - 20% Cr - 10% Mo) Recent development: ceramic for the ball (Al 2 O 3 harder and more wear resistant) Acetabular cup -usually UHMWPE (inert, excellent wear resistance and low friction with the ball materials) Fixation is with PMMA cement (not great because it is brittle. Using porous material where bone tissues grow is better) MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/12
![- Concordia University lecture 21/13 1. Maintain the temperature on the inner airframe below certain temp. [eg., 175 C] for a maximum outer surface temperature of 1465 C. 2. Remain usable for 100 missions, with a maximum turnaround time of 160 h.](/docs-images/74/71110227/images/4-3.jpg "3. Provide and maintain an aerodynamically smooth outer surface. 4. Be constructed of. materials. 5. Withstand temperature extremes between -0 C and 1465 C. 6.")
4 Space shuttle Thermal Protection System Cost is not as important as for normal commercial applications FIGURE 23. (Callister 5 th ed.) Approximate maximum outer surface temperature profiles for the Space Shuttle Orbiter during reentry: (a) upper and lower views; (b) side view. MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/13 1. Maintain the temperature on the inner airframe below certain temp. [eg., 175 C] for a maximum outer surface temperature of 1465 C. 2. Remain usable for 100 missions, with a maximum turnaround time of 160 h. 3. Provide and maintain an aerodynamically smooth outer surface. 4. Be constructed of. materials. 5. Withstand temperature extremes between -0 C and 1465 C. 6. Be resistant to severe thermal gradients and rapid temperature changes. 7. Be able to withstand stresses and vibrations that are experienced during launch, as well as thermally induced stresses imposed during temperature changes. 8. Experience a minimum absorption of moisture and other contaminants during storage between missions. 9. Be made to adhere to the airframe that is constructed of an aluminum alloy. MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/14 Materials developed previously by the aerospace industry are unsuitable for the space shuttle They are too dense or nonreusable Is there a single material which satisfies all these requirements? FIGURE Locations of the various components of the thermal protection system on the Space Shuttle Orbiter. -FRSI, felt reusable surface insulation; - AFRSI, advanced flexible reusable surface insulation; - LRSI, low-temperature reusable surface insulation; - HRSI, hightemperature reusable surface insulation; - RCC, reinforced carbon carbon composite MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/ MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/16
5 For regions that are exposed to higher temperature (400 to 1260 C); ceramic tiles (more complex) are used because ceramics are thermal insulators and can withstand high temperature. 24,300 tiles (70% or the exterior area) each tile is different FIGURE Photograph showing the installation of thermal protection ceramic tiles on the Space Shuttle Orbiter. 750X SEM micrograph of a Space Shuttle Orbiter ceramic tile showing silica fibers after sintering MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/17 FIGURE (Callister 5 th ed.) Schematic cross section of the tile component of the Space Shuttle Orbiter s thermal protection system. MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/18 Next time: Materials Codes MECH 321 Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University lecture 21/19
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