System/ Cleavage. Native Elements. Sulfides and Sulfosalts

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1 Element Formula System/ Cleavage Streak Miscellaneous Native Elements Copper Cu Isometric/ irregular masses Brownish High SG, metal sound Sulfur S Orthorhombic/ Rotten egg smell, bright Light yellow massive yellow color Graphite C Tabular Crystals/ Greasy look and feel, Gray 0001 metallic luster Sulfides and Sulfosalts Chalcocite Cu 2 S Massive Leaves black film on hands Bornite Cu 5 FeS 4 Massive/ rarely Tetragonal Brownish Gray Buish and purpleish. Greasy color Galena PbS Isometric 001 Gray High SG Sphalerite ZnS Isometric/ small Perfect cleavage and dodecahedrons Brown hardness, low SG Chalcopyrite CuFeS 2 Massive Greenish Gray Metallic luster Golden Pyrrhotite Fe 1x S Massive Magnetic Covellite CuS Basal 0001 Cinnabar HgS Massive/ rhombohedral Realgar AsS 001 good Dark Gray Scarlet Bright Orange Orpiment As 2 S Golden Stibnite Sb 2 S 3 Slender / Striations Pyrite FeS 2 Massive/ Choncoidal fracture Olivine Green Greenish Marcasite FeS 2 Radiating forms Gray Arsenopyrite FeAsS Granular/ Poor 101 Indigo blue color, iridescent, metallic luster Bright red color, high SG Mixture of colors Yellow, red, gray Golden color, excellent cleavage Similar to Galena but different cleavage and SG Gold color, harder than 6, duller than Chalcopyrite Spearhead appearance, pale yellow color and metallic Silver white color, high hardness, 5.56

2 Molybdenite MoS 2 Massive/ Perfect 0001 Enargite Cu 3 AsS 4 Perfect 110 Silver Gray Very soft 11.5, occurs with quartz Gray Iron Metallic luster, similar to pyrite Oxides and Hydroxides Spinel Group (AB 2 O 4 ) Magnetite Fe 3 O 4 Isometric/ massive Magnetic Chromite FeCr 2 O 4 Massive Iron black, no Dark Brown magnetism Very hard 8, Spinel MgAl 2 O 4 Isometric/ massive nonmagnetic, white streak Franklinite (Zn,Fe,Mn) (FeMn) 2 O 4 Massive/ granular Hematite Group (A 2 O 3 ) Red and Corundum Al 2 O 3 Hexagonal barrels Hematite Fe 2 O 3 Massive/ radiating structure Ilmenite FeTiO 3 Massive/ granular Rutile Group (AO 2 ) Rutile TiO 2 Tretragonal/ prismatic Pyrolusite MnO 2 Fibrous/ granular/ massive Cassiterite SnO 2 Massive/ fibrous Other Red Brown Brownish Red Pale Brown Iron Brown Cuprite Cu 2 O Isometric Brown Zincite ZnO Granular Red and Associated with Zincite, mixture of red and black and white Known for hardness 9, has Mica imbedded in it Red streak, earthy metallic luster Contains small flat silvery surfaces Located as dots in a predominatly white, Adamantine luster Soils fingers, very black streak High SG, adamantine luster, light streak Red color, high luster, associated with limonite Red color, associated with Franklinite

3 Hydroxides Brucite Mg(OH) 2 Massive Goethite FeO(OH) Orthorhombic/ 010 Bauxite A Mixture of 3 Minerals Yellow Brown Yellow Brown/ Orange Pearly white, harder than Talc but not elastic like Mica Radiating fibrous aggregation, bubbly Very light and porous, and a mixture of different colors Gibbsite Al(OH) 3 Boehmite AlO(OH) Diaspore HAlO 2 Halides Halite NaCl Isometric Tastes like salt Sylvite KCl Isometric Bitter taste Cubical forms due to Cryolite Na 3 AlF 6 parting Looks like watery snow Fluorite CaF 2 Isometric Perfect cleavage, fine colors Carbonates Distinctive Colors Rhodochrosite MnCO 3 rhombohedral Pink Red HCl, hardness 4, red Massive/ Not soluble in cold color Siderite FeCO 3 Rhombohedral Light Brown Well crystallized face, not soluble in HCl Malachite Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 Radiating fibers/ stalactic masses Light Green HCl reaction, earthy, green, botryoidal forms Radiating spherical Azurite Cu 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 Dark Blue groups Hexagonal with rhombohedral cleavage Calcite CaCO 3 Rhombohedral Colorless HCl reactions, intense blue color Low SG, Hardness 2.5 3, HCl reaction Dolomite CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 Rhombohedral Clear Curved/ saddle shaped, powdered HCl reaction Magnesite MgCO 3 Granular masses Resembles chert but lower hardness, no HCl reaction

4 Smithsonite ZnCO 3 Granular High SG, stalactic habit, no HCl reaction Orthorhombic with no rhombohedral cleavage Cerussite PbCO 3 Fibrous crystal aggregates Light Brown Very high SG, no HCl reaction Aragonite CaCO 3 Columnar Orthorhombic/ Witherite BaCO 3 striations Fibrous with Strontianite SrCO 3 striations Sulfates Barite BaSO 4 Orthorhombic Celestite SrSO 4 Basal perfect, prismatic Anglesite PbSO 4 Orthorhombic Light Harder than Calcite, high SG, powdery appearance, HCl reaction High SG, HCl reaction High SG, powders easily, HCl reaction High SG, Brown stuff with pearly luster Light blue color, resembles Barite but low SG High SG, associated with Galena Anhydrite CaSO 4 Massive, orthorhombic Light Looks like Gypsum but harder, vitreous luster Gypsum CaSO 4. 2H2 0 Massive, monclinic Borates Kernite Na 2 B 4 O 7. 4H2 O Monoclinic Light Apatite Ca 5 (F,Cl,OH) (PO 4 ) 3 Hexagonal Light Monzanite (Ce,La,Y,Th)PO 4 Monoclinic Brown Amblygonite LiAlFPO 4 Massive, triclinic Wavellite Al 3 (PO 4 ) 2 (OH) 3. 5H2 O Radiating aggregates Very soft 2, can be scratched by a fingernail Turns chalky white, low SG Green, long prismatic Granular, occurs in sand, resinous luster Hard 6, might look like Feldspar Globular/ radiating forms

5 Tungstates Wolframite (Fe,Mn)WO 4 Monoclinic Brown Scheelite CaWO 4 Tetragonal Light Tektosilicates Quartz SiO 2 Conchoidal fracture Cristobalite SiO 2 Small octahedrons in lava Bladed/ tabular, high SG Very high SG, vitreous luster Hexagonal, hardness 7 Occurs with obsidian Opal SiO 2. nh2 O Amorphous Feldspars Milky appearance, flesh colored, play of colors Orthoclase/ Microcline KAlSi 3 O 8 Monoclinic, perfect 001 Looks like plagioclase but no striations Plagioclase Perfect 110 Albite NaAlSi 3 O 8 Anorthite CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 to black Feldspathoids Leucite KAlSi 2 O 6 Phenocrysts/ isometric Striations, colors ranges from: Crystal forming, does not occur with quartz, is white to gray color Nepheline NaAlSiO 4 Hexagonal dots with Cancrinite, no striations Cancrinite Na 6 Ca(CO 3 ) (AlSiO 4 ) 6. 2H2 O Hexagonal Yellow, occurs with Nepheline Sodalite Na 8 (AlSiO 4 ) 6 Cl 2 Massive/ isometric Very blue color, little crystal faces, associated with Nepheline

6 Zeolites Analcime NaAlSi 2 O 6. H2 O Massive/ isometric Forms, but located in the matrix unlike Leucite Stilbite CaAl 2 SiO 18. 7H2 O Tabular / sheaflike aggregates Occurs in cavities Phyllosilicates Serpentine Group Massive/ fine Antigorite Mg 6 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 8 grained Hexagonal/ Chrysotile Mg 6 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 8 monoclinic Clay Mineral Group Greenish Kaolinite Al 4 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 8 Massive/ triclinic Montmorillonite Al 4 Si 8 O 20 (OH) 4. nh 2 O Massive Talc Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 Massive/ triclinic Greasy luster Fibrous, silky luster Earthy luster, feels soapy, writes on cloth Earthy luster, expands with water Marks cloth, pearly, hardness 1 Pyrophyllite Al 2 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 Radiating aggregates Marks easily Muscovite Lepidolite Phlogopite KAl 2 (AlSi 3 O 10 ) (OH) 2 Mica Group Monoclinic Clear KLiAl(AlSi 3 O 10 ) (OH) 2 Massive/ monoclinic KMg 3 (AlSi 3 O 10 ) (OH) 2 Monoclinic Elastic sheets, clear Pastel colors, lilac, yellow and pink Elastic sheets, yellowish brown Biotite Vermiculite Chlorite Prehnite K(Mg,Fe) 3 (AlSi 3 O 10 )(OH) 2 Monoclinic Elastic sheets, black Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2. nh2 O Monoclinic Chlorite Group Mg 6 Si 8 O 20 (OH) 4 Mg 6 (OH) 12 Triclinic Ca 2 Al(AlSi 3 O 10 )(OH Crystalline ) 2 aggregates Elastic sheets, altered Biotite, expands upon heating, dark colors Greenblack colors, micaceous habit and cleavage Light Green Green color

7 Inosilicates Pyroxenes Diopside CaMgSi 2 O 6 Granular/ monoclinic Augite XYSi 2 O 6 Monoclinic Green Enstatite MgSiO 3 Massive Spodumene LiAlSi 2 O 6 Prismatic 8 sided, looks like olivine, white to green color, 2 directions cleavage 90 o cleavage unlike Hornblende, short Bronze like luster, dark green to dark brown Vitreous luster, vertical prismatic cleavage Pyroxenoids Wollastonite CaSiO 3 Massive/ fibrous Rhodenite MnSiO 3 Massive/ triclinic Pink Anthophyllite Tremolite Actinolite Amphiboles (Mg,Fe) 7 Si 8 O 22 (OH) 2 Fibrous Ca 2 Mg 5 Si 8 O 22 (OH) Prismatic / bladed Ca 2 (Mg,Fe) 5 Si 8 O 22 (O Columnar aggregates H) 2 Dark Light Green Hornblende XYSi 8 O 22 (OH) 2 Prismatic Greenish Neosilicates Granular/ conchoidal Olivine Series (Mg,Fe) 2 SiO 4 fracture Garnet Series A 3 B 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 MgFe MnCaAlSi 3 O 12 Dodecahedrons/ isometric Brownish Pearly, associated with Garnets, silky, elongated Pink color, high hardness 5.56, vitreous luster Like asbestos, clove brown color green purple, slender prisms Looks like Tremolite, dark green color Non90 o cleavage, silky appearance, looks like Augite Granular nature, green color Reddish/ brownish color, dodecahedron shape, hardness

8 Zircon ZrSiO 4 Crystals/ tetragonal Kyanite Al 2 SiO 5 Crystals/ triclinic Andalusite Al 2 SiO 5 Course square prisms Silliminite Al 2 SiO 5 Fibrous masses Topaz Al 2 SiO 4 (F,OH) 2 Vertical striated faces Staurolite Sphene CaTiO(SiO 4 ) Epidote Idocrase (Vesuvianite) Fe 2 Al 9 O 6 (SiO 4 ) 4 (O,OH) 2 Cruciform twins Ca 2 (Al,Fe)Al 2 O (SiO 4 )(Si 2 O 7 )OH Wedge shaped Sorosilicates Monoclinic CaMgAlSiO Tetragonal Cyclosilicates Shades of brown, translucent, adamantine luster, high SG Bladed, blue color Prisms, hardness 7.5, red colors Long needle like, pale colors High hardness 8, yellowish colors clear, high SG Brownish color, Brownish colors, occurs with a Quartzlike mineral Pistachio green, high hardness 67, basal cleavage Brown tetragonal, lower SG than Garnet Beryl Be 3 Al 2 Si 6 O 18 Vertically striated Light blue green color, greater hardness than Apatite 7.58 Cordierite (Mg,Fe) 2 Al 3 (AlSi 5 O 18 ) Orthorhombic Various shades of bluegray, resembles quartz Tourmaline NaFeMgLi Al(BO 3 )Si 6 O 18 (OH) Conchoidal fracture Spherical triangle cross section, black, striations