Why Study Minerals? blocks of Earth materials. to understanding rock formation
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1 Minerals I Elements of the Earth s crust Properties of minerals Crystal form; Cleavage/Fracture; Color, streak, luster; Hardness, tenacity; Specific gravity; Acid test, magnetism, etc.
2 Why Study Minerals? Building blocks of Earth materials Economically Essential Minerals important to understanding rock formation are cool
3 Mineral - A naturally occurring, inorganic, homogeneous solid with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement. naturally occurring - materials synthesized in laboratory do not count, must be formed by natural processes in wild inorganic - not formed by organic chemistry (e.g., sugars, etc.) homogeneous solid - single substance in solid phase which cannot be physically separated into simpler compounds definite chemical composition - composition can be represented as chemical formula (e.g., NaCl), although variation in exact composition is possible (e.g., (Mg, Fe) 2 SiO 4 ) ordered atomic arrangement repeating structure at the atomic level, which expresses as symmetry in large specimens, i.e., crystalline structure.
4 Mineral Formation Minerals found at the Earth s surface formed from natural processes both within the Earth and at the Earth s surface. Environments vary greatly, and include: High temperature and pressure typical of the upper mantle. Evaporation basins Ocean bottoms Volcanic calderas and lava flows A host of stressful environments in mountain building zones And thousands of others!
5 Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Most useful properties for mineral identification
6 Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Crystal symmetry is controlled by the atomic structure of mineral
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8 90 o 4-fold symmetry (90 o ) Symmetry 4-fold axes (90 o )
9 3-fold symmetry (120 o ) Symmetry 3-fold axes (120 o )
10 Crystal Form There are only 6 symmetry classes; each mineral belongs to only ONE symmetry class, and thus all crystals exhibit that symmetry only! isometric tetragonal orthorhombic hexagonal monoclinic triclinic
11 Crystal Form Caveat One: Crowding of other crystals can mask symmetry Caveat Two: Crystals are often too small to see Symmetry can always be seen using techniques like X-ray diffraction
12 Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Cleavage - tendency to split along planes of weakness corresponding to weaker chemical links in internal structure of crystal
13 A single crystal can display several cleavage directions. 1 direction 2 directions The cleavage directions are not always at right angles to each other. They also are not necessarily parallel to the crystal faces of the mineral.
14 Parallel Cleavage Cleavage Can be parallel to crystal faces, but is often at an angle
15 One Direction of Cleavage Fig a
16 One Direction of Cleavage
17 Two Directions of Cleavage Fig
18 Three Directions of Cleavage
19 Fig
20 Four Directions of Cleavage Fluorite Crystals
21 Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Fracture - any breakage that is not cleavage
22 conchoidal fracture Characteristic of quartz, chert and flint
23 conchoidal fracture Fig
24 Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Characteristic for some minerals, useless for most
25 One mineral can come in a rainbow of colors Spinel MgAl 2 O 4 Hardness = 8
26 Quartz Citrine Carnelian Jasper Rose Quartz Onyx Quartz Amethyst SiO 2 Hardness = 7 Smokey Quartz
27 One mineral can appear to be different colors under different lighting Chrysoberyl sunlight BeAl 2 O 4 Hardness = 8.5 Alexandrite artificial light
28 Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Streak Color - Color of powdered mineral, which may or may not be the color of the crystal
29 hematite streak color
30 Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Luster - quality of light reflected from mineral surface
31 Luster - quality of light reflected from mineral surface pyrite metallic silver gold
32 Luster quality of light reflected from mineral surface non-metallic vitreous (glassy) pearly resinous
33 Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Hardness - resistance of mineral to scratching or abrasion
34 Mohs Hardness Scale Austrian mineralogist F. Mohs, 1824 hard soft Higher numbered minerals scratch lower numbered minerals 10. Diamond C 9. Corundum Al 2 O 3 8. Topaz Al 2 SiO 4 (F,OH) 2 7. Quartz SiO 2 6. Orthoclase KAlSi 3 O 8 5. Apatite Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (F,Cl,OH) 4. Fluorite CaF 2 3. Calcite CaCO 3 2. Gypsum CaSO 4 1. Talc Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 Based on relative hardness of 10 common minerals glass plate copper penny fingernail
35
36 Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Color Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Tenacity - resistance of the mineral to breaking
37 Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Specific Gravity - density of the material (g/cm 3 )
38 Specific Gravity Related to both the atomic weight of the contained elements, and how tightly the atoms are packed Orthorhombic Carbonates All minerals have same structure, only cation differs Mineral Formula Cation g/cm3 Aragonite CaCO Strontianite SrCO Witherite BaCO Cerrusite PbCO
39 Specific Gravity Related to both the atomic weight of the contained elements, and how tightly the atoms are packed Graphite Diamond Both are minerals composed of the element carbon G graphite = 2.23 (loose) G diamond = 3.51(tight)
40 Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Reaction to dilute acid; especially useful in identifying carbonate minerals
41 Minerals like calcite react with weak acid, dissolving the mineral and producing lots of bubbles (effervescence)
42 Mineral Properties Crystal Form Cleavage/Fracture Color Streak Luster Hardness Tenacity Specific Gravity Acid Test Magnetism Some minerals strongly attract magnets. Characteristic of magnetite and some other minerals
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