The future of nickel production - the outlook for nickel sulphide and laterite resource development
|
|
- Rosemary Barnett
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The future of nickel production - the outlook for nickel sulphide and laterite resource development Nickel Processing 215 Falmouth, UK. May 215 Strategy with substance Agenda 1. Supply/Demand outlook 2. Dispelling some myths 3. So whats the problem with laterites? 4. Sulphides easier now, but for how long? 5. Is Indonesia the key to the future? 6. The long term nickel price 7. Summary Wood Mackenzie 2 1
2 Agenda 1. Supply/Demand outlook 2. Dispelling some myths 3. So whats the problem with laterites? 4. Sulphides easier now, but for how long? 5. Is Indonesia the key to the future? 6. The long term nickel price 7. Summary Wood Mackenzie 3 Declining refined production is expected from New projects needed through 219 if supply is to keep pace with demand Refined nickel supply and consumption (kt Ni) kt Existing supply Probable projects Consumption The global nickel market is expected to be in deficit between 215 and 219, after a near 5% cut in Chinese NPI production due to the Indonesian ore export ban Beyond 219, even with the development of new projects, including a replacement NPI sector in Indonesia, world nickel demand will continue to outstrip the supply 775kt of new nickel is required by 23 to maintain a reasonable market balance Wood Mackenzie 4 2
3 Agenda 1. Supply/Demand outlook 2. Dispelling some myths 3. So whats the problem with laterites? 4. Sulphides easier now, but for how long? 5. Is Indonesia the key to the future? 6. The long term nickel price 7. Summary Wood Mackenzie 5 Dispelling the myth low grade high cost laterite projects Ore processed head grades Operating costs pre by-product credits Average Head Grade (%Ni) Gross Costs $/lb Ni Laterite Sulphide Average Laterite Sulphide Wood Mackenzie 6 3
4 While laterite and sulphide processes have similar costs, sulphide producers benefit from significantly higher by-product credits Sulphide/laterite cost comparison Operating Costs ($/lb Ni) Laterite Sulphide Sulphide ex-norilsk -4-6 Concentrate Intermediate Refined By-product credits NOTE: Ore, intermediate and refined costs were calculated as a weighted average of the costs of the different processes, excluding FeNi. Prices were calculated based on a nickel price of $1697/t, with ore, intermediate and FeNi prices being 22%, 8% and 9% of the metal price, respectively. As we didn t have ore costs, the chart currently shows cost to concentrate instead, giving ore sales a negative margin. Wood Mackenzie 7 Agenda 1. Supply/Demand outlook 2. Dispelling some myths 3. So what is the problem with laterites? 4. Sulphides easier now, but for how long? 5. Is Indonesia the key to the future? 6. The long term nickel price 7. Summary Wood Mackenzie 8 4
5 Capex increases on average 16% p.a. since 25 through to 213 No isolated to large scale laterite projects or indeed just nickel commodity wide phenomenon Capex increases from 27 8, 7, Other Operations 6, Capital Costs (US$M) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, VNC Koniambo Ramu Eagle Onca-Puma Kevitsa Taganito N.B. VNC capital estimated, some sources suggest that true capital may be over $7bn Wood Mackenzie 9 Recent projects highlight the tendency towards start-up delays and capital cost increases Startup Year VNC 8, 211 6, , 25 2, Startup Year Capex Planned Capex (US$M) Startup Year Eagle Startup Capex Planned Capex (US$M) Startup Year Ramu Startup Capex 2,5 2, 1,5 1, 5 Planned Capex (US$M) Startup Year Koniambo Startup Capex 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, Planned Capex (US$M) Wood Mackenzie 1 5
6 PAL ramp up is significantly lower than general industry expectations A case of over promise and under deliver % of Capacity 12% 1% 8% 6% 4% PAL ramp-up by asset Addition of second line taking capacity to 24kt from 1kt % of Capacity 1% 8% 6% 4% Ideal vs. actual PAL ramp-up 2% % Year Bulong Cawse Murrin Coral Bay Ramu VNC Ambatovy Ravensthorpe FQM 2% % Year "Ideal" Average Wood Mackenzie 11 FeNi is much more varied, however beyond initial ramp-up it maintains the trajectory towards nameplate capacity 12% FeNi ramp-up by asset 12% Ideal vs. actual FeNi ramp-up 1% 1% 8% 6% 4% % of Capacity 8% 6% 4% 2% 2% % Antam FeNiIII Pohang Cerro Matoso Loma de Niquel Onca Puma Barro Alto Koniambo % Year "Ideal" Average Wood Mackenzie 12 6
7 Ramp-up to capacity comparison % of Capacity 1% 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % PAL and FeNi Ramp-up Year HPAL Average FeNi Average Both processes are remarkably similar on average but FeNi tends to keep to trajectory and get closer to name plate capacity quicker Clearly much variation between individual operations i.e. Coral Bay (HPAL) reached capacity very quickly, VNC (HPAL) yet to get anywhere near capacity Wood Mackenzie 13 In addition to quick ramp-up periods, FeNi is less capital intensive but it is still not cheap and HPAL has greater potential upside if done right Process* Pros Cons Key Considerations HPAL Significantly reduced net energy requirement due to power generation from sulphur burning, reducing opex Ability to recover cobalt as a saleable product this reduces overall C1 cash operating costs The process produces Class 1 nickel i.e. is LME deliverable Capital costs are significant, ca. US$9-1/t Ni/a Ramp up to capacity potentially slow and/or problematic, due largely to process complexity Industry and observer perception is poor developer tendency to over promise but under deliver outcome Keep it simple and do not try and reinvent HPAL - Learn from the mistakes made previously BUT don t believe you can do it better another way Understand the orebody and its variability - Critical to understand not only nickel but also the other major components such as MgO, FeO, Al2O3, SiO2 as these control the ore behaviour in processing FeNi Capital intensity of FeNi lower particularly when compared to HPAL (ca. US$6/t Ni/a) Process well understood and less complex in comparison to HPAL Ramp-up to capacity generally quicker than HPAL, ca. 4.5 years FeNi is a Class 2 nickel product i.e. not LME deliverable Can only be used in stainless steel - limiting market for sale Significant competition with NPI which currently limits access to main market of China for sale of product Limited market with significant risk of having to discount product - significant growth in production has increased competition for sales and puts pressure on sellers to discount product; also issue of no market of last resort, limited end user markets and NPI competition Lower capital for entry into production but not cheap - relatively less complex than HPAL but potential for major issues e.g. furnace run outs at Barro Alto and Onca Puma Wood Mackenzie 14 Wood Mackenzie 14 7
8 New Technology New technologies and potential impacts Description Opex Impact Capex Impact Stage Summary Nitric acid pressure leaching (NAPL)/ Direct nickel Uses a nitric acid leach and is believed to be the first process capable of treating the full laterite profile using a single flowsheet Potential to significantly decrease opex, as most of the nitric acid used can be recycled Uses atmospheric pressure and a standard stainless rig so high potential to significantly decrease capex Undergoing pilot plant trials NAPL has the potential to be a huge step forward in laterite processing Heap leaching Leaching with sulphuric acid, solution purification followed by nickel and cobalt recovery as a mixed hydroxide - potential to roast the ore prior to processing Variable - dependant on sulphur price and labour costs Relatively low in comparison to HPAL or FeNi Small-scale commercial operations Effect of pre-roasting ore being investigated Scaling up yet to be progressed Atmospheric leaching Leaching with sulphuric acid at atmospheric pressure Higher than HPAL due to higher quantities of sulphuric acid necessary to obtain suitable quantities of nickel Lower than HPAL, as cheaper, more conventional structures and equipment can be used Used on small scales as a secondary process Has unclear potential as a primary process due to high quantities of waste High pressure acid leaching Uses a sulphuric acid leach under high temperatures and extremely high pressures Opex largely influenced by sulphur price and capacity utilisation High capex- uses a titanium rig to withstand high pressures and temperatures Used extensively in nickel production. Undergoing studies to optimise production A widely used technique being researched further in order to optimise it Wood Mackenzie 15 Agenda 1. Supply/Demand outlook 2. Dispelling some myths 3. So whats the problem with laterites? 4. Sulphides easier now, but for how long? 5. Is Indonesia the key to the future? 6. The long term nickel price 7. Summary Wood Mackenzie 16 8
9 Sulphide deposit resource grades Grade (%Ni) Resources (Mt) Source: Company reports Wood Mackenzie 17 Future of sulphide mine development a low(er) grade story Historic Future Average Head Grade (%Ni) Head Grade (%Ni) Projects Existing Wood Mackenzie 18 9
10 Global nickel concentrate balance New base case and highly probable projects potentially leading to excess concentrate availability in near term Balance from 216 dependent upon FQM s Enterprise project and what level the mine produces at. Nominal rate 4kt Ni/a but FQM has stated that actual output will depend upon market demand at the time Vale Thompson smelter and refinery closure deferred to ca. 219 Boliden has stated its intention to continue to operate the Harjavalta smelter on a custom basis now needs to secure offtake agreements for both concentrate purchases and subsequent matte sales Need for additional sulphide concentrate from 218 In order to meet this requirement need to see sulphide mine development either by existing producers or new players within the next two to three years Nickel in Concentrate (kt) Concentrate Feed Smelter Concentrate Requirement Source:Wood Mackenzie Wood Mackenzie The custom concentrate market 186t Ni in concentrate custom production for 214, forecast to increase to 197kt for % increase on 214. Production from Eagle in the USA offsetting decline in Australia and Botswana. Botswana decline due to Tati becoming integrated feed with BCL Australia remains the major producer of custom concentrates with 33% of custom production Other 4% Canada 17% 124kt Ni in concentrate expected to be exported from country of origin in 215 Bulk of concentrate export market is to China and Canada and Finland. China 28% For 215, there is presently a significant tonnage of nickel in concentrate for which the destination is unclear Finland 15% Wood Mackenzie 2 2 1
11 There have been several nickel processing developments in China (1) Tsingshan NPI production via nickel sulphide concentrate In March 213, Canadian company Royal Nickel Corporation and Chinese group, Tsingshan Holding Group entered into a strategic alliance to work together on the downstream processing of nickel sulphide concentrate. The process is being trialled at present (ca. 2t/d conc) and is believed to be working well. Our view is that although this process may be suitable for atypical nickel concentrates (like that which could be produced by Royal Nickel s Dumont project, i.e. no by-products and low in sulphur content due to the specific mineralogy) this is unlikely to find large scale application. Typically nickel sulphide concentrates will contain by-product metals such as copper, cobalt and precious metals and these are not recovered via the Tsingshan process. Thus the miner would not get paid for the these values and generate less revenue than if sold to conventional sulphide smelters Wood Mackenzie 21 Agenda 1. Supply/Demand outlook 2. Dispelling some myths 3. So whats the problem with laterites? 4. Sulphides easier now, but for how long? 5. Is Indonesia the key to the future? 6. The long term nickel price 7. Summary Wood Mackenzie 22 11
12 Impact of ban on NPI costs of production Costs ($/lb Ni) Costs ($/lb Ni) BF EAF RKEF. BF EAF RKEF Freight/Marketing ($/lb Ni) Ore Freight ($/lb Ni) Smelting ($/lb Ni) Ore Purchase Cost ($/lb Ni) Freight/Marketing ($/lb Ni) Ore Freight ($/lb Ni) Smelting ($/lb Ni) Ore Purchase Cost ($/lb Ni) Wood Mackenzie 23 There are several Indonesian nickel project developments post the export ban Proposed and existing smelters capacity addition Ni n FeNi (NPI) capacity (kt/a) PT Bosowa Metal Industri PT Macika Mineral Industri PT Karyatama Konawe Utara (KKU) (Hanking) Fajar Bhakti Lintas Nusantara / Gebe Sentra Nickel PT Central Omega Industri PT Duta Nikel Sulawesi (DNS) (Huadi) PT Titan (Shenwu) PT Bintang Smelter Indonesia (BSI) PT Sambas Mineral Mining PT Artabumi Sentra Industri Tsingshan Bintang Delapan CIMM Indoferro In early 214, the Government of Indonesia presented a list of some +6 proposed nickel smelter developments almost solely from Chinese companies in partnership with Indonesian companies Of these, we believe that there are only 13 which could potentially be in production by the end of are already in production, a third will enter production this year, the balance are considered only probable projects at best currently Q1-14 Q2-14 Q3-14 Q4-14 Q1-15 Q2-15 Q3-15 Q4-15 Q1-16 Q2-16 Q3-16 Q4-16 Q1-17 Q2-17 Q3-17 Q4-17 Wood Mackenzie 24 12
13 There is significant nickel potential production from existing and new project developments Proposed and existing smelters production forecast There are presently two producers that have commenced nickel production post the ban and a single project we consider definite to enter production in the next 2-3 years: PT Indoferro current capacity around 8kt Ni in 4-6% NPI using a blast furnace Expanding to 2kt with the addition of an EAF (under construction) which should commission around CMMI entered production at the end of 213 ca. 2kt Ni in low grade NPI using blast furnace Tsingshan Bintang Delapan started construction in 212. Phase I capacity of 3kt Ni in FeNi using RKEF Commissioning Q2 215 Wood Mackenzie 25 There have been several nickel processing developments in China (2) Application of the Krupp-Renn process The Krupp-Renn process was developed in Germany in the 193 s to recover iron from low-grade iron ores that could not be directly blast furnace smelted During WWII, Nippon Yakin built a plant at Miyazu to process nearby low grade nickel ore. In 195, the company switched to utilising ore from New Caledonia. Presently it processes ore from New Caledonia and the Philippines but did take a large portion of its ore from Indonesia prior to the ore export ban. Essentially ore is mixed with anthracite and fluxes and formed into briquettes. These are into reduction kilns and travel counter currently to the combustion gases. Preheating, drying, reduction and metal formation all take place in the kiln. At the far end of the kiln the pasty slag is cooled rapidly in water and the solids crushed and screened to recover the nickel-iron-cobalt alloy (known as luppen), which at Yakin is then subsequently refined in an electric furnace to a finished FeNi. The luppen typically grades around 22% Ni+Co and therefore depending upon the other impurities could actually be used directly for stainless steel production as with NPI Clearly this relatively simple process could have wide ranging application to produce NPI both in China and Indonesia at a relatively low capital cost (in 21 GITS Sintering Services Inc indicated capital costs of just $4M per 1kt/a production module, and an operating cost of around US$63/t of sintered product ca. $.7/lb for a 4% Ni luppen). Our estimate for Nippon Yakain, inclusive of ore purchasing, freight and the refining stage for 214 is $6.6/lb Ni. We are aware that at least 3 companies in China have attempted to utilise the Krupp Renn process with apparently minimal success. Key is ensuring that the charge is fully homogenised and does not become too fluid. This results in the charge sticking to the kiln walls (ringing) which creates hot spots and all control is lost in the overall process and production has to be stopped and the kiln cleaned out and potentially relined Wood Mackenzie 26 13
14 There have been several nickel processing developments in China (3) Application of the Krupp-Renn process continued The process can treat any lateritic ore but the nickel content of the product will depend upon the nickel and iron grade of feed a high nickel, low iron laterite producing a higher grade nickel luppen than a low nickel high iron feed Not easy to swap between ore types as the control of the melting in the kiln will be governed by the overall ore, flux and coal mixture characteristics which needs to be consistent There is no doubt that such a process could readily be applied to Indonesian ores to produce a luppen which would be allowed for export. The product could then be further refined in China with existing furnace capacity if necessary. This would increase overall operating costs but would lower transportation costs or raw material feed Wood Mackenzie 27 There have been several nickel processing developments in China (4) Large hearth blast furnaces Typically blast furnaces have been used to process 1-1.5% Ni ore with high iron to produce a 3-5% Ni in NPI. For comparison, EAF s typically utilise >1.5-2% Ni ore with low iron to produce 5-15% Ni in NPI. An option being suggested is to construct blast furnaces with a larger base area at the bottom of the furnace providing a greater surface area for slag/metal separation and the possibility to utilise lower iron bearing ores in order to make a higher grade NPI. The capital costs of blast furnaces are lower than for EAK or RKEF and construction is quick and relatively simple. It is not clear whether this modification has been trialled AlloyStream Process Potential to process 1-3% Ni ore to a 3-3+ Ni in NPI. The process has apparently been trialled in the production of ferromanganese but is untested in the nickel industry. A patented process owned by Exxaro not on China s radar as yet Wood Mackenzie 28 14
15 Philippines ban possibility Impact of Filipino export ban Ni in Ore (kt) New Caledonia Indonesia Philippines Other The Philippines has proposed a ban on the export of unprocessed nickel ores akin to that implemented by Indonesia commencing January 1 st 221 The implementation of such a ban, which appears very likely to happen, will result in the total cessation of NPI production in China as it is currently undertaken the removal of some 26kt Ni from global supply from around 221/222 depending on what ore stocks are present when the ban is implemented Our present market adjustment for 222 is a requirement for an additional 46kt of new nickel supply in order to meet our demand forecast. The ban on Filipino ore exports would push this to 72kt 3% of the required global supply at that time *Base Case Operations and Projects only Wood Mackenzie 29 Indonesian and Filipino nickel resources (212 data) Philippines 716.8Mt grading 1.29% Of which +1.5% Ni around 111Mt Based on 213 production of 25Mt ore in 213 implies a resource life of ca. 27 years On same basis, high grade production in 213 was around 13.6Mt implying just 7 years production capability from high grade ores Indonesian resources totalled 32Mt grading 1.47% Ni, of which proven and probable was 1163Mt grading 1.85% Ni On the basis of tonnage and grade alone, Indonesia would be the country of choice to develop smelters Wood Mackenzie
16 Agenda 1. Supply/Demand outlook 2. Dispelling some myths 3. So whats the problem with laterites? 4. Sulphides easier now, but for how long? 5. Is Indonesia the key to the future? 6. The long term nickel price 7. Summary Wood Mackenzie 31 Incentive price analysis for Incentive price 775 kt Ni required to balance market by 235. Assume China produces for her own needs, reducing the requirement from western development s to around 4kt Ni Wood Mackenzie 32 16
17 Historically, the growth of the incentive price over time reflects the rise in capital intensity and operating costs in the industry Nickel Incentive Price Development US$/lb Ni US$/lb Ni/a Incentive Price Avg C1 Cost Capital Intensity The sharp decline in 213 reflects our view that China will develop nickel projects to fulfil its own needs, the balance having to come from Western World developments Wood Mackenzie 33 Potential margin capture Nickel Revenue 2 9% % 12 $/t contained Ni % 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% % % Margin Pre Tax Cash Flow ($/lb Ni) Cost Price Margin %Margin -6 Industry Sulphide Laterite NOTE: Ore mining costs assumed to be ca. $38/wmt, selling price based on Filipino ore into China FOB, 15% Ni concentrate,, Intermediate MHP sales price 75% of Ni price, nickel price $17637/t. FeNi selling price discounted by 5% to LME Ni price but this will depend on prevailing market conditions and may be flat or even attract an iron credit. Refined nickel margin based on LME flat priceing Wood Mackenzie 34 17
18 Agenda 1. Supply/Demand outlook 2. Dispelling some myths 3. So whats the problem with laterites? 4. Sulphides easier now, but for how long? 5. Is Indonesia the key to the future? 6. The long term nickel price 7. Summary Wood Mackenzie 35 Summary and conclusions We need to see nickel project development NOW if we are to meet our outlook for global nickel demand» It is too late for the west to meet the challenge and much of new nickel production will have to be from Chinese investment in Indonesia» There is a distinct lack of what would historically have been considered world class projects in the pipeline Costs of production and capital will remain challenging» Although new process developments are being looked at, there has not been a game changing development arguably since HPAL» NPI was old technology which filled a requirement Nickel prices need to be higher in order to see project development» Our view is that there are limited number of projects which can generate a reasonable return on investment at nickel prices below $22,/t» Ultimately, maybe it only needs to be a perception of higher nickel prices that will drive development Nirvana would be realistic feasibility study capital estimates, opex estimates and views on ramp-up» All too often the nickel industry has over promised and under delivered. If it is to regain credibility it needs to get real and manage expectation and deliver on promises Opportunities exist for both sulphide and laterite developments» Although the future of nickel will undoubtedly be dominated by laterite developments, new sulphide mines are needed in order to maintain existing smelter production rates Wood Mackenzie 36 18
19 Wood Mackenzie Disclaimer Strictly Private & Confidential This report has been prepared for the Nickel Processing 215 Conference by Wood Mackenzie Limited. The report is intended solely for the benefit of the conference participants and its contents and conclusions are confidential and may not be disclosed to any other persons or companies without Wood Mackenzie s prior written permission. The information upon which this report is based comes from our own experience, knowledge and databases. The opinions expressed in this report are those of Wood Mackenzie. They have been arrived at following careful consideration and enquiry but we do not guarantee their fairness, completeness or accuracy. The opinions, as of this date, are subject to change. We do not accept any liability for your reliance upon them. Wood Mackenzie 37 Europe Americas Asia Pacific contactus@woodmac.com Website Wood Mackenzie* is a global leader in commercial intelligence for the energy, metals and mining industries. We provide objective analysis and advice on assets, companies and markets, giving clients the insight they need to make better strategic decisions. For more information visit: *WOOD MACKENZIE is a Registered Trade Mark of Wood Mackenzie Limited Wood Mackenzie 38 19
INSG Environmental & Economics Session. Bruce Wedderburn. 27 th April 2010
INSG Environmental & Economics Session Bruce Wedderburn 27 th April 2010 Industrial Minerals Agenda Laterite hydromet options HPAL Heap leaching Capital and operating costs Economics Technology trends
More informationSulphide Nickel Production and Supply: Market Implications
Sulphide Nickel Production and Supply: Market Implications Metal Bulletin 3 rd Asian Nickel Conference Mark Selby, President & CEO Royal Nickel Corporation September 23, 2015 Disclaimer Cautionary Statements
More informationDirect Nickel Process Breakthrough Technology. May 2015
Direct Nickel Process Breakthrough Technology May 2015 Introduction Thinking Time MgO + H2O = Mg(OH)2 NiSO4 + Mg(OH)2 = MgSO4 + Ni (OH)2 Ni(NO3) 2+ Mg(OH)2 = Ni (OH)2 + Mg(NO3)2 Mg(NO3)2 = MgO + NO + NO2
More informationNickel: A Battery-Charged Future. PDAC 2018 Commodities and Market Outlook Mark Selby, CEO RNC Minerals March 4, 2018
Nickel: A Battery-Charged Future PDAC 218 Commodities and Market Outlook Mark Selby, CEO RNC Minerals March 4, 218 Disclaimer Cautionary Statements Concerning Forward-Looking Statements This presentation
More informationNickel Future Supply Challenges: The Structural Shortfall in Supply Begins. Mark Selby, President & CEO Royal Nickel Corporation April 29, 2015
Nickel Future Supply Challenges: The Structural Shortfall in Supply Begins Mark Selby, President & CEO Royal Nickel Corporation April 29, 2015 Disclaimer Cautionary Statements Concerning Forward Looking
More informationNICKEL FUTURE SUPPLY CHALLENGES. Asian Nickel Conference September 2013
NICKEL FUTURE SUPPLY CHALLENGES Asian Nickel Conference September 2013 Disclaimer Cautionary Statements Concerning Forward-Looking Statements This presentation contains "forward-looking information" including
More informationWorld Nickel Market Turning point at last. September 2015 Jakarta
World Nickel Market Turning point at last September 215 Jakarta Disclaimer The information contained herein has been prepared using information available to OJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel ( Norilsk Nickel or
More informationFor personal use only. 3 rd Annual PNG Mining & Logistics Conference 25 June 2013
3 rd Annual PNG Mining & Logistics Conference 25 June 2013 Technical Disclosures and Forward-Looking Disclaimers This presentation has been prepared by Resource Mining Corporation Limited ( RMC or the
More informationCURRENT DYNAMICS OF THE NICKEL MARKET: ON THE PATH TO RECOVERY. Asian Stainless Conference, Hong-Kong June 4-5 th, 2014
CURRENT DYNAMICS OF THE NICKEL MARKET: ON THE PATH TO RECOVERY Asian Stainless Conference, Hong-Kong June 4-5 th, 2014 ALLOYS, ORES & PEOPLE DES ALLIAGES, DES MINERAIS ET DES HOMMES. DISCLAIMER This presentation
More informationStructural Nickel Surplus to Structural Market Deficit Future Supply Challenges
Mark Selby, Royal Nickel Corporation Structural Nickel Surplus to Structural Market Deficit Future Supply Challenges Disclaimer Cautionary Statements Concerning Forward-Looking Statements This presentation
More informationCopper: Five things to look for in 2017
Copper: Five things to look for in 2017 International Copper Study Group Industry Advisory Panel Thursday 27 April 2017 Lisbon, Portugal Copper: Five things to look for in 2017 Introduction Global macro
More informationNickel Market Outlook
29/04/2015 Nickel Market Outlook Mike Baril Disclaimer This presentation may include declarations about Vale s expectations regarding future events or results. All declarations based upon future expectations,
More informationSTARVED ACID LEACH TECHNOLOGY (SALT) CONCEPTUAL STUDY. InCoR Holdings Plc MINING AND METALLURGY. April 2014 REPORT Rev. 00 > Internal ref.
STARVED ACID LEACH TECHNOLOGY (SALT) CONCEPTUAL STUDY InCoR Holdings Plc MINING AND METALLURGY April 2014 REPORT Rev. 00 > Internal ref. 140226 Document Number: 140226-0000-49ER-0001 Date: 28/04/2014 Revision:
More informationNickel Asia Corporation
Nickel Asia Corporation Presentation on NAC Click to edit Master subtitle style PSE: NIKL RIC: NIKL.PS BBG: NIKL.PM 3 rd Annual dbaccess Philippines Conference Makati City 8 9 October 2014 NAC at a glance
More informationNickel Market Developments
Nickel Market Developments September 216 Present: Improved market conditions 216: Significantly stronger consumption Global primary nickel demand growth resumed following 215 impasse, reflecting: Chinese
More informationNICKEL A VALUE-IN-USE PERSPECTIVE. Barry Jackson, October 2015
NICKEL A VALUE-IN-USE PERSPECTIVE Barry Jackson, October 21 1 CAUTIONARY STATEMENT Disclaimer: This presentation has been prepared by Anglo American plc ( Anglo American ) and comprises the written materials/slides
More informationM E T A L S & ENERGY INSIGHT
M E T A L S & ENERGY INSIGHT 19 th February 2015 Nickel Nickel s origination is not known to the world but it is said that the metal is being used since around 3500 BC. At that time, the bronze medal in
More informationDATA LIFE CYCLE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Nickel
LIFE CYCLE DATA EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 28 Ni Nickel The following study conducted by PE International calculates the global average primary energy demand and environmental impacts of nickel metal and ferronickel
More informationNickel Asia Corporation
Nickel Asia Corporation Presentation on NAC Click to edit Master subtitle style PSE: NIKL RIC: NIKL.PS BBG: NIKL.PM J.P. Morgan Philippines 1x1 Conference Makati City 2-3 February 2015 NAC at a glance
More informationElectric Vehicle Revolution and Implications for the Nickel Market
Electric Vehicle Revolution and Implications for the Nickel Market 1 This presentation may include statements that present Vale's expectations about future events or results. All statements, when based
More informationNickel Asia Corporation
Nickel Asia Corporation Click Presentation to edit Master on subtitle NACstyle 3 rd International Nickel Presentation April 29, 2015, London Nickel Asia Corporation DISCLAIMER: Any and all information
More informationThe Nickel Industry Long term drivers of nickel supply & demand
The Nickel Industry Long term drivers of nickel supply & demand Peter Cranfield Nickel Industry Consultant International Nickel Study Group, Lisbon, October 2, 2006 Presentation contents 1. Historical
More informationNickel & Molybdenum Overview: Nickel: A Battery-Charged Future. Molybdenum: Still Groundhog Day
Nickel & Molybdenum Overview: Nickel: A Battery-Charged Future Molybdenum: Still Groundhog Day MRAG Annual Mining Analyst Forecast and Luncheon Mark Selby, CEO RNC Minerals November 10, 2017 Disclaimer
More informationZincOx Resources plc. Corporate Overview
ZincOx Resources plc Corporate Overview May 2012 Where there s Muck there s Brass Disclaimer This document is for informational purposes only and must not be used or relied upon for the purposes of making
More informationNickel Prices: $5,000 or $50,000 Where is the Market Headed?
Nickel Prices: $5,000 or $50,000 Where is the Market Headed? Metal Bulletin 31 st International Ferro-alloys Conference Mark Selby, President & CEO Royal Nickel Corporation November 10, 2015 Disclaimer
More informationAlternative sources of laterite ore. Thomas Höhne-Sparborth Roskill Information Services
Alternative sources of laterite ore Thomas Höhne-Sparborth Roskill Information Services Disclaimer The statements in this presentation represent the considered views of Roskill Information Services Ltd.
More informationSummary - The Challenge to European Refining Posed by the Rise of US Unconventionals Scottish Oil Club
Summary - The Challenge to European Refining Posed by the Rise of US Unconventionals Scottish Oil Club November 2014 About us We are a global leader in commercial intelligence for the energy, metals and
More informationMARKETING UPDATE 31 OCTOBER 2016
MARKETING UPDATE 31 OCTOBER 2016 IMPORTANT NOTICES THIS PRESENTATION SHOULD BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE FINANCIAL RESULTS AND OUTLOOK YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2016 ANNOUNCEMENT RELEASED ON 25 AUGUST 2016,
More informationNICKEL. An Introduction in the Hindsight
NICKEL An Introduction The name is derived from the German word "kupfernickel" meaning Devil's copper or St Nicholas's (OLd Nick's) copper. Nickel is a silvery-white metal with a slight golden tinge that
More informationRNC Update Conference Call. Sudbury Platinum Corporation Transaction. Nickel Market Update. April 14, 2014
RNC Update Conference Call Sudbury Platinum Corporation Transaction Nickel Market Update April 14, 2014 Disclaimer Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements This presentation contains
More informationOutlook for copper and DRC in the global context
Outlook for copper and DRC in the global context Stephane Redon, Director Overview Demand Supply Prices DRC 1 Robust global demand prospects 2011-25 expected global demand CAGR of close to 3.5% Accelerating
More informationSUMITOMO METAL MINING 1
SUMITOMO METAL MINING 1 SUMITOMO METAL MINING 2 Pogo All Weather Road Pogo Mine SUMITOMO METAL MINING 3 (JPY 100M) SUMITOMO METAL MINING 4 JPY 100M JPY 100M SUMITOMO METAL MINING 5 Business operations
More informationCoal cost projections
Coal cost projections Approach and risks to coal cost projections May 2016 Strategy with substance www.woodmac.com Background and Objectives Coal cost projections AEMO oversees system security of the National
More informationThe operating profit, excluding revaluation of process inventory, increased to SEK 1,744 m (1,318) due to improvements in metal prices.
The operating profit, excluding revaluation of process inventory, increased to SEK 1,744 m (1,318) due to improvements in metal prices. Production disturbances and extensive maintenance had a negative
More informationNickel Market Outlook Future driven by stainless and batteries
Nickel Market Outlook Future driven by stainless and batteries Macquarie Commodities Strategy Macquarie Capital (Europe) Ltd 28 Ropemaker Street London EC2Y 9HD, UK May 218 This publication has been prepared
More informationBoliden to acquire Kevitsa Finnish nickel-copper-gold-pgm mine from First Quantum. 10 March 2016
Finnish nickel-copper-gold-pgm mine from First Quantum 10 March 2016 1 2016-03-10 Kevitsa strengthens Boliden s position in nickel and copper Excellent operational and geographical fit Consistent with
More informationGlobal Nickel market and long-term outlook
Global Nickel market - and long-term outlook June Chief Analyst MMC Norilsk Nickel Kuznetsov Dmitry 1 Nickel Demand (short-term) Consumption: more then +15% (Y-to-Y) increase of primary nickel consumption:
More informationNickel mt. No.2. Key trends in the nickel market. Market balance 55% 20% 17% in nickel market. Outlook: cautiously optimistic.
Market overview Primary nickel consumption by region Vale Nornickel Tsingshan Group Jinchuan Glencore Sumitomo MM Xinhai Sherritt Anglo American BHP Billiton Other No.2 in nickel market 10% 9% 7% 7% 5%
More informationQ1 Interim report 2018
Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Q1 Interim report 218 Lennart Evrell President & CEO Håkan Gabrielsson CFO Q1 Interim report 218 High grades in Aitik
More informationNickel raw materials from the perspec2ve of stainless steel producers. Krisz1na Kálmán- Schüler Managing Partner, DMM Advisory Group.
Nickel raw materials from the perspec2ve of stainless steel producers Krisz1na Kálmán- Schüler Managing Partner, DMM Advisory Group 26th March 2014 DMM Advisory Group Introduc2on DMM: Diamonds, Metals
More informationMagnetite A Higher Grade Blast Furnace Feed and its Potential Benefits for the Ironmaker
Magnetite A Higher Grade Blast Furnace Feed and its Potential Benefits for the Ironmaker Andre Mouton Principal Consultant, Pyromet Consulting Pty Ltd Kris Edwards Consulting Process Engineer Disclaimer
More informationNICKEL MARKET PERSPECTIVES September 23 rd, 2014 Metal Bulletin Conference, Jakarta
NICKEL MARKET PERSPECTIVES September 23 rd, 214 Metal Bulletin Conference, Jakarta ALLOYS, ORES & PEOPLE DES ALLIAGES, DES MINERAIS ET DES HOMMES. NICKEL MARKET PERSPECTIVES SEPTEMBER 214 ERAMET IN A FEW
More informationNickel: State of the market
Nickel: State of the market November 217 HSEC Management Key toolkit SAFENICKEL Rolled out globally Focussed on: Fatal hazard protocols Life saving behaviours Catastrophic risk management Target ZERO HARM
More information19 th Zinc and its Markets Seminar May 4 th 6 th, 2015 Radisson Blu Royal Hotel, Helsinki, Finland. Welcome address. Robin Lindahl
19 th Zinc and its Markets Seminar May 4 th 6 th, 2015 Radisson Blu Royal Hotel, Helsinki, Finland Welcome address Robin Lindahl EVP President of Metals, Energy & Water Business area What does the industry
More informationHydro-Pyro Integration in the processing of Nickel Laterites
Hydro-Pyro Integration in the processing of Nickel Laterites Authors: Anne Oxley a, b and Dr Nic Barcza c a. Alyssum Ventures Ltd, Isle of Man, IM8 1JA, United Kingdom b. Scientific Associate of the Natural
More informationFor personal use only
22 October 2018 ASX Announcement QPM ENTERS INTO FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT WITH DIRECT NICKEL FOR USE OF PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY Queensland Pacific Metals Pty Ltd ( QPM ) has entered into a framework agreement
More informationRyo Hattori, Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. Fundamental problems of the Asian Stainless Steel Market & the Recovery of the Japanese Stainless Steel Market
Ryo Hattori, Nisshin Steel Co., Ltd. Fundamental problems of the Asian Stainless Steel Market & the Recovery of the Japanese Stainless Steel Market 1 Summary World & Asian Stainless Steel Production China:
More informationNICKEL INTRODUCTION: USES OF NICKEL
NICKEL INTRODUCTION: Nickel is a metal with a bright future as it is the main alloying metal needed to produce certain types of stainless steel. The strength and life span of products built with stainless
More informationNickel & Molybdenum Overview: More Likely to See Leafs Win the Stanley Cup? See a Market Turn?
Nickel & Molybdenum Overview: More Likely to See Leafs Win the Stanley Cup? OR See a Market Turn? MRAG Annual Mining Analyst Forecast and Luncheon Mark Selby, CEO Royal Nickel Corporation December 4, 2015
More informationChina s Nickel Industry
China s Nickel Industry Main Contents 1 Chinese nickel supply 2 Chinese nickel consumption 3 SS industry Chinese refined nickel supply Nickel metal and nickel salt production CAGR of refined nickel production
More informationHard Creek Nickel. Emerging Giant Turnagain Nickel Project. Ed Beswick P Eng. HNC:TSX
Hard Creek Nickel Emerging Giant Turnagain Nickel Project Ed Beswick P Eng. HNC:TSX www.hardcreeknickel.com Minerals North Conference April 2010 Cautionary Statement The information contained in this presentation
More informationNew Caledonian Nickel Conference
The 3rd New Caledonian Nickel Conference Ravensthorpe Nickel - Building New Capacity Ian Clark, V P Business Development - Nickel West Monday, 26 March 2007 Disclaimer The views expressed here contain
More informationEnhancing Market Transparency and Cooperation Between Countries Trading Minerals and Metals
OECD Conference on Trade in Raw Materials Paris, France, 3 November, 2014 Enhancing Market Transparency and Cooperation Between Countries Trading Minerals and Metals Don Smale, Secretary-General International
More informationWA s MT THIRSTY COBALT-NICKEL PROJECT POTENTIALLY WORLD S FOURTH LARGEST COBALT PRODUCER
WA s MT THIRSTY COBALT-NICKEL PROJECT POTENTIALLY WORLD S FOURTH LARGEST COBALT PRODUCER Highlights Project has potential to deliver 3,700 tonnes of cobalt, 10,300 tonnes of nickel and 27,000 tonnes of
More informationRENISON TAILINGS RETREATMENT PROJECT ( RENTAILS ) UPDATED DFS CONFIRMS HIGH MARGIN PROJECT
4 JULY 2017 RENISON TAILINGS RETREATMENT PROJECT ( RENTAILS ) UPDATED DFS CONFIRMS HIGH MARGIN PROJECT HIGHLIGHTS Robust economics: NPV 8% of A$260M (pre-tax) and IRR of 37% 1 ; Cash operating cost of
More informationSMM Growth Strategies
SMM Growth Strategies Under 9 3-Yr Business Plan, SMM s long-term vision calls for increasing the Company s total production interest in copper to 3 ktpa* and in gold to 3 tpa as well as expanding nickel
More informationCorporate Presentation
Corporate Presentation PT ANTAM (Persero) Tbk CIMB Conference - Bali May 2017 Disclaimer This presentation contains "forward-looking" statements that are based on numerous assumptions regarding the Company's
More informationFerronickel Smelting. The Twelfth International Ferroalloys Congress Sustainable Future. June 6 9, 2010 Helsinki, Finland
671 2 CONSIDERATION OF RELEVANT PROCESS PARAMETERS In order to evaluate the technical and economical conditions in nickel pig iron production, several parameters influencing the process should be taken
More informationNickel Laterite v Sulfide: The Hard Sustainability Challenge Remains
Dr Gavin M Mudd Environmental Engineering, Monash University, Australia Nickel Laterite v Sulfide: The Hard Sustainability Challenge Remains nd eng.monash.edu.au/enveng March 1 nd Euro Nickel Conference,
More informationCobalt as a by-product of nickel and copper production. Jack Bedder Senior Analyst Roskill Information Services. October 2 nd 2013
Cobalt as a by-product of nickel and copper production Jack Bedder Senior Analyst Roskill Information Services October 2 nd 2013 Overview Background to the INSG/ICSG/Roskill study Rationale and aims Methodology
More informationStainless Steel Scrap Supply & Demand and its Impact on the Primary Market
Stainless Steel Scrap Supply & Demand and its Impact on the Primary Market MB Ferro Alloy Conference, Barcelona, November 11 th 2013 Paul Gielen, Sales Director CRONIMET Group Let s talk about... 1 The
More informationIron Ore: looking better supported after disruptions
Economic and Financial Analysis Commodities Article Iron Ore: looking better supported after disruptions It s been the commodity most commonly associated with oversupply and bearish price calls, but now
More informationThe renaissance of the lead and zinc industries what does the future hold?
The renaissance of the lead and zinc industries what does the future hold? Huw Roberts CHR Metals GFMS Precious & Base Metals Seminar London 14 September 2006 Current state of lead & zinc markets Global
More informationQuarterly Report 30 June 2011
Quarterly Report 30 June 2011 ASX Announcement: 13 July 2011 SIGNIFICANT EVENTS ASX CODE: MRE BOARD OF DIRECTORS Malcolm Macpherson Chairman Peter Johnston Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer
More informationThe structural value of higher grade ore
Photo: Marcelo Coelho The structural value of higher grade ore Rogerio Nogueira Iron Ore and Coal Marketing Director Singapore Iron Ore Week 2018 24 May 2018 Disclaimer This presentation may include declarations
More informationHIGHVELD STEEL PROSPECTUS: IRON PLANT 1 APRIL 2016
HIGHVELD STEEL PROSPECTUS: IRON PLANT 1 APRIL 2016 IRON PLANT 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Highveld Steel and Vanadium was founded in 1960 with the objective of building a unique plant with the ability of beneficiating
More informationNICKEL PHYTOMINING. A Green Metal Extraction Technology
NICKEL PHYTOMINING A Green Metal Extraction Technology 1 1 What is Phytomining? The use of specially developed agricultural plants called hyperaccumulators to extract metals from the ground and concentrate
More informationJohn Jones. Vice-President, Business Development - Asia
John Jones Vice-President, Business Development - Asia Inco and nickel Nickel market will remain strong and supply increases will be limited for years China is having a major influence on the nickel market.
More informationConcluding the Review. Precious Metals Markets, Prices and Interest
Concluding the Review Precious Metals ------------- Markets, Prices and Interest Comparison: Vosey s Bay Estimated proven and probable reserves of 32 million tonnes grading 2.75% nickel, 1.59% copper and
More informationIndium facility at the Auby smelter
Indium facility at the Auby smelter 20 September 2012 Xavier Constant Technology Manager, Auby smelter Important Notice This presentation has been prepared by the management of Nyrstar NV (the "Company").
More informationNEW. The Chinese Nickel, Ni Pig Iron and Stainless Market Prospects for
NEW The Chinese Nickel, Ni Pig Iron and Stainless Market Prospects for 2012 l Outlook on China s nickel, stainless steel and non-stainless application markets l Unique data and insights into nickel pig
More informationDevelopments in production costs and competitiveness in ferrochrome
Developments in production costs and competitiveness in ferrochrome Kevin Fowkes Managing Consultant Metal Bulletin 29 th International Ferroalloys Conference Barcelona, 12 h November 2013 Structure 1.
More informationThe New Leader in Global Copper
The New Leader in Global Copper November 2013 TSX: FM; LSE: FQM Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statement Some of the statements contained in the following material are forward looking statements
More informationThe New Leader in Global Copper
The New Leader in Global Copper September 2013 TSX: FM; LSE: FQM Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statement Some of the statements contained in the following material are forward looking statements
More informationQ2 Interim report 2018
Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Q2 Interim report 218 Mikael Staffas President & CEO Håkan Gabrielsson CFO Q2 Interim report 218 Strong results due to
More informationTechnology and developing trends of nickel pig iron blast furnace. Speaker:Dong Xunxiang
Technology and developing trends of nickel pig iron blast furnace Speaker:Dong Xunxiang COMPANY PROFILE WISDRI WISDRI Engineering & Research Incorporation Limited (WISDRI) is a large state-owned science
More informationIndustrial Solutions
Industrial Solutions The Value of Water Water is becoming an increasingly valuable commodity worldwide. While drinking water has the highest value, industry, agriculture, food processing and residential
More informationARM COPPER. Thando Mkatshana Chief Executive: ARM Copper and ARM Coal. Vale/ARM joint venture 50% 50% Refining. Flash/ Isa smelt smelting
110 INTEGRATED ANNUAL REPORT 2016 ARM COPPER Thando Mkatshana Chief Executive: ARM Copper and ARM Coal ZCCM-IH 80% 50% 100% 20% Lubambe Copper Mine and Extension Area Vale/ARM joint venture 50% Vale S.A.
More informationINNOVACIÓN EN PLANTAS HIDRO- METALÚRGICAS
1º SEMINARIO INTERNACIONAL INNOVACIÓN EN PLANTAS HIDRO- METALÚRGICAS 1º INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR: INNOVATION IN HYDROMETALLURGICAL PLANTS A sustainable hydrometallurgical process to develop copper deposits
More informationSA Mining and Exploration Conference Adelaide Convention Centre 11 DECEMBER 2015
SA Mining and Exploration Conference Adelaide Convention Centre 11 DECEMBER 2015 Disclaimer This presentation has been prepared by OZ Minerals Limited ( OZ Minerals ) and consists of written materials/slides
More informationM. KITTO. British Sulphur Consultants 31 Mount Pleasant, London WC1X 0AD
The Outlook for the Sulphur Market Balance M. KITTO British Sulphur Consultants 3 Mount Pleasant, London WCX AD RECENT MARKET TRENDS The global sulphur market has been in apparent supply surplus since
More informationTHE ELEMENTS OF VALUE CREATION. Developing the Next Great Canadian Base Metal Mine. April 3, 2014
THE ELEMENTS OF VALUE CREATION Developing the Next Great Canadian Base Metal Mine April 3, 2014 Disclaimer Cautionary Statements Concerning Forward-Looking Statements This presentation contains "forward-looking
More informationNICKEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY 10 YEARS ON FROM CAWSE, BULONG AND MURRIN MURRIN
NICKEL PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY 10 YEARS ON FROM CAWSE, BULONG AND MURRIN MURRIN Presented by Alan Taylor ALTA Metallurgical Services - Australia alantaylor@altamet.com.au 10 years ago, the nickel processing
More informationExploration, mining and metals production & Boliden Kokkola Justin Salminen
Exploration, mining and metals production & Boliden Kokkola Justin Salminen Kokkola Material Week 30.10.2018 Boliden Kokkola 1 04.11.2018 Boliden in a nutshell A world-class mining and smelting company
More informationModelling of Nickel Laterite Smelting to Ferronickel
EXTENDED ABSTRACT - 8 Modelling of Nickel Laterite Smelting to Ferronickel Douglas R Swinbourne School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, 124 Latrobe Street, Melbourne 3000,
More informationChanging World of Stainless Steel Scrap. Paul Gielen, Sales Manager CRONIMET Group 7 th Asian Stainless Steel Conference 25./27.
Changing World of Stainless Steel Scrap Paul Gielen, Sales Manager CRONIMET Group 7 th Asian Stainless Steel Conference 25./27. June 2012 Disclaimer This presentation is provided to you for information
More informationTreatment of Nickel-Cobalt Laterites
Short Course Treatment of Nickel-Cobalt Laterites July 2017 ALTA Metallurgical Services, Melbourne, Australia www.altamet.com.au ALTA Short Course Treatment of Nickel-Cobalt Laterites July 2017 ALTA Metallurgical
More informationTeck's CESL Nickel Process: Advancing Towards a Commercial Ready Hydromet Solution for Low Grade Disseminated Nickel Sulphides
Teck's CESL Nickel Process: Advancing Towards a Commercial Ready Hydromet Solution for Low Grade Disseminated Nickel Sulphides By Keith Mayhew, Tannice McCoy, Rob Mean and Adam Miller Teck Resources Limited
More informationThe Los Bronces Development Project Brian Beamish CEO Anglo Base Metals 28th November 2007
The Los Bronces Development Project Brian Beamish CEO Anglo Base Metals 28th November 2007 This presentation is being made only to and is directed only at (a) persons who have professional experience in
More informationMetallurgical Coal Services
Metallurgical Coal Services Hong Kong London Sydney New York Bridging the Gap Before making any strategic or financial decisions, seek our professional opinions on the geology, engineering, processing
More informationChina Nickel Industry Chain Analysis,
Shanghai Metals Market The Leading Metals Information Provider in China China Nickel Chain Analysis, -212 Hot topic The analysis on supply and demand balance of nickel in The forecast of the price trend
More informationMANGANESE THE NEED FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE
MANGANESE THE NEED FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE GRAHAM KERR CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER FEBRUARY 2016 IMPORTANT NOTICES The purpose of this presentation is to provide general information about South32 Limited.
More informationBoliden does not accept any liability whatsoever arising from or in connection with the use of this information.
Disclaimer This presentation has been prepared by Boliden for information purposes only and as per the indicated date. Boliden does not undertake any obligation to correct or update the information or
More informationDr. Joseph J Poveromo, Raw Materials & Ironmaking Global Consulting DR Pellet Quality & MENA Applications
Dr. Joseph J Poveromo, Raw Materials & Ironmaking Global Consulting joe.poveromo@rawmaterialsiron.com DR Pellet Quality & MENA Applications Chemistry Considerations direct reduction processes: chemical
More informationAustralia s New Nickel
Australia s New Nickel David Singleton Managing Director & CEO January 2013 Disclaimer This presentation has been prepared for the purpose of providing general information about Poseidon Nickel Limited
More informationEnvironmental Sustainability Metrics for Nickel Sulphide Versus Nickel
Environmental Sustainability Metrics for Nickel Sulphide Versus Nickel Laterite # Environmental Engineering / Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia # Gavin.Mudd@eng.monash.edu.au
More informationThe History of DC Arc Furnace Process Development
Council for Mineral Technology The History of DC Arc Furnace Process Development June 2009 TR Curr Manager, Pyrometallurgy, Mintek ELECTRIC FURNACES Evolved from late 1880 s By early 1970 s there were
More informationThe rise and fall of black gold
The rise and fall of black gold 02 Peak oil demand: just around the corner? The market used to worry about peak oil supply. Now the focus has shifted to peak oil demand as the industry witnesses a structural
More informationChina Nickel Industry Report,
China Nickel Industry Report, 2009-2010 The report starts from the development of nickel industry all over the world, and focuses upon analysis of nickel resource reserves, status quo of supply and demand
More informationWaste Treatment and Utilization in Heavy Metal Metallurgy
M2R2 Waste Treatment and Utilization in Heavy Metal Metallurgy Jiang Kaixi BGRIMM Apr. 12-13, 2012, Santiago, Chile 1 Introduction Production of top ten non-ferrous metals in China Ranking the position
More information