The Element Families. By: Katie Cignetti

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1 The Element Families By: Katie Cignetti

2 Alkali Metals ~ group 1 -only have 1 to lose electron -have 1 valence electron -form +1 cation _very reactive -not found in pure form in nature -soft shiny metals

3 Lithium -alkali metal family, group 1 -symbol: Li -atomic number: 3 Discovery: 1817, Johann Arfvedson Used in batteries, ceramics, lubricants 2 energy levels Used to help treat bipolar disorder -in group 1 because it is super reactive, has 1 electron on outer shell

4 Alkaline Earth Metals ~ group 2-2 valence electrons -form +2 cation -less reactive than alkali metals

5 Radium -alkaline earth metals, group 2 -symbol: Ra -atomic number: 88 Discovery: 1898, Pierre and Marie Curie Used for treating cancer 7 energy levels reacts vigorously with water silvery-white in color -in group 2 because it has 2 electrons on outer shell, makes bonds very easily

6 Transition Metals ~ groups valence electrons are present in more than one shell -malleable and ductile -only elements to produce magnetic field

rare unaffected by air, water, and acids

7 Ruthenium -transition metals, groups symbols: Ru -atomic number: 44 Discovery: 1844, Karl Klaus Used in platinum alloys 5 energy levels very rare unaffected by air, water, and acids -in group 3-12 because it exhibits many oxidation states

8 Boron Family ~ group 13-3 valence electrons -form +3 cation -certain oxidation states can cause an inert pair effect

Thallium -boron family, group 13 -symbol: Tl -atomic number: 81 Discovery: 1861, Sir William Crookes Used as rat poison until it was found harmful Used to make

9 Thallium -boron family, group 13 -symbol: Tl -atomic number: 81 Discovery: 1861, Sir William Crookes Used as rat poison until it was found harmful Used to make glass Can easily be cut with a knife Melting point of 304 degrees C, Boiling point of 1,473 degrees C -in group 13 because it has 3 electrons on the outer shell

10 Carbon family ~ group 14 -have 4 valence electrons -shares covalent bonds -rarely makes ions

11 Germanium -carbon family, group 14 -symbol: Ge -atomic number: 32 Discovery: 1886, Clemens A Winkler It is toxic to bacteria Harmless to animals Used in infrared detectors -in group 14 because it has 2 electrons on its outer shell

12 Nitrogen family ~ group 15-5 valence electrons -forms a -3 anion -follows general periodic table trends

13 Antimony -nitrogen family, group 15 -symbol: Sb -atomic number: 51 Discovery: 3000 Bc (estimated), unknown Used by egyptians as eyeliner, in batteries Used as a flame retardant in adhesives, plastic, rubber and textiles -in group 15 because it has a composition of ns 2 np 3

14 Oxygen Family ~ group 16-6 valence electrons -forms a -2 anion -can be found in nature in both free and combined states

Sulfur -oxygen family, group 16 -symbol: S -atomic

Used in batteries for automotive use Penicillin is

Burns with a blue flame -part of group 16 because

15 Sulfur -oxygen family, group 16 -symbol: S -atomic number: 16 Discovery: 2000 Bc (estimated), unknown Used in batteries for automotive use Penicillin is a sulfur based antibiotic Pure sulfur has no smell Burns with a blue flame -part of group 16 because it can be found pure and in combined states in nature

16 Halogen Family ~ group 17-7 valence electrons -forms a -1 anion -more reactive than other non-metal groups because they only need one more electron to be full

17 Bromine -halogen family, group 17 -symbol: Br -atomic number: 35 Discovery: 1826, Antoine Jerome Balard and Leopold Gmelin Uses in pesticides, water purification compounds Causes skin burns Poisonous -belongs to group 17 because it can form a salt

18 Noble Gases ~ group 18-8 valence electrons -don t need to make cation or anion, they are already happy -they are stable, inert gases

19 Krypton -noble gas, group 18 -symbol: Kr -atomic number: 36 Discovery: 1898, William Ramsay and Morris Travers Considered non-toxic Used in lighting products Krypton is Supermans home Colorless, odorless, inert gas -belongs to group 18 because it has 8 valence electrons

Lanthanides -atomic numbers: 57-71 -used to color

20 Lanthanides -atomic numbers: used to color ceramics and glass -some have unusual magnetic properties -used to remove sulfur and oxygen impurities from systems -help in process of producing gasoline

Ytterbium -lanthanide -symbol: Yb -atomic number: 70

Dissolves rapidly in mineral acids Moderately toxic

with water -part of lanthanides because it can be

21 Ytterbium -lanthanide -symbol: Yb -atomic number: 70 Discovery: 1878, Jean Charles Galissard de Marlgnae Dissolves rapidly in mineral acids Moderately toxic Rare earth metal Tarnishes in air, reacts slowly with water -part of lanthanides because it can be considered a transition metal but has different properties

Actinides -atomic numbers: 89-103 -used in

22 Actinides -atomic numbers: used in cancer therapy -used to power the heart pacemaker -some emit heat -provide electrical energy for transmitting messages from the moon to Earth

23 Einsteinium -actinide -symbol: Es -atomic number: 99 Discovery: 1952, by teams of scientists Synthetic Has only been produced in tiny amounts Used for research purposes only -part of the actinides because it is radioactive

24 Hydrogen -symbol: H -atomic number: 1 Discovery: 1766, Henry Cavendish Highly flammable Simplest element Colorless, odorless gas Liquid hydrogen is used as rocket fuel

25 Resources

An Organized Table Worksheet Due Thursday Name: Date: Period:

An Organized Table Worksheet Due Thursday Name: Date: Period: The Periodic Table of Elements In 1871, the first periodic table was developed by Dmitrii Mendeleev. Mendeleev is known as the father of the