Introduction to geothermal energy. Freek van der Meer. Presented at Dar Es Salaam Institute of Technology, DIT, Wednesday 26 October 2016

Transcription

1 Introduction to geothermal energy Freek van der Meer Presented at Dar Es Salaam Institute of Technology, DIT, Wednesday 26 October 2016

2 Why invest in renewable energy? What is geothermal energy? Where are geothermal resources available? Power generation from geothermal; technology Geothermal project development 2

3 INTRODUCTION TO THE UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE 3

4 HIGH TECH HUMAN TOUCH Societal impact: making a real difference Synergy: excellence in combinations Entrepreneurship and innovation Internationalization: tomorrow s global citizens. UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE An entrepreneurial campus university established in 1961 More than 10,000 students 3,300 staff members 4

5 UT IN ONE SLIDE Five faculties BMS Behavioural, Management and Social sciences CTW Engineering Technology EWI Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science TNW Science and Technology ITC Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation Four research institutes CTIT Centre for Telematics and Information Technology IGS Institute for Innovation and Governance Studies MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine Virtual institutes Twente Graduate School (MSc+PhD) ATLAS university college

6 ITC FACULTY OF GEO- INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION

7 About ITC Established: Appeal by UN in framework of official development assistance - ODA Aim: Build capacity for economic development in developing world Main instrument: Postgraduate education and training, research, project services Main field of science: earth observation, geoinformation science applied to problem-solving in earth sciences, natural and water resources and urban studies Achievements alumni (predominantly) mid-career professionals

8 ITC ALUMNI

9 29/10/2016 To modi

10 OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENTATION Why invest in renewable energy? What is geothermal energy? Where are geothermal resources available? Power generation from geothermal; technology Geothermal project development 10

11 GLOBAL LAND/SEA TEMPERATURE INCREASES ipcc Source: NASA 11

12 IS OUR CLIMATE CHANGING: YES 12

13 BUT OUR CLIMATE ALWAYS HAS CHANGED - TRUE Present day 13

14 CO2 IS KEY BUT LINK WITH TEMPERATURE IS LOST 14

15 IS OUR CLIMATE CHANGING? 15

16 CO2 EMISSION THE BIG PROBLEM Energy transition debate 16

17 We set a new record on CO2 release!!! Carbon release rates from anthropogenic sources reached a record in 2014! Geologic analogues from past transient climate changes show that this high exceeds the Palaeocene Eocene Thermal Maximum known at present to have the highest carbon release rates of the past 66 million years. 17

18 Secondary effects of climate change INCREASE OF SEA-LEVEL HEIGHT THROUGHOUT 20 th CENTURY 1,5 to 2 mm/year GLOBAL NETWORK OF TIDE GAUGES (2001) 18

19 Number of events, impacts, extreme events are increasing Driving forces: Climate change Vulnerability changes: population growth urbanization (coastal zones, floodplains) occupation of marginal lands (Better recording of disastrous events?) 1. frequency at which natural disasters occur is increasing 2. more extreme events occur 3. this applies to hydrometeorological hazards Source:

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21 ENERGY TRANSITION FROM FOSSIL FUELS TO RENEWABLES Transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is one of the biggest challenges and game changers for the coming decades but an essential one if we wish to reach the agreements of COP21 (Paris Agreement) in view of combatting climate change and global warming. In COP21, for the first time in over 20 years of UN negotiations, countries ratified an agreement to achieve a legally binding and universal agreement on climate, with the aim of keeping global warming below 2 C. 21

22 OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENTATION Why invest in renewable energy? What is geothermal energy? Where are geothermal resources available? Power generation from geothermal; technology Geothermal project development 22

23 What is geothermal? Geothermal derives from the Greek and means "Earth heat" - which geologists understand as describing hot rocks, volcanic activity or heat derived from deep within the earth - wikipedia. October 29,

24 Sources of Earth s Internal Energy 70% comes from the decay of radioactive nuclei with long half lives that are embedded within the Earth Some energy is from residual heat left over from Earths formation. The rest of the energy comes from meteorite impacts.

25 PLATE TECTONICS 25

26 GEOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL SUBDUCTION ZONE VOLCANISM->INDONESIA, PHILIPPINES 26

27 GEOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY MID OCEANIC RIDGE->ICELAND 27

28 GEOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY EAST AFRICAN RIFT SYSTEM 28

29 OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENTATION Why invest in renewable energy? What is geothermal energy? Where are geothermal resources available? Power generation from geothermal; technology Geothermal project development 29

30 Availability of Geothermal Energy On average, the Earth emits 1/16 W/m 2. However, this number can be much higher in areas such as regions near volcanoes, hot springs and fumaroles. As a rough rule, 1 km 3 of hot rock cooled by C will yield 30 MW of electricity over thirty years. There is believed to be enough heat radiating from the center of the Earth to fulfill human energy demands for the remainder of the biosphere s lifetime.

31 TYPE OF GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS GEOLOGICALLY Volcanic geothermal systems are in one way or another associated with volcanic activity. Convective fracture controlled systems the heat source is the hot crust at depth where geothermal water circulated to considerable depth (> 1 km), mostly through vertical fractures Sedimentary geothermal systems are found areas with permeable sedimentary layers at great depths (> 1 km) and above average geothermal gradients (> 30º C/km). Geo-pressured systems fluid caught in stratigraphic traps may have pressures close to lithostatic values. Hot dry rock (HDR) or enhanced (engineered) geothermal systems (EGS) consist of volumes of rock that have been heated by volcanism or abnormally high heat flow. 31

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33 Use October 29,

34 INSTALLED GEOTHERMAL CAPACITY

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36 OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENTATION Why invest in renewable energy? What is geothermal energy? Where are geothermal resources available? Power generation from geothermal; technology Geothermal project development 36

37 37 Source: ESMAP geothermal handbook

38 How Direct Use Works Direct Sources function by sending water down a well to be heated by the Earth s warmth. Then a heat pump is used to take the heat from the underground water to the substance that heats the house. Then after the water it is cooled is injected back into the Earth.

39 Direct uses of geothermal energy is appropriate for sources below C space heating air conditioning industrial processes drying Greenhouses Aguaculture hot water resorts and pools melting snow

40 Netherlands Direct use: Process heat in industries Heineken, FrieslandCampina, Pulp&paper factories Medium enthalpy electricity: Texel, Hoogeveen, Apeldoorn, Schiphol Airport 2008 heating and cooling Warmte-koude opslag Low enthalpy=low value: risk MUST be low!; success rate MUST be high! Create a full 3D model of the subsurface Only GO when 90 % chance of success October 29,

41 NK YOU

42 Ground Heat Collectors This system uses horizontal loops filled with circulating water at a depth of 80 to 160 cm underground. This type uses one or two underground vertical loops that extend 150 meters below the surface.

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44 Generation of Electricity is appropriate for sources >150 o C Dry Steam Plants: These were the first type of plants created. They use underground steam to directly turn the turbines.

45 Binary Cycle Plants: This system passes moderately hot geothermal water past a liquid, usually an organic fluid, that has a lower boiling point. The resulting steam from the organic liquid drives the turbines. This process does not produce any emissions and the water temperature needed for the water is lower than that needed in the Flash Steam Plants (250 0 F F). Casa Diablo

46 Pros and Cons geothermal energy +Geothermal plants can be online 100%-90% of the time. Coal plants can only be online 75% of the time and nuclear plants can only be online 65% of the time. ++Geothermal electric plants production in 13 g/kwh of Carbon dioxide, the CO2 emissions are 453 g/kwh for natural gas, 906g g/kwh for oil and 1042 g/kwh for coal. --Earthquakes, Heat depletion, Natural cooling of Earth s crust cannot be avoided ---Building costs: $ per kw installed capacity --Geothermal areas aren t always near electricity grids ----High exploration risk October 29,

47 Energy Source Categories Non renewable Renewable Conventional Alternative Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Fission Geothermal Oil Shale Tar Sands Methane Hydrates Wood Hydro Human/Animal Wind Water Pumping Wind Solar Biomass/Geothermal? Wave/Tide Ocean Current Sustainable means using less than is renewed; if water is withdrawn from a dam faster than it is refilled, the level drops and hydro power is lessened, and finally fails

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49 OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENTATION Why invest in renewable energy? What is geothermal energy? Where are geothermal resources available? Power generation from geothermal; technology Geothermal project development 49

50 50 Source: ESMAP geothermal handbook

51 51 Source: ESMAP geothermal handbook

52 52 Source: ESMAP geothermal handbook

53 53 Source: ESMAP geothermal handbook

54 54 Source: ESMAP geothermal handbook

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56 ENSCHEDE THE NETHERLANDS