The Urban Environment and Climate Change

Transcription

1 The Urban Environment and Climate Change PhD in: Sciences of Climate Changes -XXV cycle of the PhD School ChangeS PhD student: MAGGIOTTO Giuseppe

2 INTRODUCTION Why to investigate the Urban Environment? The majority of people live in urban areas and experience urban climate Urban areas are expected to expand significantly in the near future Urban areas affect local climate ( e.g. Urban Heat Island effect ) Source: ETC/ACC (European Topic Centre Technical Paper 2010/12-December 2010-Urban Regions: Vulnerabilities, Vulnerability Assessments by Indicators and Adaptation Options for Climate Change Impacts- Scoping Study

3 Why to investigate the Urban Environment in the Mediterranean area? (In a context of climate change predictions) The Mediterranean area lies in a geographical transition zone, so, it is a sort of hot-spot to climate changes Source: ETC/ACC (European Topic Centre Technical Paper 2010/12-December 2010-Urban Regions: Vulnerabilities, Vulnerability Assessments by Indicators and Adaptation Options for Climate Change Impacts- Scoping Study

4 The main climate threats on cities are: temperature increase leading to heat waves sea level rise influencing storm surges and salt water intrusion heavy precipitation leading to fluvial and urban drainage floods storms (wind, rain, thunder and snow storms) decreased precipitation leading to water scarcity and droughts climate impacts leading to natural disturbances, e.g. wild fires, pests climate impacts leading to earth movements (avalanches, landslides, erosion) climate impacts leading to increased human diseases

5 How to investigate the Urban Environment? Global Warming of Climate System Mediterranean Macro-Regions Impacts-Vulnerability Indicator Adaptation Mitigation Vulnerability: depends on significance and rate of climate changes and sensitivity of the system exposed to them Risk: is influenced by the probabilities and conseguences of the impacts of the event on the receptor

6 Which aspect? The Urban Heat Island effect Positive gradient of temperature of the urban area with respect to their surrounding rural areas. Urban Heat Island Summertime UHI WintertimeUHI Energy consumption Environment quality Human health

7 Urban Heat Island Atmospheric UHI Surface UHI Boundary layer UHI Canopy layer UHI

8 Source: ETC/ACC (European Topic Centre Technical Paper 2010/12-December 2010-Urban Regions: Vulnerabilities, Vulnerability Assessments by Indicators and Adaptation Options for Climate Change Impacts- Scoping Study

9 The Urban Ecosystem

10 DOWNSCALING Method Sources:

11 The EnviMET model EnviMET is a prognostic three dimensional microclimate model, based on fundamental laws of fluid-dynamics and thermodynamics created to simulate surfaces-plant-air interactions. It is designed for microscale with a typical horizontal resolution from 0.5 to 10 m and a typical timeframe of 24 to 48 hours with a timestep of 10 sec at maximum. This resolution allows to analyze small scale interactions between individual buildings,surfaces and plants. Source:

12 The model calculation includes: Shortwave and longwave radiation fluxes with respect to shading, reflection and reradiation from building systems and the vegetation Transpiration, Evaporation and sensible heat flux from the vegetation into the air including full simulation of all plant physical parameters (e.g. photosynthesis rate) Surface and wall temperature for each grid point and wall Water- and heat exchange inside the soil system Calculation of biometeorological parameters like Mean Radiant Temperature or Fanger's Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) Value Dispersion of inert gases and particles including sedimentation of particles at leafs and surfaces

13 The ortophoto The Area Input File The 3D Model The OutPut by Leonardo Source:

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15 The experiment with thermocamera

16 -Thermocamera FLIR B20 -Barometric Pressure Sensor -Temperature and Relative Humidity Probe -Wind Master

17 Which parametrs to investigate in the Urban Environment? ( At the moment ) PMV Potential Temperature Humidity Which cities to choiche? ( The criterions adopted ) Geographical position Extension Morphometry Population density Distance from the sea Rural surroundings

18 References Books: Oke T.R.-Boundary layer climatology 2 ed. London ; New York : Routledge, 1992, c1987 Stull Roland B.-An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology; Kluver Academic Publishers, 1988 Gisotti G.-Ambiente urbano Introduzione all ecologia urbana; Dario Flaccovio Editore,2007 Papers: H.J.S. Fernando, D. Zajic, S. Di Sabatino, R. Dimitrova, B.Hedquist and A. Dallman (2010)-Flow, turbulence, and pollutant dispersion in urban atmospheres. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS 22, ; S.Di Sabatino, E.Solazzo,P.Paradisi, R.Britter (2008)-A simple model for spatiallyaveraged wind profiles within and above an urban canopy. BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROL 127: F.Giorgi and E.Coppola (2009)-Projections of twenty-first century climate over Europe.EUR.PHYS.J.CONFERENCES,1, F.Giorgi, P.Lionello (2007)-Climate change projections for the Mediterranean region. GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE-GLOBAL E.Solazzo, S.Di Sabatino, N.Aquilina,A.Dudek,R.Britter (2010)-Coupling Mesoscale Modelling with a Simple Urban Model: The Lisbon Case Study. BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROL 137:

19 J.C.R. Hunt,S.I. Bohnenstengel,S.E. Belcher, Y. Timoshkina-Implications of Climate Change For Expanding Cities Worldwide, (Manuscript Draft) ETC/ACC (European Topic Centre Technical Paper 2010/12-December 2010-Urban Regions: Vulnerabilities, Vulnerability Assessments by Indicators and Adaptation Options for Climate Change Impacts- Scoping Study M. Bruse, H. Fleer- Simulating surface plant air interactions inside urban environments with a three dimensional numerical model, Environmental Modelling & Software 13 (1998) Corfee-Morlot, J. et al. (2009), "Cities, Climate Change and Multilevel Governance", OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 14, OECD Publishing, OECD. doi: / ISPRA- Qualità dell ambiente urbano-vii rapporto annuale, Edizione 2010 K. W. Oleson, G. B. Bonan, J. Feddema and T. Jackson (2010) - An examination of urban heat island characteristics in a global climate model - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY G.Bonafè (2006)- Microclima urbano: impatto dell urbanizzazione sulle condizioni climatiche locali e fattori di mitigazione. Area Meteorologia Ambientale Servizio IdroMeteorologico ARPA Emilia-Romagna EEA ( European Environment Agency ) Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2010 THE EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT STATE AND OUTLOOK 2010 MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE ISBN doi: / EEA, Copenhagen, 2010

20 Sebastian Huttner, Michael Bruse, Paul Dostal - Using ENVI-met to simulate the impact of global warming on the microclimate in central European cities. 5th Japanese- German Meeting on Urban Climatology, October 2008, pp

21 E-sources: