The New Energy Evaluators: Energy Accounting Qy Local Government Energy Managers

Transcription

1 The New Energy Evaluatrs: Energy Accunting Qy Lcal Gvernment Energy Managers Ken Egel and Jhn Ck Energy Management Services Berkeley, Califrnia ABSTRACT Energy evaluatin techniques have largely been the exclusive prvince f energy evaluatrs and researchers. Lcal gvernment energy managers, having cmpleted energy retrfit effrts in their facilities, have been hard-pressed t reprt n actual, weather-crrected energy and dllar savings frm their wrk. Typically untrained in energy evaluatin techniques, they were f ten faced with the chice f reprting energy savings as estimated by energy audits and vendr literature r cntract ing ut fr evaluatin services. Within the last tw years, hwever, persnal cmputer sftware prgrams have firmly established the field f "energy accunting", allwing practicing energy managers t use relatively sphisticated evaluatin techniques t measure and reprt the success f their retrfit effrts. Menu-driven prgrams, ffered fr as littie as $250, allw energy managers t calculate efficiency indices fr their numerus facilities, nrmalize temperature variatin frm year t year, calculate energy and cst savings subsequent t retrfit activity, and even catch in frequent utility billing errrs. Results can be presented in attractive bar, line, and pie charts, allwing clear presentatin t city cuncils r supervisry bards. Cmputerized energy accunting has, in fact, been a primary fcus f the Califrnia Energy Cmmissin (CEC)'s Small Lcal Gvernment Energy Assistance Prgram. Mre than 35 lcal gvernment energy managers have established energy accunting systems in the last nine mnths thrugh this prgram. This paper examines cmputerized energy accunting in fur ways: First, it prvides an intrductin t energy accunting and the ways in which such systems assist lcal gvernment energy managers. Secnd, it discusses the features which lcal gvernments shuld lk fr in evaluating energy accunting sftware packages. Third, it reprts n the wrk cmpleted in establishing energy accunting systems amng Califrnia's small lcal gvernments as part f the CEC's Small Lcal Gvernment Energy Assistance Prject. Lastly, it discusses the specific applicatin f energy accunting in ne cmpnent f the CEC's Assistance Prject, the Salary Guarantee Prgram. 7.40

2 INTRODUCTION The New Energy Evaluatrs: Energy Accunting RY Lcal Gvernment Energy Managers (Paper #402) Ken Egel and Jhn Ck Energy Management Services 3200 Adeline Street Berkeley, CA Energy evaluatin techniques have largely been the exclusive prvince f energy evaluatrs and researchers. Lcal gvernment energy managers, having cmpleted energy retrfit effrts in their facilities, have been hard-pressed t reprt n actual, weather-crrected energy and dllar savings frm their wrk. Typically untrained in energy evaluatin techniques, they were f ten faced with the chice f reprt ing energy and dllar savings as estimated by energy audits and vendr literature r cntracting ut fr evaluatin services. Within the last tw years, hwever, persnal cmputer sftware prgrams have firrnly established the field f "energy accunting", allwing practicing energy managers t use relatively sphisticated evaluatin techniques t measure and reprt the success f their retrfit effrts. Menu-driven prgrams, ffered fr as littie as $250, allw energy managers t calculate efficiency indices fr their numerus facilities, nrrnalize temperature variatin frm year t year, calculate energy and c st savings subsequent t retrfit activity, and even catch in frequent utility billing errrs. Results can be presented in attractive bar, line, and pie charts, allwing clear presentatin t city cuncils r supervisry bards. Cmputerized energy accunting has, in fact, been a primary fcus f the Califrnia Energy Cmmissin (CEC)'s Small Lcal Gvernment Energy Assistance Prgram. Mre than 35 lcal gvernrnent energy managers have established energy accunting systems in the last nine mnths thrugh this prgram. This paper examines cmputerized energy accunting in fur ways, by: 1. prviding an intrductin t energy accunting and the ways in which such systems assist lcal gvernment energy managers; 2. discussing the features which lcal gvernments shuld lk fr in evaluating energy accunting sftware packages; 3. reprt ing n the wrk cmpleted in establishing energy accunting systems amng Califrnia's smalllcal gvernments as part f the CEC's Small Lcal Gvernment Energy Assistance Prj ect ; and. 7.41

3 4. discussing the specific applicatin f energy accunting in ne cmpnent f the CEC's Prject, the Salary Guarantee Prgram. I. ENERGY ACCOUNTING AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS Af ter labr csts, energy csts represent ne f the largest expenses incurred by mst lcal gvernments. Very few lcal gvernments (and especially few small lcal gvernments), hwever, have the means t keep track f all the utility bills frm all f their buildings, pumps, wells, traffic signals, ball park lights, irrigatin cntrllers, and ther facilities t determine where prblems might exist r where savings culd be achieved. It is typical fr a small lcal gvernment t receive in excess f 100 utility bills each mnth. The city f Santa Cruz, with a ppulatin f 49,000, fr example, receives nearly 300 separate gas and electric bills mnthly. Energy accunting sftware prvides lcal gvernments with a tl t cmplete cmputerized utility bill tracking. Having such a tracking system prvides lcal gvernments with five capabilities: Ability t Priritize Energy Management Actins: Mst lcal gvernments have limited resurces t invest in energy saving measures and are, cnsequent ly, typically unable t cmplete cst-effective retrfits in all f their facilities. They apprach the cmpletin f energy saving imprvements in a piece-meal fashin, either ding ne facility at a time r ne r tw measures at a time. They may have had energy audits perfrmed which tell them which measures are cst-effective fr each facility, but d nt tell them wher~ t start. A cmputerized energy accunting system can assist alcal gvernment in carefully determining their mst energy intensive facilities by a number f indices such as energy use per square ft, energy c st per square ft, energy cst per hur f peratin, and energy c st per millin gallns pumped. This helps a gvernment priritize the measures suggested in an energy audit by determining where they are likely t genera te the mst savings, given a piece-meal apprach t retrfits. Ability t Measure Energy savings ~ Retrfits: Lcal gvernments which cmpleted energy saving measures in the past had t rely n the accuracy f the energy savings estimates prvided in their energy audits r in vendr literature, rather than being able t actually measure the energy savings due t their effrts. The mathematical tls required t take changes in weather, hurs f peratin, fuel types, r building use int accunt in evaluating savings were f ten "clistered" in natinal labratries, state agencies, r private evaluatin firms and were nt accessible t lcal gvernments. It is widely accepted, hwever, that savings estimates prvided in an energy audittypically differ significantly frm the savings actually achieved frm a cmpleted measure. This is largely because the audit estimates are based upn assumptins abut weather and perating patterns which inevitably differ frm the weather actually experienced and the perating patterns actually used. Energy acéunting systems typically incrprate 7.42

4 relatively sphisticated linear regressin analysis techniques t make calculatin f actual savings quite easy. Being able t reprt t a city cuncil the actual savings being reaped frm cuncil-apprved investments in energy management, rather than rugh estimates prvided in an energy audit, greatly increases the credibility f the energy manager and prvides a springbard fr cmpleting future energy management wrk. (Mst energy accunting sftware, hwever, cannt determine the savings due t individual measures but nly the verall retrfitjmanagement effrt taken as a whle.) Ability t Catch Ptential utility Billing Errrs: Lcal gvernment utility bil Is are typically sent t the Finance Department, where they are inspected t ensure that there is enugh mney in the apprpriate budget accunt t cver the billed csts and then paid. Analysis cncern ing whether r nt the billed amunt makes sense typically des nt ccur. Energy accunting systems can "flag" utility bills which seem ut f rder, either in terms f ttal cnsumptin, cnsumptin per day, ttal cst, r cst per energy unit. This feature, fr instance, helped the City f Martinez catch a $20,000 mathematical mistake n their utility bill and the City f Madera catch a $2,000 bill that had been billed twice. In bth cases, the cities had already paid the bilis. As a resuit f their energy accunting system, the errrs were uncvered and re funds were issued. Of ten just the prcess f rganizing utility bills fr ent ry int an energy accunting system can uncver billing errrs. Fr example, the City f Benicia fund that several f their utility accunts were n the wrng rate schedule. Shifting the City's waste water treatment plant t the apprpriate schedule will reap the City an estimated $5,000 per year in savings. still ther cities uncver bills fr meters n wells r pumps which have lng been shut dwn but are still surcharged $5 per mnth because n ne tld the utility cmpany t turn ff the meter. The city f Ls Bans, fr instance, will save mre than $300 per year (mre than the c st f their energy accunting prgram) just by requesting their utility cmpany turn ff the meters t unused pumps and wells. Ability t Share and Cmmunicate Energy Data: Few lcal gvernments have a methd f cmmunicating energy use data t staff. Typically, all utility bil Is are filed chrnlgically accrd ing t the mnth in which they were received, rather than by utility accunt number. While this methd f filing is mst cnducive t fiscal tracking and maintaining an accurate accunts payable recrd, it cmplicates the maintenance f a data base n energy usage by facility. Thus, there is n analysis as t whether the bills are reasnable in terms f the past cnsumptin in the facilities r varying weather cnditins and use practices. Mrever, the bills themselves are typically never seen by thse staff persns wh exert the mst influence ver hw energy is used, such as the Public Wrks Directr, Maintenance Directr, r city Engineer. with n reprted infrmatin n energy use, and thus n accuntability, few lcal 7.43

5 gvernment staff are likely t be cncerned abut energy csts. In rare cases where cpies f bil Is are transmitted fr staff review r where manual ledger sheets are maintained, this infrmatin is f ten nt in a frmat t prvide meaningful cmparisns and is thus ignred. A cmputerized energy accunting system prvides the means t cmmunicate energy data using a variety f graphics and summary reprts t staff wh are in a psitin t make energy management decisins. Ability t Prepare Accurate utility Budgets: Because f the general lack f infrmatin cncerning energy use, preparing utility budgets is f ten a "hit and miss" prcess at best. Department Heads are unlikely t knw what the energy csts f their facilities actually are. Thus, they must make a general guess at next year's csts based upn the expenditures charged t the entire department. If energy csts fr a particular facility begin t skyrcket due t increased use, they may nt prperly plan fr this within the budget. Cnversely, if energy csts are drpping due t cnservatin, managers may ver-allcate budget mnies which culd be assigned elsewhere. An energy accunting system allws bth department heads and finance staff t accurate ly base future budgets upn past perfrmance, taking int accunt bth lng- and shrt-term trends in energy cnsumptin and cst. II. ENERGY ACCOUNTING SOFTWARE FEATURES There are many different types f energy accunting sftware available t lcal gvernments, which vary greatly in terms f cmplexity, capabilities, us er friendliness, and cst. In evaluating energy accunting sftware, lcal gvernments shuld examine varius prgrams in each f the fllwing areas and select a prgram which best meets their needs: Facility and site Recrds: In rder fr an energy accunting prgram t be useful and effective, it must allw fr basic infrmatin abut the lcal gvernment's energy-using facilities and sites t be recrded. "Facilities and sites" means mre than just a gvernment's buildings; it includes all discrete energy-using functins perated by the gvernment, including streetlights, traffic signals, water well pumps, strm drain pumps, sewer pumps, tennis curt lighting, decrative funtains, irrigatin cntrllers, and s n. Als, the prgram needs t differentiate between the varius fuel types used by the city r cunty. In additin, the prgram shuld allw fr square ftage f the gvernment's cnditined space t be recrded. The prgram shuld als allw fr flexibility in gruping sites, t allw fr multi-level analysis and reprting. Fr instance, lcal gvernments might be interested in lking at the changes in energy use fr all the facilities related t a particular department, such as parks and recreatin. Alternatively, the lcal gvernment might be interested in lking at energy cnsumptin by end use, independent f what department a particular energy-using facility is assciated with. Mre 7.44

6 specifically, alcal gvernment might want t knw hw much it spends fr bali park lighting during the spring and summer, in rder t apprpriately charge users f the bali parks. Billing and Climate Recrds: In rder t effectively track utility bilis, f curse, infrmatin frm the bills needs t be entered int the energy accunting prgram. It is imprtant, therefre, fr the energy accunting prgram t require nly that infrmatin which can easily be fund n alcal gvernment's utility bill, such as the billing date, the cnsumptin, and the cst. Als, the prgram shuld be able t hld several years wrth f cnsumptin and c st infrmatin in rder t be able t cmpare energy use in ne year with a "base" year. Mrever, since utility billing cycles will typically differ between a gvernment's varius facilities and will nly very rarely match the calendar mnth, the prgram needs t be able t make the cnsumptin in different facilities cmparabie. Mst prgrams, fr instance, adjust irregular billing perids t cincide t calendar mnths by pr-rating the energy use fr the apprpriate perids. In rder t be effective, an energy accunting prgram must take int accunt variatins in weather frm ne year t the next and adjust energy cnsumptin infrmatin accrdingly. Sme prgrams, fr instance, user linear regressin mdeling t nrmalize cnsumptin data fr fluctuatins in the severity f the weather. The entry f the weather data itself int the energy accunting prgram is als an imprtant cnsideratin. Sme prgrams require the entry f mnthly average temperatures r mnthly heat ing and cling degree days. 'Since many gvernments, especially cunties, are large enugh t have facilities in varius areas with different climates, the mre effective energy accunting prgrams allw fr data t be entered frm multiple weather statins. Lastly, the sftware shuld als be able t take accunt f changes in perating hurs r rate increases. Output Data and Reprts: The lng term effectiveness f energy accunting prgrams is largely dependent n the quality and scpe f the reprts the prgram prduces. If elected r management-level fficials can easily understand reprts which cmpare the relative energy efficiencies f different buiidings r which indicate the energy savings due t retrfit effrts, it is mre likely that they will pay attent in t energy management as an imprtant staff functin. The energy accunting prgram shuld, fr instance, be able t print graphics cmparing energy use by facility, department, r the gvernment as a whle frm year t year. If a prgram desn't have graphics capabilities, it shuld, at the very least, be able t "exprt" data t ther prgrams which d. Management-level fficials are much mre likely t understand the status f energy usage and csts in the city r cunty if they can be shwn a graphic which "speaks a thusand wrds" rather than a sheet f printed numbers. The prgram shuld be able t prvide mnthly and yearly energy usage (in BTU's as weil as in individual fuel units such as kwh and therms) and cst reprts fr each site and the gvernment as a whle. Lastly, the prgram shuld als be able t cmpare 7.45

7 EGEL & COOK the percentage change in weather-crrected fuel use, the cst an energy use per square ft f buildings, and the c st and energy use per thusand gallns pumped in water wells and sewage treatment. User Friendliness: The prgram shuld be easy t use and understand, nt nly fr the user, but fr the sake f thers wh might receive reprts. One gauge f user friendliness is the extent t which the sftware is "menu-driven". This means the user is presented with a series f chices t select, each f which is assciated with a particular actin. Fr instance, the chices might be "Enter Cnsumptin Data" r "Define New Facility". Menu-driven sftware frees the us er frm having t learn specialperating cmmands t use and mve arund the prgram. Anther gauge f user friendliness is the extent t which the prgram prtects the us er against accidentallss f data. Sme prgrams autmatically update stred data files af ter each entry f new infrmatin. Others make it impssible fr the us er t mve t anther area f the prgram until data is saved r the user specifies an escape t anther area. On-line help screens reduce the need t frequently refer t the us er manual and typically help t make the prgram easier t use as well. Dcumentatin and Supprt: Dcumentatin is f ten the weakest link in the sftware package. At a minimum, the dcumentatin shuld explain each entry screen and menu ptin s as nt t lse the user in the middle f the prgram. The clearest manuals actually shw the screen image at critical pints, giving the user instant feedback that they are n the right track. The best dcumentatin als is riented twards the nvice cmputer user in terms f the language it uses. Many l.cal gvernment fficials are nt experienced cmputer users. Lastly, as it is cumbersme t enter infrmatin int energy accunting prgrams directly frm the utility bills, the best dcumentatin will als cntain blank data rganizatin sheets that allw the rganizatin f data prir t entry int the prgram. Areas in which energy accunting sftware packages culd be imprved include being able t imprt data directly frm a utility-prvided diskette int the sftware and imprved graphics capabilities. These features are imprtant in saving set-up time and in sharing results. Ptential lcal gvernment users shuld watch fr these features as varius prgrams underg revisins. III. THE CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION'S SMALL LOCAL GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE PROJECT The Califrnia Energy Cmmissin recgnized in the mid-1980s that smalllcal gvernments - cities with fewer than 50,000 peple and cunties with fewer than 100,000 peple - had nt undertaken the same level f effrt in energy management as the State's larger lcal gvernments. In August 1986, it began the Small Lcal Gvernment Assistance prject, which was designed t prvide technical assistance in energy management t smalllcal gvernments in a 7.46

8 variety f areas, including energy accunting, energy audits, and financing prgrams. One hundred ninety-five (195) f Califrnia's 378 smalllcal gvernments, r 52% f the eligible cities and cunties, participated in sme manner between August 1986 and April At the utset f the prject, the general awareness f cmputerized energy accunting systems amng lcal gvernments was fairly limited. Once lcal gvernments became mre familiar with energy accunting, hwever, it prved t be the mst frequent ly requested type f technical assistance prvided by the Prject. Mre infrmatin n energy accunting systems was requested by 153 cities and cunties. Persnalized demnstratins f the sftware were requested by 100 cities and cunties. Sftware was purchased and energy accunting systems were set up by 37 lcal gvernments between July 1987 and April These included 35 cities and 2 cunties. The average ppulatin f cities which set up energy accunting systems was 28,495. Indeed, lcal gvernments with ppulatins under 15,000 typically had t few facilities t feel a need fr additinal tracking capabilities. (Mrever, even gvernments with larger ppulatins didn't always adpt energy accunting systems, even with the lw cst f sftware, the n-cst assistance prvided under the CEC Assistance Prject, and the ptentially large benefits they culd derive frm the system. Many f these larger gvernments simply felt verwhelmed with the time-cnsuming task f rganizing their building and billing infrmatin fr the initial prgram set-up.) As mentined abve, technical assistance in energy accunting was the mst frequently requested type f assistance prvided by the Prject. Part f the interest in energy accunting seems t stem frm gvernments having felt dissatisfied with their past energy effrts which, withut the tls prvided by energy accunting, were cmpleted mre haphazardly and withut any measurement f real savings. Part f the interest als seems t stem frm the fact that energy accunting is new, while little else has fundamentally changed in lcal gvernment energy management. The large majrity f lcal gvernments. in Califrnia had energy audits cmpleted n their facilities in the early 1980's and near ly all have undertaken sme retrfit effrts in the past. Many public wrks directrs r facilities management persnnel are, in fact, bred with cntinuing cncerns abut energy management and view it as an issue f the seventies and early eighties. Energy management f ten is very lw n their list f pririties. This is f ten directly in the face f thusands f dllars f achievable savings in retrfit ptential. Indeed, energy accunting ultimately became the vehicle thrugh which many lcal gvernment fficials' interest was piqued in the Lcal Gvernment Assistance Prject. Other types f technical assistance were prvided nly af ter an interest in energy management was re-ignited thrugh the energy accunting. T btain a mre definitive sense f their prgress in establishing and using their energy accunting systems, a survey was cmpleted in late February and early March 1988 f the thirteen lcal gvernment,,

9 fficials wh received set-up assistance prir t February 1, Amng ther purpses, tw gals f the survey were t determine the extent t which energy accunting systems were being used fr energy management decisin-making and the familiarity f city managers r cunty administrative fficers with the energy accunting system. Althugh the size f the survey sample was rather limited, it appears t yield sme imprtant infrmatin abut energy accunting systems within lcal gvernments. Highlights f the survey results are as fllws: Of the 13 energy accunting us ers surveyed, 6 were department heads, 5 were energy managers, and 2 were administrative analysts. city Managers and Cunty Administrative Officers were nt cnsidered primary users f the energy accunting system in any lcal gvernment. Seven f the 13 us ers reprted that the establishment f their energy accunting system was cmplete while the remaining 6 were either in the prcess f cmpleting their data entry activities r were waiting fr imprtant data frm their utility cmpanies. Thse gvernments with at least 3 r 4 mnths f use were much mre likely t have their system cmpletely established and maintained. Mrever, a system was mre likely t be cmpleted if it was perated by an energy manager first, a department he ad secnd, and an administrative analyst las~. Nne f the us ers had established aregular, structured reprting system at the time f the survey, althugh 5 had previusly distributed energy accunting reprts t varius decisin makers within the lcal gvernment. Nine f the gvernments reprted that they planned n establishing such a reprting system. The ave rage time in which they anticipated ding s was 3 mnths.. When asked abut the extent t which energy -accunting was currently us ed in decisin making, 1 gvernment replied "mst f the time", 6 replied "smetimes", and 6 replied "nt at all". Of the 7 replying "mst f the time" r "smetimes", tw said they used energy accunting fr budget purpses, ne said they used it fr decisins cncern ing energy management investments and practices, and fur said they used it fr budget purpses, cnservatin investment analysis and decisins, as well as fr validating the savings frm past cnservatin activities. Of the 6 rep lying that they used energy accunting fr current decisin making "nt at all", 5 indicated that they anticipated using energy accunting "mst f the time" r "always" nce their energy accunting system was cmpletely established. In all cases, energy accunting infrmatin used fr decisin making purpses was used by department heads (e.g., Directrs f Public Wrks r Facilities Management Superintendents) r 7.48

10 EGEL & COOK department staff (including energy managers). These, f curse, are the fficials invlved with facilities and energy management cncerns n a day-t-day basis. In n case was the energy accunting infrmatin used by elected fficials, city managers, r cunty administrative fficers at the time the survey was cmpleted. In rating the awareness f tp decisin makers in the lcal gvernment f the energy accunting system, 2 were rated as "aware", 8 were rated as "smewhat aware", and 3 were rated as "nt aware". Respndentsindicated that as they gained greater familiarity with the energy accunting reprt ing capabilities, tp decisin makers wuld becme mre and mre aware f (and smetimes dependent n) the energy accunting system f~ decisin making infrmatin. Overall, the fllwing cnclusins can be drawn frm survey results: IV. First, it takes time t finalize the establishment f an energy accunting system - usually at least 3 t 4 mnths. A large percentage f the gvernments setting up energy accunting systems thrugh the Small Lcal Gvernment Assistance Prject have nly dne s in the last 3 mnths. Secnd, at this pint, energy accunting systems are being used mre as a tl in day-t-day facilities and energy management by department heads and staff rather than fr lng term planning r decisin making by elected fficials r cityjcunty managers. Third, wrkshps n hw t use energy accunting reprts and hw t set up a regular reprt ing system wuld be valuable t cntinue because attending such a wrkshp had a psitive influence n the surveyed gvernments' plans fr distributin f reprts and use in decisin making. Lastly, it is t early t tell the precise extent t which energy accunting will be used fr decisin making by lcal gvernments. Mst f the surveyed gvernments have plans fr establishing a regular reprt ing system and anticipate using the infrmatin fr decisin making purpses but have nt had time t cmplete these effrts yet. ENERGY MANAGERS AS ENERGY EVALUATORS: THE SALARY GUARANTEE PROGRAM One f the primary areas f effrt under the Small Lcal Gvernments Technical Assistance Prject was knwn as the Salary Guarantee Prgram. This prgram, first successfully tested by the Nrth Carlina Alternative Energy crpratin and later adpted by the CEC, prvides a type f "insurance" fr lcal gvernments in hiring energy managers. Under the Salary Guarantee Prgram, the CEC guaranteed that energy managers hired by lcal gvernments wuld be able t pay fr their ne year salary thrugh energy savings during the prgram's twelve mnth perating perid, r the CEC wuld cver

11 the difference. The effect f the salary guarantee is t underwrite a prtin f the perceived risk in hiring an energy manager. Five lcal gvernments agreed t participate in the prgram and, as tw cities agreed t share a "circuit riding" energy manager, fur new energy managers were hired. Energy accunting was a critical aspect f this prgram as the success r failure f the prgram - and whether the CEC wuld have t pay ut n the salary guarantee - was dependent n dcument ed savings achieved by the new energy managers. Each f the new energy managers set up an energy accunting system t measure the results f their retrfit effrts. Althugh they were nt the first lcal gvernment fficials in Califrnia t measure energy savings, they were certainly amng the first t d s withut special training in evaluatin techniques r withut assistance frm evaluatin specialists. Mrever, as they all used the same energy accunting sftware (ENACT, develped by the washingtn state Energy Office), their results were directly cmparabie t each ther. Af ter almst ne year, all participating lcal gvernments were fund t have generated savings frm cmpleted retrfits, switching rates, and uncvering utility billing errrs in excess f their salary guarantee. (It is imprtant t recgnize that lcal gvernments undertake energy management fr its mney saving ptential, nt its energy saving ptential per se. As aresult, savings frm switching rates r uncvering billing errrs are just as imprtant as thse frm retrfits.) The salary guarantee gvernments invested $223,685 in energy management measures, althugh they were rebated $35,145 frm their utility cmpany. Annual energy savings f 1.2 millin kwh and 54,000 therms, equivalent t $146,000, are prjected t be generated as a resuit f the salary guarantee prgram. (As the perid during which energy savings were measured was a maximum f five mnths fr all but ne f the participating gvernments, savings had t be prjected fr the whle year.) This savings represents a simpie payback perid f 1.3 years and, mre imprtantly, meant that the salary guarantee prgram was a success and the CEC did nt have t pay any mnies t the participating cities and cunties. Sample energy accunting reprts frm tw f the salary guarantee gvernments are included as Figures 1 and 2. These reprts are the type used t measure savings and prvide an easy understanding f the impact f the energy manager's effrts t elected and management-level fficials. v. CONCLUSION Energy accunting can be an essential ti fr lcal gvernment energy managers in that it prvides capabilities they have lng needed - the ability t priritize retrfit effrts, measure the savings frm thse retrfits, and graphically present the results f their effrts t decisin makers within the lcal gvernment. Energy accunting has becme quite ppular amng many Califrnia small lcal gvernments thrugh the CEC's Assistance Prject. Lastly, energy accunting seems t be a particularly imprtant ti fr salary guarantee prgrams r "perfrmance cntract ing" effrts, where the 7.50 i-'"

12 measured savings frm retrfits determine the prgram's failure r success. (Fr mre infrmatin n energy accunting sftwarb brands and capabilities, readers shuld rder "Tracking utility Csts by Micr-Cmputer: A Guide t Sftware fr Lcal Gvernments and Schls" frm the Califrnia Energy Extensin Service, 1400 Tenth st., sacrament, CA 95814, ) Figure 1 ===============:z======================_=a::====-====- =-=========--==== ========== 07/07/88 City f Gilry Mnthly Facility Energy Use statisties - February, Senir Center - PARKS & RECREATION =========----- ====---=--====== =, ===-===-=--===================== ELECTRICITY This Yr Last Yr Base Yr kilwatt hurs: Cst: $ $ $ Cst/mmBtu: $ $ $ Cst/kWh: $ $ $ EUI: EPI: Mthly Avided Cst: $ 1254 $ 378 CUmul Avided Cst: $ 7945 $ 378 cst/ Mthly Cumul Annual Annual sq ft Avid Avid Date mmbtu EUI EPI Cst /yr Cst C st / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / NOTES: 1. EUI = kbtu/sq ft/yr (adjusted fr cling degree days) 2. EPI = current mnth's EUI as percentage f base perid mnth EPI < indicates increase in efficiency 3. Mthly Avided Cst = incremental mnthly cst avidanee Avided Cst > $0.00 indicates increase in efficiency 4. CUmul Avided C st = cst avidanee accumulated since 06/

13 ~ Figure 2 Santa Cruz: Sctts Valley Llbrary Mnthly Cnsumptln r Electrlclty l ,qOO ti..... en N k LJ h ~ i ~ ~ ~ 600 c-.i - Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nv Dec i-- - ~ (Retrfit began Jan 1987) [] 01/86 thru 12/86 ~ 01/87 thru 12/87 [Tl G> [Tl ï 12<> cl A