ENERGY Global and Iceland

Transcription

1 Sustainable Energy Options UAU212F ENERGY Global and Iceland Throstur Thorsteinsson Energy history milestones Before 1700 A Renewable Energy World: Biomass, Wind, Hydro 1698 Thomas Savery - Steam-driven pump 1711 Thomas Newcomen - Atmospheric piston-driven steam engine for a pump 1785 James Watt - More efficient, higher pressure, separated steam engine First to produce sufficient power for broadscale use 1862 Beau de Rochas - Four-stroke reciprocating piston, spark-ignited internal combustion engine 1876 Baron Otto - Improved four-stroke reciprocating piston, sparkignited internal combustion engine 1881 Brush Electric Light Co., Philadelphia - First electric power plant 1892 Rudolph Diesel - Diesel engine 1896 Henri Becquarel - Discovery of natural radioactivity 1903 Fisk St. Sta., Commonwealth, Edison Co., Chicago - First steam turbine-driven electric power plant Energy history 1932 James Chadwick - Discovery of the neutron 1933 Irene and Frederic Joliot-Currie - Discovery of artificial radioactivity 1938 Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassemann - Discovery of neutron-induced fission 1942 Enrico Fermi - First man-made critical nuclear reactor 1951 Howard Zinn - First nuclear electricity produced, by EBR Hynan Rickover - First nuclear submarine, USS Nautilus 1958 Atomic Energy Commission First commercial nuclear electric power plant, Shippingport GLOBAL ENERGY USE AND PRODUCTION Energy use OECD In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules 474*10 18 J = 132,000 TWh. 85% fossil fuel The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD ) dates back to 1960, when 18 European countries plus the United States and Canada joined forces to create an organisation dedicated to global development. Today 34 member countries ( Throstur Thorsteinsson (ThrosturTh@hi.is) 1

2 Global OECD Global Global 1973 and 2009 World total primary energy supply in 2009 OECD 1973 and 2009 Share of energy sources in TPES Shares of energy sources in total global primary energy supply in 2008 (492 EJ). Throstur Thorsteinsson 2

3 Years Energy past 60 years Major Oil Trade movements 2010 Reserves to production in 2010 Coal consumption 2010 For fossil fuel at the end of 2010 Reserves to production ratio (R/P) Oil Natural gas Coal Coal 2010 Fuel shares of electricity generation World proved reserves sufficient to meet 118 years of global production! Throstur Thorsteinsson 3

4 Regional / Per capita energy use Primary Energy Use by Region Pop / GDP / Energy Consumption Energy vs GDP Source: BP (2011) Statistical Review of World Energy Per capita average energy use 1999 Energy consumption per capita Throstur Thorsteinsson (ThrosturTh@hi.is) 4

5 Energy consumption per capita 2010 Energy Intensity Energy intensity is a measure of the energy efficiency of a nation's economy. It is calculated as units of energy per unit of GDP. High energy intensities indicate a high price or cost of converting energy into GDP. Low energy intensity indicates a lower price or cost of converting energy into GDP. Climate concerns CO 2 emission growth Coal consumption Grew by 7.6% in 2010 Share of global energy consumption 29.6% China share 48.2% Potential emissions could result in GHG concentration levels far above 600ppm CO2 emission from new cars Throstur Thorsteinsson (ThrosturTh@hi.is) 5

6 Renewable Energy potential Renewable Energy Sustainable future... Cost of RE Prices go down IPCC 2011 Technical advancements Renewable Energy and Sustainability Historically, economic development has been strongly correlated with increasing energy use and growth of GHG emissions, RE can help decouple that correlation, contributing to sustainable development (SD). Throstur Thorsteinsson 6

7 RE & SD RE & SD & LCA RE can contribute to social and economic development. RE can help accelerate access to energy particularly for the 1.4 billion people without access to electricity and the additional 1.3 billion using traditional biomass RE options can contribute to a more secure energy supply although specific challenges for integration must be considered Lifecycle assessments (LCA) for electricity generation indicate that GHG emissions from RE technologies are, in general, significantly lower than those associated with fossil fuel options, The median values for all RE range from 4 to 46 g CO2eq/kWh while those for fossil fuels range from 469 to 1,001 g CO2eq/kWh (excluding land use change emissions) Figure SPM.8 in IPCC (2011) SRREN full report. Renewable energy Renewables consumption Renewable energy Summary Renewable Energy Availability Throstur Thorsteinsson (ThrosturTh@hi.is) 7

8 Oil use in kilotonnes Feasibility - Issues Feasibility cont. Geographical distribution land use constraints issue with all renewable ones Variation of availability i. as a function of latitude (solar) ii. location (hydro, geo, wind) often feasible in very remote areas, necessitates transport. iii. Temporal availability (day/night need batteries or some means to store energy). Resources which do not have a controllable output (solar, wind versus bio and hydro), need storage or to be connected to the grid. Low power density (thus require lots of land) Risk Environmental considerations; local vs. global Price Local environmental impact affects price Energy flows in EJ 2008 PJ (petajoule) % % % TPES Iceland Fraction Oil use in Iceland % 20% 0% petajoule = joule = 0,278 TWst Heimild: Orkustofnun 2004 Hydro Geoth Peat Coal Oil Throstur Thorsteinsson (ThrosturTh@hi.is) 8

9 Icelandic hydropower Hydropower Total harnessable energy about 64 TWA Total possible to use for power generation - 30 TWA Likely to be overstated Current use about 7 TWA (23%), will increase to 38% with Kárahnjukar (4.5 TWA) Beisluð Óbeisluð Í undirbúningi eða í byggingu GWst/ári < > 2000 TWh/year Iceland electricity production Hydropower Oil Geothermal Potential for Electricity Production (IS) 0 '83 '84 '86 '88 '90 '92 '94 '96 '98 '00 '02 '04 '06 '08 '10 Proposed possibilities in Iceland Hydro / Geo Electricity generation potential Iceland Throstur Thorsteinsson (ThrosturTh@hi.is) 9

10 Electricity consumption Iceland Geothermal heat use in Iceland 2010 Industry; 1.9 Fisheries; 4.2 Greenhouses; 1.7 Snow melt; 3.7 Swimming pools; 4.1 Electricity; 38.6 House heating; 45.1 GWh in 2010 Different energy sources Use of hydropower 9 EJ 2.3% of primary energy supply 16.5% of all electricity 2001 data Hydro production 2009 Geothermal energy 30 C/km Heat generated due to radioactive decay Heat conducted and advected to surface Geothermal gradient ranges from an average of 30 C/km, to 150 C/km in geothermal areas. Heimild: ÍSOR Throstur Thorsteinsson (ThrosturTh@hi.is) 10

11 Geothermal energy Available in most regions El Salvador (22%) USA (0.5%) Kenya (19%) Iceland (17%) Geothermal direct use to heat houses Global biofuel production (GWh / year) Biomass Future 11% of total world energy consumption. In developing countries on average 35% comes from biomass (19% in China) but in very poor countries such as e.g. Bangladesh biomass account for up to 90% of energy supply. Throstur Thorsteinsson (ThrosturTh@hi.is) 11

12 Future Fuel shares in and 2009 World final consumption World consumption Biofuels production today amounts to about 3% of total transport fuel use. Throstur Thorsteinsson 12